nlp
Aganith
6/12/2022
require(pdftools)## Warning: package 'pdftools' was built under R version 4.1.3library(tm)## Warning: package 'tm' was built under R version 4.1.3files <- list.files(path = "C:/Users/AGANITH/Desktop/coursera/NLP101/dataDump/vietnam", pattern = "pdf$", full.names = TRUE)
opinions <- lapply(files, pdf_text)
# we have 3 docs
length(opinions)## [1] 3# length of each pdf filepdfDB <- Corpus(URISource(files), readerControl = list(reader = readPDF))
toSpace <- content_transformer(function(x, pattern){
return(gsub(pattern, " ", x))
})
pdfDB <- tm_map(pdfDB, toSpace, "-")
pdfDB <- tm_map(pdfDB, toSpace, ":")
pdfDB <- tm_map(pdfDB, toSpace, "'")
pdfDB <- tm_map(pdfDB, toSpace, '"')
pdfDB <- tm_map(pdfDB, toSpace, '_')
pdfDB <- tm_map(pdfDB, removePunctuation)
outp <- inspect(pdfDB[[1]])## <<PlainTextDocument>>
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## C01268717
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## National Security Information
##
##
##
##
## All opinions expressed in this study arc those of the author They do
## not necessarily represent the views of the Central Intelligence Agency
## or any other component of the US Intelligence Community
##
##
##
##
##
##
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##
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## 111 material on this page
## is unclassified
##
## ii
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## C01268717
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## To the Memory ofjL
## Whose Outpost Witnessed
## the Fatal Moment
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## iii
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## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Acknowledgments D
## I
##
##
## If this account of Agency involvement in supporting and influenc
## ing military government in Saigon succeeds in conveying any of the
## spirit of the times the credit goes in large part to the officers both
## retired and serving who consented to be interviewed Their candor and
## generosity with their time have contributed most of whatever verisimili
## tude this narrative may possess I Ilong service in
## Saigon and his gift of total recalI have been especialIy valuable in this
## regard The author must also be grateful for the uninhibited style of CIA
## correspondence during the period of the Agency s experience in Vietnam
## this also has facilitated the attempt to re create some of the atmosphere in
## which events ran their course
## Every member of the History Staff reviewed a draft of this study in
## 1994 and contributed to whatever merits it may possess Special thanks
## go to former CIA Chief Historians Kay Oliver and J Kenneth McDonald
## for their especially rigorous and insightful critiques Jeffrey Clarke
## Chief Historian at the US Army Center of Military History also read a
## draft and made welcome suggestions Any errors remaining uncorrected
## D
## are the responsibility of the author
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Contents
## Acknowledgments v
##
## Foreword ix
##
## Introduction 1
##
## Chapter 1 Involuntary Passivity 9
##
## Chapter 2 Preserving a Line of Communication 23
##
## Chapter 3 Looking for a Way OuL 41
##
## Chapter 4 The Tet Offensive and Political
## Vietnamizatlon 65
##
## Chapter 5 Distractions and Frustrations 91
##
## Chapter 6 Squeezing Thieu 117
##
## Chapter 7 Trying To Preserve the Status Quo 141
##
## Chapter 8 The Fatal Moment 157
##
## Chapter 9 Surrender Politics and Evacuation Logistics 181
##
## Chapter 10 A Military Decision 199
##
## Epilogue 221
##
## Note on Sources 233
##
## Index 235
##
##
##
##
## VII
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## C01268717
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##
##
##
## ForewordD
##
##
## This volume is one of three by author Thomas Ahern on CIA activi
## ties in South Vietnam Ahern s concentration on the actions and opera
## tions of CIA officers in the field not CIA Headquarters makes these
## volumes unique CIA and the Generals Covert Support to Military Gov
## ernment in South Vietnam traces the tortuous course of events in Saigon
## following the fall of President Ngo Dinh Diem Ahern strikingly illus
## trates Saigon Station efforts to work with and understand the various mili
## tary governments of South Vietnam which followed Diem and carefully
## details CIA attempts to stabilize and urge democratization on the changing
## military regimes in order to save South Vietnam from CommunismD
## The massive American commitment to strengthen the South Viet
## namese government saw the Station and the field offices not only report
## ing on rapidly fluctuating conditions but also attempting to influence or
## reform the various regimes themselves Ahem s study outlines CIA pro
## grams from the fall of Diem in 1963 to the withdrawal of US combat
## forces in 1973 and continues through the final South Vietnamese col
## lapse in 19750
## Based on the massive CIA holdings from the period and interviews
## with key CIA participants Ahem s work breaks new ground and sets a
## high standard CIA and the Generals clearly shows for example the
## increasing pressure on CIA field officers to get will the program and
## devote less attention to reporting on government corruption and the integ
## rity of the South Vietnamese political process Ahem also reveals the
## sharp splits that often developed between CIA officers in the field and
## their counterparts in other agencies especially Ambassador Henry Cabot
## Lodge and White House advisers and US military officials over policies
## and operationsO
## Ahern describes the collapse of the Saigon government and the final
## days of CIA in country operations in riveting derail Though the reader
## knows the unhappy outcome the struggle of CIA officers to forestall the
## ultimate fall of South Vietnam offers poignant reflections on US actions
## D
##
## IX
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## C01268717
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##
##
##
## Soon to follow this volume will be Ahern s companion works CIA
## and the House of Ngo Covert Action and the Government of Ngo Dinh
## Diem and The CIA and Rural Pacification in South Vietnam Read
## together these works provide a comprehensive review of a tragic era in
## American foreign policy and a sharp analytical look at CIA programs and
## D
## reporting from the field
##
##
##
##
## Gerald K Haines
## CIA Chief Historian
## October 1998
##
## IC0 1 2 68717
##
##
##
##
## Figure I North and South Vietnam 1968
##
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## 18
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## South
## China
## See
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## 14
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## Gulf
## of
## t neitend
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## National c apital
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## I
## o 50 100 Mil • •
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## 7437049 9 7
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## xi
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##
##
## Introduction D
## The rule of the House of Ngo ended on 1 November 1963 after a
## group of President Diem s generals encouraged by the US Government
## surrounded the Palace with units they brought into Saigon from Bien Hoa
## and the Mekong Delta The military coup d etat against Ngo Dinh Diem
## and his brother and adviser Ngo Dinh Nhu terminated an American com
## mitment to their regime that had endured since 1954 After the French
## defeat at Dien Bien Phil in May of that year the United States invoked
## the domino theory of Communist expansionism when it sponsored Diem
## as the leader of an effort to create a nation south of the demilitarized zone
## at the 17th paraJlel Working mainly through his younger brother Nhu
## the CIA Station in Saigon tried for the next nine years to help create
## national political institutions With the Special Forces of Diem s army
## CIA also pioneered the rural self defense units that constituted the first
## expression of US counterinsurgency practice in VietnamO
## These efforts especially the self defense units among ethnic and
## religious minority groups enjoyed some local successes But Diem
## never placed real importance on winning the voluntary allegiance of the
## peasantry and his own sporadic efforts with Nhu to mobilize the popula
## tion against the Communists were clumsy and halfhearted Instead Diem
## had from the beginning relied primarily on the suppression of known and
## suspected Communists to contain the insurgent threat This repression
## decimated indeeel by 1959 had nearly destroyed the Communist
## political organization in the South But the combination of Diem s essen
## tial indifference to the conditions of peasant life and his often indiscrimi
## nate campaign against the Communists alienated much of the rural
## population When in late 1959 Hanoi added a military dimension to its
## original strategy of political organization and agitation the burgeoning
## insurgency rapidly weakened Diem s hold on the countryside D
## The spreading insurgency prompted an intensified US commitment
## to Diem s survival and a concomitant expansion of American military
## and economic aid By the spring of 1963 when Buddhist inspired popu
## lar unrest signaled the paralysis of the regime s authority the US military
## advisory presence stood at some 12000 Diem s draconian suppression of
## Buddhists dissent offended American standards of religious freedom
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## Coinciding with a sagging campaign against the insurgency it persuaded
## Washington to approve in late August Ambassador Henry Cabot
## Lodge s proposal to unseat Diem 0
## Having taken over the Joint General Staff Headquarters on 1
## November the rebels arrested and executed Col Le Quang Tung the
## Diem loyalist and longtime Station contact who commanded the Special
## Forces and called on Diem and his brother Nhu to surrender Under
## cover of darkness the President and Nhu slipped through the cordon
## around the Palace but the next morning coup leader Gen Duong Van
## Minh tracked them to their refuge in a Catholic church in the Chinese
## quarter Earlier American appeals for safe conduct for Diem and Nhu
## were ignored when one of Minh s officers loaded them into an armored
## personnel carrier and there shot them to death D
## Seeing the government s failure solely in terms of Diem s weak
## nesses as a leader both the Americans and the generals had concentrated
## exclusively on the mechanics of the coup giving no attention to the
## structure or policy direction of a successor government Indeed the gen
## erals explicitly disclaimed having any plans for this twice telling their
## CIA contacts that they wanted American guidance for the postcoup
## period Thus when Diem fell the organization staffing and policy line
## of the new government all were still undecided The Agency had indeed
## secured the generals commitment to an intensified campaign against the
## Communists and their agreement to a more active American role in pur
## suing it but no specifics had yet been discussed·D
## No such discussions ever took place and no coherent program was
## ever devised Had the effort been made it would have revealed that Diem
## and his coterie were only part of the problem An ill led army and a scle
## rotic bureaucracy both still practicing the authoritarian style of their
## decayed dynastic and colonial predecessors presided over a body politic
## divided along religious ethnic and class lines Tension persisted
## between a Buddhist majority and the heavily Catholic government and
## also between Buddhist and Catholic factions in the military officer corps
## Among members of the political and military elites mutual hostility con
## tinued between native Southerners and people from the North Mutual
## antipathy also divided ethnic Vietnamese from minorities such as the eth
## nic Cambodians and the mountain tribes Finally a rigid social structure
## and espeeially in the Mekong Delta a regressive land tenure system
##
## Most accounts of the Second Indochina War look at the insurgency from the US GVN perspective
## To understand how the Vietnamese Communists brought the Saigon government to its knees reo
## quires some familiarity with the competition between them for the loyalty of the rural population
## The best account known to the author of this aspect of the inncy is Jeffrey Race War Comes
## to Long All Berkeley University of California Press 1972 LJ
##
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## impeded vertical social mobility for the peasantry leaving the Viet Cong
## as the main channel for the satisfaction of political goals or personal
## ambition·D
## The military governments that succeeded Diem followed a less
## repressive course than the late President but like him failed to gain the
## political or military initiative against the Communists By late 1964
## South Vietnam was close to collapse Having received a Congressional
## carte blanche in the August 1964 Tonkin Gulf Resolution President Lyn
## don Johnson responded in March 1965 with the introduction of US
## ground combat forces into South Vietnam Hanoi which until 1964 had
## limited its infiltration to individual military and political cadres mostly
## native Southerners had already begun sending integral combat units to
## theSouth·D
## By the summer of 1965 US ground forces in Vietnam numbered
## 125000 and were rapidly growing They prevented Hanoi from exploit
## ing the weakness of the Saigon government and bought time to try to
## build political stability in South Vietnam But in 1966 the political if not
## the military initiative remained in the hands of the North A growing
## American casualty list and the uncertain prospects of driving Hanoi out
## of the war gradually converted the near unanimous approval of the 1964
## Tonkin Gulf Resolution into widespread Congressional and popular
## opposition to the war Looking for a way out the Johnson administration
## responded with new emphasis on the pacification programs designed to
## win peasant loyalty and destroy the Viet Cong political organization It
## also began looking for informal channels to Hanoi that might allow a
## negotiated settlement on politically acceptable terrns2 D
## One debilitating problem that of revolving door government in
## Saigon ended with the election of Gen Nguyen Van Thieu as President
## in SeptemberI9G7 Then at the beginning of 1968 the Tet offensive
## resulted in grievous losses to the Communist political organization as
## well as to its attacking military forces but Saigon s pacification efforts
## also suffered grave setbacks The shock produced by the Communists
## ability 10 conduct a coordinated nationwide surprise offensive however
## unsuccessful in military terms drove antiwar sentiment in the US to new
## heights It also drove a President out of office for it was the major cause
## of Lyndon Johnson s decision announced in late March not to seek a
## second full tcrmD
##
## The Johnson administration s conduct of the war is well described in George C Herring LBI and
## vietnam A Different Kind of War Austin TX The University of Texas Press 1994 A good gen
## crul account of the Vietnam war emphasizing the evolution of US policy is Herring s America s
## Longest Wur The United Slates and VielnQ17I1950·1975 New York Alfred A Knopf Sccond Edi
## tion 19860
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## The search for informal channels to the Communists was largely
## supplanted by the opening of preliminary talks with the North Vietnam
## ese in Paris in May 1968 After another Communist offensive that month
## the so called mini Tet South Vietnamese and Allied forces regained the
## military initiative Bloody ground combat and intensive air bombard
## ment decimated the Communists rural organization and by the end of
## the year a renewed pacification drive had brought relatively secure sta
## tus to an unprecedented 73 of the South s population 3 D
## Ambiguously phrased claims of pacification results did nothing to
## assuage public opposition to the war in the United States and Hubert
## Humphrey s close association as Vice President with Lyndon Johnson s
## war policy cost him the 1968 election The new President Richard M
## Nixon did not produce the secret plan for ending the war that he had
## promised during the campaign He did however accelerate what he
## called the Vietnamization of the war beefing up South Vietnamese
## forces in mid 1969 he announced the first US troop withdrawalsD
## For the next three years Vietnamization and the formal peace nego
## tiations which got under way in January 1969 produced only stalemate
## With Washington s support of Saigon and continuing Chinese Soviet aid
## to the North the combatants struggled to extend their territorial reach in
## the South anticipating eventual agreement in Paris The Communists
## broke the military deadlock with their Easter offensive of 1972 threaten
## ing Saigon s hold on its northern provinces but were finally beaten off by
## a combination of South Vietnamese ground forces and American air
## power In October the Communists agreed to cease fire terms and on
## the eve of the US presidential election Nixon aide Henry Kissinger
## announced that peace is at hand The proclaimed breakthrough helped
## seal the fate of Democrat George McGovern s candidacy and Nixon
## won reelection in a landslide Hanoi then balked provoking the Christ
## mas bombing of North Vietnam that was followed by signature of the
## accords in January 1973D
## American attention then turned to cease fire implementation and an
## effort to make the Saigon government militarily self sustaining despite
## the continued presence of North Vietnamese divisions in the South
## Whatever its potential this undertaking came under intensified political
## auack as the Nixon administration fought for its life in the face of the
## Watergate scandal When Nixon resigned on9 August 1974 to be suc
## ceeded by Gerald Ford the US Mission in Saigon was hearing the first
## taint indications of a major Communist offensive in 1975 The assault
##
## The US Mission s pacification figure is given in Vietnam A Draft Chronology 1940 1973 U
## CIA History Staff September 1974 Hereafter cited as Vietnam Cbronology O
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## came in January and despite heroic resistance by some South Vietnam
## ese units the denouement began with the catastrophic retreat from the
## Central Highlands in mid March 1975 Corrununist victories in centTal
## Vietnam accelerated into a march on Saigon and on 30 April the Second
## Indochina War ended for the United States when the last evacuation heli
## copter roared off the Embassy roof into the predawn darknessD
## The CIA Station that for its size played such a disproportionately
## large role in the political history of South Vietnam was composed of
## some two hundred people when the Diem regime was deposed in late
## 1963 The operational sections included action components charged with
## rural pacification and intelligence Other Station elements dealt with both
## recruited and noncontrolled figures in the GVN and in the non Commu
## nist opposition using them partly for intelligence and partly in efforts to
## develop democratic institutionsD
## Agency programs especially the rural pacification projects
## expanded in response to the growing US commitment By the time the
## Communists launched their Tet offensive in 1968 the CIA presence in
## South Vietnam had reached about one thousand people including the six
## hundred working in the provinces under four regional chiefs The size of
## the Station began to diminish in 1969 as CIA and the rest of the US
## Government gradually withdrew from direct participation in the conflict
## The regional outposts were maintained but from then until the end intel
## ligence and influence rations at the top of the GVN became the heart
## of the Station s work U
## This second part of the political history of the CIA in South Viet
## nam unfolds against the background of a massive but never unconditional
## US effort to prevent Hanoi from conquering the South It begins after the
## fall of Diem in late 1963 when Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge having
## decided that the appearance of an independent Saigon government was
## more important to American interests than helping to fill the Vietnamese
## leadership vacuum enjoined the Station from accepting the generals
## invitation to advise them When the new regime s instability forced
## Lodge to modify this injunction the Station resnmed close contact with
## several of the generals but only to monitor the series of mutinies and
## coups that began in January 1964D
## The Station s stable of unofficial contacts acquired particular impor
## tance during episodes of tension in which formal communication at the
## policy level virtually ceased These links also gradually led to intermit
## tent resumption of the kind of Station engagement in political action that
## had largely defined its relationship with the Diem regime Although the
## Agency had now shifted its main covert action emphasis from party orga
## nization to provincial pacification operations it tried also to help stabilize
##
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## the national political scene through contacts with the dissident Buddhist
## leadership as well as with the generals In addition beginning in 1966
## the Station began using its informal channels as an instrument of commu
## nication and persuasion as the Johnson Administration sought Thieu s
## cooperation in the effort to contact presumptively moderate elements in
## the National Liberation FronvD
## The eight year rule of Gen Nguyen Van Thieu began in September
## 1967 when he and Nguyen Cao Ky won election on a joint presidential
## ticket During the campaign Agency access to Ky s and Washington s
## anxiety to preserve at least the appearance of an honest electoral process
## had combined to turn the Station into a political consultant trying to
## enhance the attractiveness of the Thieu Ky ticket even as it struggled to
## limit procedural abusesD
## After the election in September Thieu began a thorough purge of
## his new Vice President s mostly Northern supporters in the government
## and the military and the Station found itself in a scramble to develop new
## access to the Southerners around Thieu
##
##
##
##
## The January 1968 Tet offensive whose scope and precise timing
## the Communists managed to conceal from US and South Vietnamese
## intelligence plunged the Saigon government and its adherents into a
## political malaise that threatened their will to continue This prompted the
## United States to try once more to help build a popular political base in
## the South and the Station became the instrument of this final effort to
## create a political organization on the US model in South Vietnam But
## President Thien s indifference to the American partiality for genuinely
## representative government eventually nullified whatever potential this
## initiative may have hadD
## In any case the growing American perception of Thieu as indis
## pensable to political stability in South Vietnam gradually reduced the
## pressure on the Vietnamese for progress toward authentic democracy As
## early as 1970 the American focus shifted to the need to ensure a Thieu
## victory in the 1971 elections while avoiding the appearance of an elec
## toral process manipulated in his favor Again the Station became deeply
## involved as it joined in the maneuvers designed to achieve this self con
## rradictory goal D
##
## Tlie history of the CIA contribution to the pacification programs of the 1954·75 period is treated
## in a separate forthcoming History Staff stodyD
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## The Communists largest offensive since Tet 1968 began on 30
## March 1972 and the Station concluded that South Vietnamese depen
## dence on US combat air as well as advisory support would continue as
## long as the Soviets and the Chinese supported Hanoi As the offensive
## gradually receded the principal Station service to US policy became that
## of supporting American pressure on Thieu to accede to the terms bein
## worked out with the North Vietnamese in Paris
## L c
## the Sta
## tion mobilized its agents and other contacts for both intelligence and
## influence purposes D
## President Thieu finally approved the cease fire terms in January
## 1973 and CIA intelligence collection on the Saigon government and
## efforts to influence it turned to questions of truce implementation In
## one dramatic episode the Station was instrumental in securing Saigon s
## adherence to a protocol on the lines of cease fire demarcation between
## the forces of North and South D
## Cease fire implementation receded into the background in late
## 1974 when the Station s most reliable source on Communist intentions
## predicted a major offensive for early 1975 For the next several months
## the Station tracked North Vietnamese initiatives and South Vietnamese
## reaction In mid March the South Vietnamese forces in the Central High
## lands collapsed Da Nang fell shortly thereafter and the chaotic failure
## of the evacuation effort there persuaded the Station that no mass evacua
## tion of the government s military and civilian adherents from Saigon
## could succeed Accordingly the Chief of Station and the Ambassador
## launched fin ultimately desperate effort to help broker a political settle
## ment that would preserve a non Communist South Vietnam long enough
## to permit orderly evacuation The fate of this effort and its dire effects on
## evacuation planning constitute the final chapter of CIA s involvement in
## the politics of tile Republic of Vietnam D
##
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## 7
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## Chapter 1
##
##
## Involuntary Passivity D
## The generals who overthrew Ngo Dinh Diem lost no time in mak
## ing it known to CIA that they had meant what they said as coup planning
## evolved about seeking US guidance in the formation of a successor
## regime Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge moved equally promptly to
## ensure that no such guidance would be given and his moratorium on US
## Mission contacts with the new leadership lasted until January Even then
## he sharply restricted the range of subjects on which the Station could
## advise the Vietnamese n
## The day after the aiath of the Ngo brothers Bui Diem a Dai Viet
## politician well known to the Station reaffirmed that the generals would
## count heavily on American advice in deciding how to ensure the constitu
## tionality of their new regime On 4 November 1963 Gen Tran Van Lit
## tle Minh 1 I bemoaned the
## generals inca aeit to meet the challenge of running the country and
## berated for being unable to say what the US Government
## wanted
## At the same time Little Minh exposed the potential for friction
## with the Americans when he described Big Minh s five minute tan
## trum over an Embassy request for the release of labor leader Tran Quoc
## Buu who Ihad enjoyed close ties to
## both the Em5assy ancfNgOUinllNhu Minh had exploded in rage at what
## he interpreted as US distrust of him and rejected advice from his Prime
## Minister Nguyen Ngoc Tho to let the Americans have what they wanted
## Headquarters reacted to the incident by asking the Station to get Big
## Minh to look at the international ramifications of his jailing a respected
## labor leader 2 D
## elA Critic Mcssa e no 25 3 Noveillber 1963j ISAIG 2196 4 Novem
## bcr 13 fran Van Minh was often called Little Minh to dis
## rica
## I iuguish hUll rom t lc p
## SAIG 21961
## y Imposing and professionally more senior Duong Van MinhD
## 5 November 19631 1
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## The Station apparently did not do this Indeed having functioned
## as the primary link to the dissident generals while they prepared the coup
## against Diem it found itself abruptly divested of any role in helping them
## set up a government Immediately after the coup Ambassador Lodge
## had restricted US Mission contact with the generals on the ground that
## they had to be made to look independent of the United States This
## applied as much to discreet CIA contacts as to the normally more visible
## relationships with other Mission elements The Station was thus helpless
## either to respond to appeals like the one from Little Minh or to
## assuage Big Minh s fears of US interference with the new regime The
## opportunity to help the new government make the most of its ehance to
## succeed thus slipped away 3D
## After a request from Gen Tran Van Don on 4 November the Sta
## tion succeeded in persuading Lodge to let it brief Big Minh on the
## covert programs The Station wanted to use this opening to influence the
## Vietnamese on a broader range of political and governmental issues but
## Lodge imposed a narrow focus limiting the briefing to intelligence and
## security matters Acting COS David Smith thought this approach wasted
## an opportunity for constructive US influence on the structure and poli
## cies of the new government We were the ones they turned to and
## Smith believed they needed and deserved help Instead enjoined not to
## become involved the Station simply watched the generals as they quar
## reled over responsibility for the bloodshed and looting that accompanied
## the COllP and over promotions and cabinet nominations 4 0
## The Station had of course been reporting from the day after the
## coup on the volatility of the new political climate Only Duong Van Minh
## looked like an impressive leader CIA in Saigon judged him to be per
## haps the only man capable of holding the generals and the civilian politi
## cians together But he was also a reticent soldier whose simple and even
## naive political outlook might qualify him as a Vietnamese Naguib If
## he is the Station presciently wondered who will be his Nasser 0
## While monitorihg the generals efforts to find the right people for
## the new government CIA Headquarters also worried about fallout from
## its participation in the coup Gen Ton That Dinh had already made a
##
##
## David Smith interview by the author Silver Spring MD hereafter cited as Smith interview
## 6 October 1992 Recordings transcripts and notes for the interviews conducted for this study are
## on file in the CIA s History Staff office Smith served as DCOS from June 1962 to June 1964 and
## was Acting Chief of Station between John Richardson s departure in early October 1963 and Peer
## de Silva s arrival in December 19630
## SAIG 2191 November 1963 and SAIG 2223 5 November 19631
## Smith interview 60ctobcr 19921 I
## Undated History ofthc Vietnamese Generals Coup of 12 November 1963 ofwluch a Vietnam
## desk niccr1 I noted that SArG 2662 of 25 November 1963 indicated it had been
## written by Station officers John Riordan Clifford Strathern alsocJadded undoubtedly by
## Dave Smith thc ACOS O
##
## 10
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## C01268717
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## pointed request for the departure of Col Gilbert Layton the Station
## officer whose counterpart had been Col Le Quang Tung the Special
## Forces commander shot after his arrest by the coup committee DDP
## Richard Helms asked if Lou Conein the Station s principal liaison to the
## coup committee should perhaps not go on leave while the dust settled
## but Acting COS David Smith replied that Conein s rapport with the gen
## erals was indispensable and should be fully exploited Apparently infer
## ring that Helms doubted Conein s discretion Smith argued that any leaks
## would probably come from other agencies He prevailed and Conein
## stayedGO
## FE Division Chief William Colby arrived in Saigon on TDY on 5
## November He made a series of calls on the generals but Lou Conein
## remained the Station s principal contact with the new regime Conein s
## effectiveness rested on friendships with the Vietnamese that in several
## cases dated back to his service as an ass officer in Vietnam in 1945 He
## was less strong on political substance and this limited his role essen
## tially to that of intermediary But under the restrictions imposed by
## Lodge the personal confidence he enjoyed sufficed to meet the Station s
## needs for liaison with the generals Colby described the Embassy atmo
## sphere in a cable that predicted a Lodge effort to arrange the recall of
## Gen Paul Harkins chief of the Military Assistance CommandlVietnam
## MACY The Ambassador s recent expulsion of cbs John Richardson
## was only the overture to the opera Colby wrote adding that Lodge was
## running very much a vest pocket operation which tolerated only those
## subordinates who could operate on a tactical level rather than as co
## workers in the strategic vineyard The US Mission s Country Team
## would have to learn to adjust to his style or be replaced 7D
##
##
## The New Regime Divided Against ItselfD
##
## Two weeks after the coup Colby s round of calls took him to see
## Gen Nguyen Khanh at Da Lat Allhough Khanh had been the first to
## advise CIA of serious planning for a coup he had soon found himself
## replaced as go between with CIA by Tran Van Don At the end of Janu
## ary Khanh would depose the ineffectual Big Minh Now however
## Colby found him growing a beard that Khanh vowed to keep until he was
## convinced that the new regime was on the right path Colby listened to
## a downbeat assessment of the problems facing the generals and later
##
## SAKi 234 8 November 1963 SAIG 2357 9 November 1963
## all
## L J and SAIG 249916 November 19631
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## reported that Khanh s only question to him had concerned the whereabouts
## of a former CIA contact named Russ Miller Colby kept the query in mind
## and Miller shortly began a series of TDY visits to Saigon that culminated
## in a PCS assignment in December 19648 0
## Meanwhile divested by Ambassador Lodge of any consultative role
## in shaping the new Saigon government the Station responded vigorously
## to General Don s invitation to discuss the more limited field of intelli
## gence paramilitary and pacification programs With Lodge s approval
## Acting COS David Smith and his colleagues opened the first of several
## meetings with the new Vietnamese leadership on 13 November Big
## Minh attended with the other two principals on the Military Revolution
## ary Committee MRC Tran Van Don and Le Van Kim but Minister of
## Security Ton That Dinh curiously failed to appear the other generals
## charged with intelligence and security matters also were absent The Sta
## tion described Kim as the principal interrogator who had a better
## grasp of the material than his compatriots Big Minh who seemed to
## rely for advice on Don and Kim was clearly startled by the scope of the
## programs that the Station outlined 9 0
## Kim was the only MRC member to attend all of the following three
## sessions His incisive questions one of them concerning the net effect of
## raids on North Vietnam that fed Hanoi s propaganda apparatus while
## inflicting trivial damage won the Station s respect He also astutely noted
## the shortage of Vietnamese managerial talent and suggested that the Sta
## tion s admirable organizational proposals might have to be tailored to the
## strengths and limitations of available personnel Kim did not know in
## November that the already limited pool of potential leaders was about to
## lose him along with Tran Van Don and the more easily expendable Ton
## That Dinh and Mai Huu Xuan When Nguyen Khanh seized power in late
## January 1964 he arrested them and none resumed an active role in the
## government or army after being released 10 D
## Subsequent sessions drew working level Vietnamese participants
## who relayed the MRC s approval in principle of several Station reorgani
## zation proposals and its suggestion for an expanded National Interroga
## tion Center But it was clear that the Vietnamese were concerned at least
## as much with personal rivalries as with flow charts One Vietnamese
## counterproposal for example called for removing the key Central Intelli
## gence Organization CIO from the control of Generals Ton That Dinh
## and Mai Huu Xuan D
## Memorandum of Conversation William E Colby and Nguyen Khanh on 14 November 1963
## 16 November 1963l I IRussell Miller interview by the author Washington DC
## hereafter cited as Miller interview 7 April 1992·0
## SAIC 2 i5 19 November 1963 1 I
## SAKi 2555 19 November 1963
## SAle 2650 23 November 1963L
##
##
##
## 12
##
## C01268717
##
##
## The Vietnamese generals were still struggling with their new gov
## emmcntal responsibilities and with each other when President John F
## Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas on 22 November During Kennedy s
## time in office the commitment of US military personnel had grown from
## 875 to over 16000 and civilian programs including those of the CIA had
## grown proportionately Against this background new President Lyndon
## B Johnson sought in the last weeks of 1963 to penetrate the many uncer
## tainties about the new regime and its ability to reinvigorate the war
## against the Communists To this end he dispatched a factfinding mission
## in late December headed by Defense Secretary Robert S McNamara and
## including DCI John A McCone 12 D
## Johnson now displayed his penchant for hands on management by
## also involving himself directly in selecting a new chief for the Saigon
## Station In office for less than two weeks he found time to write McCone
## on 2 December about a permanent replacement for Richardson as COS
## Either bring in a top notch man he instructed or promote the man on
## the spot He asserted personal control over the appointment telling
## McCone he awaited a nomination from among the Agency s best and
## most experienced McCone s reply testified to David Smith s outstand
## in erformancc but named P e Silva the new cos I
## de Silva was about to leave Wash
## mgton or argon w ell he was taken one night to the White House
## There he met President Johnson whose only instructions were not to for
## get that they were entering an election year 3 D
## But Johnson was well aware of the conflict played out in the press
## between Lodge and Richardson and wanted no repetition On 7 Decem
## ber he cabled Lodge with categorical instructions about the relationship
## he expected to obtain between the Ambassador and the new Chief of
## Station
##
## It is of the first importance that there be the most complete under
## standing and cooperation between you and him I am concerned
## not only to sustain effective cooperation but to avoid any mutterings
## in the press I cannot overemphasize the importance which I per
## sonally attach to correcting the situation which has existed in Saigon
## in the past and which I saw myself when I was out there 14 0
## I2 VielnHm Chronology p 42n
## IlLyndon B Johnson Memomn for Director McCone 2 December I d Memorandum
## for the President ncIboll interview by the
## author Langley VA herea fer ciICdinterview 18 November 1992 De Silva later re
## counted the While House incident lol in SaigonD
## J S Eannan Inspector General Memorandum for the Director Record on Vietnam
## J 2 November 1964 History Staff filesD
##
##
## 13
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Figure 2 Area Under Communist Control 1962
##
##
##
##
## Kontum
##
##
##
##
## Areas of Communist Concentration
## government areas not shown
##
##
##
##
## International boundary
##
## National capita l
##
## D Communist
##
## 50
##
## 100 Kilometers
##
##
##
##
## 5 0 100 Miles
##
##
## 7438 99 97
##
##
##
##
## The Republican Ambassador did not take kindly 10 being so
## instructed by his Democratic President and responded peevishly to
## Mcfunc s subsequent request thai he protect de Silva s cover I certainly
## cannot lake responsibility for keeping any man s name OUI of the press
## who works for the US Government in Vietnam It is not clear to me
##
## 14
##
## C01268717
##
##
## what his cover is In fact the whole arrangement is stilI somewhat obscure
## to me Indeed it was naive of McCone to think that de Silva s
## Agency affiliation could be concealed in Saigon as the mere fact of his
## succeeding Richardson would have sufficed to expose him ISO
## Unlike the youthful Smith who had launched his CIA career as a
## 2nd lieutenant with the Lansdale Station in 1955 de Silva was already
## the veteran chief of three major Stations I
## c J when he arrived in Saigon Bornin 1917 he graduated from the
## US Military Academy at West Point in 1941 and at the end of World War
## II was serving as Chief of Security for the Manhattan Project He joined
## the Agency as a US Army colonel 16D
## In December 1963 as de Silva prepared to leave I I
## Agency and other official US observers in Saigon were trying to gauge
## the effects of the coup on the war in the countryside While General Har
## kins s MACV was lowering its estimate of Viet Cong VC strength
## CIA analysts in Saigon saw Communist forces actually growing After
## arriving with McNamara on 18 December McCone quickly concluded
## that tension within the Military Revolutionary Council MRC contin
## ued disarray and corruption in the government and what he agreed was
## growing VC strength added up to a doubtful prognosis for the South Viet
## namese He noted also that the Military Revolutionary Council MRC
## was starting from a much more unfavorable position than had been rec
## ognized It is abundantly clear that Vietnamese statistics received over
## the past year or more on which we gauged the trend of the war were
## grossly in error 17 0
## Mutiny Against the MutilleersD
##
## VC gains if the Southern generals recognized them as such did
## nothing to unify the junta or to mobilize the civilian politicians against the
## growing threat In mid December the MRC sent the stilI unshaven Nguyen
## Khanh to Da Nang the farthest from Saigon of the four Vietnamese Army
## ARVN corps commands In early January 1964 Duong Van Minh shook
##
## lbirl·O
## Dc Silva official personnel filc cinterview 18 November 19920
## BlincJ MemorandullI Military Situation in Critical Areas of Vietnam 13 December 1963D
## I I McCone mcmorandum Hi hli hts D cussions in Saigon 18 20 De
## comber 1963 21 December 1963 Viet Cong is a Vietnamese
## term adopted early in the Diem regime and earing a pejorative connotation for Vietnamese Com
## munisr Both Americans who usually abbreviated it to ve and Saigon s officials applied it to
## any member of either the military or the political arm of the indigenous though Hanoi directed
## Communist movement in South Vietnam The VC were thus distinguished from the integral units
## of thc North Vietnamese Army deployed into South Vietnam after late 19640
##
##
##
## 15
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## up the military hierarchy and took over as commander in chief of the
## armed forces Two weeks later the new commander of the Vietnamese
## Special Forces claimed to the Station that Gen Tran Van Don was discuss
## ing the neutralization of South Vietnam with a visiting French official The
## Station seems to have enjoyed no other access to these events possibly
## because Station officer Al Spera to whom Nguyen Khanh had conveyed
## the first news of military coup planning and Lou Conein both were
## absent BD
## Spera was no longer stationed in Vietnam During his tour of duty
## he had earned two GVN decorations unprecedented among CIA officers
## there But his superiors saw him as abrasive and headstrong and after
## General Khanh asked McCone to return him to Saigon when the DCI
## visited in December Colby and Assistant DDP Tom Karamessines com
## bined to block the move 19 0
## Lou Conein having been summoned to see State Department offi
## cials Averell Harriman arid Roger I Iilsman was in Washington Conein
## urged them to help the junta s the Military Revolutionary Council
## MRC generate some forward momentum by assigning to each of its
## principal members a known and trusted American adviser working
## directly under the Ambassador Conein later heard that Lodge vetoed the
## idea In any case as it turned out Nguyen Khanh was already preparing
## 10 replace General Minh zoO
## Meanwhile new Chief of Station Peer de Silva was assiduously
## keeping the generals at arm s length Shortly after de Silva s arrival in
## late December Gen Nguyen Khanh invited him to visit Da Nang Telling
## Smith that the COS could not travel at the whim of every Vietnamese
## general de Silva declined He sent Conein instead who got one of the
## early indications of Khanh s dissatisfaction with Big Minh Although
## similar warnings began to come in from other sources Lodge thought
## Station reporting reflected an obsession with coup plotting If Khanh is
## unhappy he instructed the Station just tell him to take it easy 21 D
## Despite de Silva s cool response to his invitation Khanh sent a
## messenger to the Station again on 27 January asking the COS to see
## him in Da Nang the next day De Silva was now willing but his reply
##
## I
## undated news clipping of Reuters dis
## patchI Ii I I
## The abbreviation
## ARVN pronounced Akvcn became the standard American term for the Army of the Republic
## rVielnam·D
## Thomas II Karamcssincs Mcmorandum for Mr Helms Mr Al Spera 27 March 19640
## I I
## Lucien Conein interview by the author McLean VA hereinafter cited as Conein interview
## 1 November 199 2 Station officcrl recalled that McCone told Colby to nn1ange I
## Spcra s return 10 Vietnam but once back in Washington Colby did not follow through Sec
## 1linlervielV 18 November 1992·20
## th interview 19 October 1992U
##
##
## 16
##
## C01268717
##
##
## coordinated with Lodge regretted that he could see Khanh no earlier
## than 29 January Khanh agreed to meet then in Saigon but Lodge now
## changed his mind He prohibited the meeting for reasons not recorded
## and de Silva cancelled it on the pretext of illness 220
## Khanh then turned to an old friend Col Jasper Wilson of MACV
## with his claim that the French were maneuvering with Gen Mai Huu
## Xuan who had served them in various internal security organs for the
## neutralization of South Vietnam De Silva reported on this meeting in his
## own channel adding information from other sources alleging a French
## backed move toward neutralization 23 D
## In Saigon on 29 January Khauh repeated his allegations to Wilson
## He added Generals Tran Van Don and Le Van Kim to his list of alleged
## neutralist plotters and hinted that he and his allies would use any neces
## sary force to thwart them According to the Ambassador s account of
## this meeting he had Wilson reporting directly to him Khanh added
## that he wanted to use Wilson as his exclusive channel to the Embassy
## Khanh s absolute refusal to deal with any American other than Wilson is
## due to an unfortunate experience with a CIA representative named
## Spera before the Oct 31 sic coup Lodge s report transmitted late 29
## January added that he was keeping de Silva and General Harkins
## informed 24 D
## Lodge may in fact have kept Harkins posted but he said nothing to
## de Silva until the COS inquired about the matter early that evening
## Lodge then acknowledged that Wilson had seen Khanh he had written a
## telegram he said and the COS would be receiving a copy De Silva later
## asked Lodge s deputy David Nes about his exclusion from the session
## with Wilson but Nes would say only that his instructions had prevented
## him from informing anyone but General Harkins 25 D
## At 0315 hours on 30 January the Embassy radioed a report from
## Wilson at the airborne brigade headquarters that Khanh intended to move
## within the hour to secure changes in the composition of the MRC
## Minh has been informed of this and agrees The only definite statement
## we have yet is that Premier Tho must go Twenty minutes later Nes
##
## 1 Ic 31 January 1964 retyped and attached to William E Colby Memorandum for
## Direclor of Central Intelligence Inler Agency relationships in Saigon 31 January 1964J1
## L linterview 18 November 1992 Lodge reported to
## •
## Ion on 29 January that Khanh had insisted on Colonel Wilson as his sole link to the Embassy in this
## matter See Foreign Relations of the United States 1964 1968 Volume I Vietnam 1964 Wash
## ington DC US Government Printing Office 1992J p 390
## PilUS 1964 1968 I 1964 PI 36 37L1 I
## 1·mIS ICJ64 1961 i t 1964 pp 37 39 Earman Record on Vietnam It is nul known whether
## Khanh concealed from Wilson his overtures 10 de Silva or whether perhaps reacting to a per
## ceived rebuff from the COS he actually intended on 29 January to use Wilson as his sole inter
## mediary·D
##
## j
##
## 17
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## summoned de Silva to the Embassy where the COS learned that Khanh
## and associates including Gen Tran Thien Khiem were about to depose
## General Minh s government The new junta proceeded to arrest five of
## their colleagues on grounds of plotting with the French to neutralize
## South Vietnam They spared Big Minh indeed installed him as figure
## head Chief of State but remanded Generals Don Kim Dinh Xuan and
## Nguyen Van Vy to house arrest in the resort town of Da Lat 26 D
## Lodge s exclusion of de Silva during this episode may have
## reflected a suspicion that the new COS had been sent to restore the auton
## omy the Ambassador thought the Station had enjoyed before Richard
## son s dismissal Smith interpreted Lodge s October request for him to be
## named COS as confirmation that Lodge thought he had him and the Sta
## tion well under control Smith had been content to leave him with this
## impression and had deliberately not corrected Lodge s apparent belief
## that after Richardson s departure the Ambassador sawall Station corre
## spondence 0
## Restoration of a Limited MandateD
##
## Whatever the reason for Lodge s quarantine of the Station it ended
## when Conein returned just as the coup ended On 31 January 1964 he
## saw Khanh who complained of Conein s absence during the previous
## five days No longer disposed if he ever had been to make MACV his
## sole US interlocutor he now proposed having two US liaison officers
## with Conein reporting to Ambassador Lodge and Jasper Wilson to
## MACV commander General Harkins Three days later Khanh sent a car
## and escort to bring Conein to see him but Coneindisappointed him when
## he had to advise that he still lacked instructions from Lodge on the liai
## SOli question Nevertheless Khanh wanted him continuously available on
##
##
##
##
## I 1 J FVSA 171I8 7 February 1964 1 I Conein interview 19 February 1992
## George MeT ahin Intervention How America Became III valved ill Vietnam Garden City New
## York Anchor Hooks 1987 p 200 Neutralist sentiment may well have been growing at this time
## hut neither Khanh nor the Station ever produced credible evidence of collusion between France and
## the generals to neutralize South Vietnam According tol Iperhaps the Station s
## leading spcrt on South Vietnamese politics Khiem WHS the mastermind of the January coup see
## I 1Memorandum to Chief of Station Thich Tri Quang 26 August 1968j I
## Smith interview 19 October 1992 Lodge made his altitude toward Smith more explicit at a meet
## ing with him and de Silva shortly after the new COS s arrival Someone mentioned Lodge s earlier
## request for Smith and the DCOS quickly assured Lodge he had always expected a more senior re
## placement to which the Ambassador sneered Do you think I give a damn about you D
##
## C01268717
##
##
## live minutes notice and dismissed Conein s protest that all this violated
## diplomatic protocol 1 don t give a damn 2sD
## As Khanh insisted on seeing Conein Lodge could not very well
## object On 3 February Khanh outlined his intentions to Conein saying he
## would give the boudoir politicians a week to propose a civilian prime
## minister He said he wanted Conein to be his principal adviser on intelli
## gence and security matters but Conein let him know that such a role was
## out of the question So instead of organizations and programs they talked
## about Khanh plan mreptitiously to record h meetings WjtlLlheQtber 1
## generalsr J
## I I
## It soon became clear to the Station that Nguyen Khanh had no more
## capacity than General Minh to unify the officer corps in a new campaign
## to mobilize the country against the Viet Congo As before the Station con
## tinued to cultivate second level officers some of whom made no pre
## tense of unconditional loyalty to Khanh One such was Col Nguyen Cao
## Ky the flamboyantly charismatic new chief of the Vietnamese Air Force
## In early February Ky told Russ Miller now in Vietnam on TOY that
## young officers would have to get the command assignments they wanted
## or Khanh s regime could meet the same fate as Minh s D
## Gen Nguyen Van Thieu as Khanh s new ARVN Chief of Staff
## comported himself more discreetly in a conversation with Dave Smith
## insisting that he wanted to use the Dai Viet and other nationalist parties
## only to help root out the clandestine Viet Cong organization But other
## sources began as early as February to claim that Thieu and the Dai Viets
## were already plotting against KhanhyD
## The Station repeated for General Khanh the briefing on Station pro
## grams it had recently delivered to officers including Kim and Don who
## were now under detention Khanh endorsed the pacification programs
## but temporized on the Station s perennial recommendation for central
## ized management of Saigon s intelligence collection and analysis Khanh
## offered new Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Ton Hoan a Dai Viet politi
## cian known to the Station since the early 1950s as liaison on pacifica
## tion matters Accepting this de Silva noted the Station s practice of
## maintaining contact with non Communist dissidents as well as with local
## officials He assured Khanh of his innocuous purpose in this he merely
##
## Lucicn COlicin Memorandum for the Record Meeting with Major General Nguyen Khanh
## Chairman of the Military Council 31 January 1964 Conein Memorandum for the Record
## Meeting with General Khauh 3 February 1964
## Concin MR of 3 February 1964 Couein intervie w 7 D e c em b c r 1992 J
## Concin interview 7 December 992 FVS 101828 Februa 1964
## David Smith Contact Report 8 February 1964 and passim L
##
##
##
##
## 19
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## wanted to keep abreast of the various shades of political opinion and
## asked for Khanh s forbearance During a typically informal session with
## Conein in mid February Khanh vilified the French in a way reminiscent
## of Ngo Dinh Nhu and threatened to expel French officials as a warning
## to de Gaulle He asked if Conein knew five or six bastards he would
## like to have kicked out Conein temporized by saying he would see if the
## Station had any candidates Khanh also asked Conein to train his secu
## rity detail and the Station arranged this in March nO
## Despite his longtime contact with CIA Khanh remained something
## of an enigma A Station assessment of early March 1964 saw intelli
## gence energy and organization but also a moody loner with an overin
## flated ego Whatever his flaws the near vacuum of South Vietnamese
## leadership first noted by Agency officers in the early 1950s had not been
## filled and there was little to work with In the Station s opinion no one
## else civilian or military came close to having Khanh s ability But he
## was faced with the traditional fractionalization of Vietnamese politics
## first the French and then Diem had unified the politicians in opposition
## to them but now as the Station saw it the centrifugal forces in Viet
## namese politics may become more pronounced than ever Like Diem
## and then Duong Van Minh Khanh would require unqualified US sup
## port without it he would probably disappear in a neutralist putsch 33 D
## Operating under the Lodge restrictions the Station could not even
## try to help Khanh grow into his new responsibilities Conein supple
## mented Embassy efforts to ensure the safety of the so called Da Lat gen
## erals but his meetings with Khanh were devoted mostly to political gossip
## and such trivialities as office logistics and a Khanh request that Conein
## develop for him a contingency plan for escape from Saigon The Station
## was as well connected as ever but in its enforced passivity could only lis
## ton while the other generals calumniated Khanh and each othcr34 D
##
##
##
## I I Memorandum for the Record Briefing of General Khanh 11 February 1964
## 14 February 1964 Lucien Conein Memorandum for COS Breakfast with General Nguyen
## Khanh 17 February 1964J Given the Agency s well known complicity in
## autircgimc activity as far back as late 1960 it is doubtful that Khanh took de Silva s assurances at
## Iacc valucO
## William S Read Memorandum for COS Khanh s Leadership and Cohesiveness of Govern
## u nt O 6 March 1964 IKhanh provoked different reactions in different Agency
## observers Coucin thought him a manipulator and habitual liar while Colby saw in him a percep
## tive courageous leader with the potential to control the military and run the counlry See Conein
## interview I December 1992 William Colby Lost ViCI1 Chicago Contemporary Books 1989J
## 1 119·0
## · Ollleinlllcnlur lIIcums of meetings with Khanh 8 April 1964 and 1 May 1964JL J
## cJVolumc II pClssim Conein interview 19 February 1992·0
##
##
##
##
## 20
##
## C01268717
##
## The Price of Disunity 0
## In the spring of 1964 as the government position in the country
## side continued to deteriorate Kbanh began urging on Ambassador Lodge
## a massive US military commitment against the North The purpose would
## be to divert Hanoi s resources permitting the South to accelerate the slow
## and painful process of pacification CIA Headquarters worried that
## Kbanh s emphasis on retaliation against Hanoi would undermine the
## province by province approach that Washington thought essential to
## regain the initiative against the Viet Cong on the ground Lodge sharing
## Khanh s anxiety about invasion thought that Vo Nguyen Giap the North
## Vietnamese general who defeated the French at Dien Bien Phu might
## now seize the five northern provinces of South Vietnam Khanh talked in
## less apocalyptic terms than these when Defense Secretary McNamara vis
## ited Saigon again in mid May but Mcblamara nevertheless concluded
## that the Government of Vietnam GVN had lost some 200 villages 12
## percent of the total to the Viet Cong since September 1963 35 0
## As spring gave way to summer in 1964 the CIA acknowledged
## VC gains by devoting increasing resources to the effort in the country
## side It paid pro forma attention to Nguyen Ton Hoan Saigon s pacifica
## tion chief but substantive liaison with the Vietnamese on the rural
## programs took place mostly at the province chief level and the subject
## intruded relatively little into the management of the Station s most senior
## contacts Here the main question was still governmental stability
## Although professionally more capable than Duong Van Minh Khanh
## lacked Minh s personal prestige in the officer corps and the intensified
## factionalism predicted by the Station quickly surfaced As the summer
## monsoon approached the Station was using its agents and personal con
## tacts among the generals to monitor the internecine quarrels that were to
## result in the fall of Nguyen Khanh in February 19650
## At least partly in response to US pressure Khanh released the Da
## Lat generals Don Dinh Xuan Kim and Vy at the end of May
## 1964 and over lunch Conein explored their state of mind Tran Van Don
## insisted that he supported Khanh despite his recent incarceration but no
## other point of substance emerged and during the rest of the session
## Conein heard only the usual backbiting and recrimination The Station s
## access to Khanh at this time produced minor ancillary benefits in addition
## to reporting as when Russ Miller secured the release of a Vietnamese
##
##
## FlWS 964 1968 I 1964 284 87296 97323 Chester L Cooper Memorandum to Ule DCI
## Comments 011 Saigon LimDis Cabic 2108 4 May 1964 I
##
##
##
## 21
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Special Forces officer and Station contact who had been languishing in
## jail since his boss Colonel Tung and Diem were assassinated l 6 D
## Nevertheless policy level communication took place for the
## moment in policy channels This was as it should be in protocol terms
## butleft open the question of whether active Station participation in the
## American dialog with the Minh and then the Khanh regimes might have
## helped to unify the generals and enlist popular support for the govern
## ment It might have made no difference Minh s and Khanh s stated
## desire for Agency advice may have been pro forma Or it might have had
## an effect similar to that of the Station s decisive intervention on behalf of
## Ngo Dinh Diem in 1955 helping only to postpone a fate that the govern
## ment s weaknesses made inevitable Be that as it may David Smith had
## a point it was in fact to the CIA that the key generals turned in late 1963
## and early 1964 for advice Oil the way to govern the country But Colby
## had been right when he predicted that Ambassador Lodge would run a
## one man showD
##
##
##
##
## 1
##
## 22
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Chapter 2
##
##
## Preserving a Line of Communication D
## Henry Cabot Lodge left Saigon in June 1964 to join Barry Goldwa
## ter s presidential campaign He took with him the bipartisan protection on
## Vietnam policy that John F Kennedy had constructed by sending a
## Republican to Vietnam Now his support of the hawkish Goldwater
## threatened Johnson s campaign strategy of disavowing the prospect of a
## massive or protracted American commitment in Vietnam The President
## met this challenge by choosing Maxwell Taylor as his new Ambassador
## to Saigon Taylor offered not only a distinguished combat record from
## World War II but also a reputation as the US military s foremost intellec
## tual Under Kennedy he had become Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
## Staff and a presidential confidant As Ambassador both his formidable
## professional qualifications and his links to the martyred Kennedy would
## help neutralize Republican attacks on Johnson s allegedly halfhearted
## response to Communist encroachments in Vietnam 0
## Arriving in Saigon in July Taylor faced an enormous challenge
## that of instilling in a dispirited ally the will to pursue the struggle against
## the Communists In pursuit of this objective he launched a concerted
## effort to develop personal relationships with important Vietnamese both
## ill and outside government His purpose was unfortunately not well
## served by an imperious style that soon alienated most of the Vietamese
## military leadership as we shall see the resulting tension soon generated a
## reprise of the Station s periodic service as interpreter and intermediary
## between the Embassy and the ruling generals Taylor displayed no more
## enthusiasm or such an Agency role than Lodge had done it was forced
## on him by the imperative of continued communication between the
## United States and the various actual and aspirant power centers in the
## Vietnamese military 20
## I Kahin Intervention p 2140
##
## Miller interview 7 April1992Lj
##
##
##
## 23
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## In any case the problem was not just personalities substantive
## issues and the pressures of an American presidential campaign also con
## tributed to the friction with the generals In May as noted earlier Khanh
## had urged visiting Defense Secretary McNamara to begin air attacks on
## North Vietnam Washington was already locked in debate on this issue
## and wanted Khanh to abstain from any public statement pending a US
## decision The matter was all the more sensitive because of the Johnson
## campaign s eagerness to brand Goldwater as the proponent of an
## expanded war But Khanh went public on 19 July calling for a march to
## the North Two days later General Ky issued a more explicit call to
## bomb the North Taylor protested to Khanh this apparent move to force
## the US hand and Khanh retorted that the bombing idea had originated
## with the Americans There was conflict also over the future of Big
## Minh to whom Khanh and his allies had awarded the ceremonial post of
## chief of state Secretary of State Dean Rusk wanted the generals to
## exploit his prestige and Buddhist affiliation to rally popular support for
## tile war but pressure was growing from Catholic clements in ARVN for
## his reJl1oval3D
## Ambassador Taylor thought this discord reflected nothing more than
## conflicting American and Vietnamese perceptions of how best to combat
## the Viet Congo De Silva by contrast thought he saw in the dispute some
## thing deeper than disagreement over strategy and bilateral protocol
##
## The shakiness of Khanh s position the tremors that are running
## through the Saigon leadership and the reports of acute war weari
## ness and actions possibly under way to sense out sic the French on
## the subject of negotiations represent not only a maneuver to cat
## alyze USG reactions but also a grave crisis facing Khanh and his
## leadership and appear to me to be a crisis possi involving the
## will of the present leadership to continue the war U
##
## Whether influenced by Saigon s military or simply in response to
## the continuing decline in South Vietnamese fortunes the Johnson Admin
## istration was disposed to reply in kind when on 2 August North Viet
## namese PT boats attacked the US destroyer Maddox off the coast of
## North Vietnam Two clays later the US Navy reported more attacks and
## President Johnson ordered retaliation against Hanoi s gunboats and sup
## purling facilities Congress backed him on 7 August with near unanimous
## passage of the joint Tonkin Gulf resolution 50
## Knhin Intervention pp 212 21i
## Harman Record 011 Vietnam
## VicllHlIll Chronology pp 46 47
##
##
##
## 24
##
## C01268717
##
##
## Although directly responsive to Khanh s and Ky s urge to take the
## war to the North US air attacks and the Tonkin Gulf resolution did not
## relieve the friction among the Saigon generals They convened in secret
## on 16 August at the resort town of Vung Tau where Ky took advantage
## of Minh s absence to urge his removal as chief of state A majority
## agreed and on the 16th Khanh announced the abolition of Minh s posi
## tion and his own ascendancy to supreme power 6 n
## This provoked rioting by both Buddhists ailcrCatholics and Khanh
## resigned He then returned now as the leader of a triumvirate with Big
## Minh and Tran Thien Khiem that he said would form a civilian govern
## ment within 60 days In the resulting confusion the Station used its clan
## destine sources to assess the political balance of power with I I
## I I
## reporting directly on the generals deliberations and on
## a continuing spate of coup rumors A Station agent I I
## furnished an authoritative perspective on the Northern faction in the mili
## tary and another agent at the field grade level reported on the other main
## faction the one influenced by the southern wing of the Dai Viet Party
## They reported among other things Khanh s effort to eliminate the Dai
## Viet politicians from government and a Station contact I I
## I Inow warned of an imminent coup by Dai Viet sympa
## thizers in the military 7 D
## With the generals progressively more divided and Khanh s rela
## tionship with Taylor increasingly tense the Station s window on the plans
## and perceptions of the generals was now clouded by the departure of
## Lou Conein As Conein later recalled it Khanh had summoned him to
## Dalat for a recitation of his grievances against Taylor which he wanted
## conveyed directly to the Ambassador COS de Silva saw no alternative
## to honoring this request and he and Conein later found Taylor leaving
## the tennis court The Ambassador had no questions or comments about
## their account except at the end when he frostily inquired whether
## Conein was sure he understood French the language of the meeting with
## Khanh A day or so later on 2 September 1964 Taylor told de Silva that
## Conciu s usefulness had come to an end D
##
##
## FVS 10605 18 August 1964 FVSA 1828218 January 1965 LI JIf VSA
## 18 142 26 January 1965
## rVSA 18282 rvs 10o8ICil CC FVSA 183421 120 August
## 1941 IFVS 1068430 August 19641 I
## Conein interview 19 February 1992 Eatman Record on Vielllam O
##
##
##
##
## 25
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## The Dai Viets Against Khanh D
## After Conein s unceremonious departure the COS tried to pick up
## the slack On 11 September Khanh told him that he had a letter from the
## activist monk Thich Tri Quang promising him Buddhist support Khanh
## also implicitly confirmed the uncertainty of his own position when he
## acknowledged Quang s douhtful sincerity Meanwhile the Station s
## sources in the various factions regaled their case officers with accounts of
## convoluted plotting Dai Viet officers against Khanh and Pham Ngoc
## Thao and General Ky with Khanh s endorsement against the Dai Viets
## On 13 September a coalition of southern Catholics and Dai Viets then
## Brig Gen Nguyen Van Thieu among them fulfilled the prediction of the
## Dai Viet source bringing troop units toward Saigon in a halfhearted coup
## attempt thai Ky and his alii quickly squelched Khanh seized oÂ
## tunity to effect the bloodless purge of senior Dai Viet officers that
## q aid he had been preparing since the beginning of September 9
## y s role in putting down the coup established him as a major
## player in the game of military politics and his subsequent erratic talk
## sparked concern at CIA Headquarters Ky was reported to be threatening
## to defect to Hanoi even as he pressed for bombing of the North and
## Headquarters asked the Station to undertake some intensive cultivation
## of Ky to learn his thinking and to influence it The Station doubted that
## Ky was politically ambitious beyond some muscle flexing as a king
## maker and deprecated his ability he was childish and often irresponsi
## ble not particularly intelligent or sophisticated It might become
## necessary the Station thou ht to ut Russ Miller back in touch with
## him
##
##
## Miller arrived on one of his TDY visits at the end of September
## 1964 and saw both Ky and Gen Cao Van Vien Chief of the Joint Gen
## eral Staff As the apparently self appointed spokesmen for the military s
## young Turks Ky affirmed his support of Khanh and urged Miller to
##
## Saigon Embassy Telegram 815 11 September 19641 1 lMemorandum
## Plalls III Purge the Dai VictParty Military rj 2 seremher 1964J Jextract from
## I EmhaSSYrrAirgram 1 15825 July 1974 FVS 107022 September 196411
## he Dai Viet Party arose early in t io t 1 century as a nationalist political party h
## to the French colonia power Conspiratorinl in style its membership was drawn mostly from the
## small Frcnch educated professional c1assn
## 1SAlG H92o 22September 19640 I A Headquar
##
## ters observer thought more highly of Kydescribing him at this time as probably one of the most
## eal able and inlluential military lenders in Smah Vietnam See blind memorandum Air Com
## modore Ngnyen Cao Ky 2H September 1964 L l
##
##
##
##
##
## 26
##
## C01268717
##
## get Khanh to risk unpopularity by consolidating his power at the expense
## of the factions Vien whom Miller regarded as an apolitical military pro
## fessional offered no prescriptions but insisted on the importance of the
## political dimension The battle will not be won militarily until there is
## an improvement in the generals political strength and a corresponding
## reduction in VC political strength D
## FE Division Chief William Colby was also in Saigon and he and
## Miller visited Khanh in Dalat on 3 October Khanh complained that his
## longtime interlocutors Spera and Conein were now both gone and the
## timing of Conein s departure the day before the aborted 13 September
## coup suggested some ulterior Agency motive Colby replied vaguely
## that Spera s continued presence would have caused certain complica
## tions and that Conein s high profile meant that his usefulness had
## passed But he added that Khanh s old friend Miller would shortly return
## to Saigon for a new tour Khanh immediately proposed to make Miller
## his informal contact with the US Mission Colby noted the protocol
## anomaly of such an Agency relationship with the Prime Minister and
## suggested that Khanh choose an intermediary through whom to maintain
## indirect contact 12D
## With or without Spera and Conein it seemed that communication
## between the governments needed improvement Khanh s distaste for Tay
## lor s authoritarian style had by late September hardened into a distrust of
## the Ambassador that Colby s deputy at Headquarters described as very
## deep and not totally without foundation 13D
## Upheaval on the Vietnamese side complicated access to its principal
## actors Gen Tran Thien Khiem a longtime Miller contact had played a
## leading if ambiguous role in the Khanh regime possibly the instigator of
## anti Khanh demonstrations during the Summer of 1964 he was at the
## same time Khanh s Minister of Defense He then joined the triumvirate
## that followed Khanh s resignation offer in late August In early October
## Khanh moved against Khiem sending him to West Germany on a con
## trived diplomatic mission In a final session with Russ Miller Khiern
## railed about Khanh s indulgence of Buddhist dissidence and said that
## only the lack of hard proof of Buddhist neutralism and anti Americanism
## prevented him from mounting a coup against Khanh 4 D
## I IFVS 10821 1 October 19641 I I
## Unsigned memorandum of conversation among Gen Nguyen Khanh and Messrs William Colby
## and Russ Miller 3 October 19641 I
## IJ FR US 1964·1968 1 Vietnam 1964 p 805 Robert J Myers Memorandum for the Record
##
## Meelin on Possible Action to Su JOlt South Vietnam 25 September 1964 3 October 19640
##
## O ce of Current Intelligence Intelligence Brief Tran Thien Khiem Vietnamese Ambassador
## designate tothe US 10 December 1964 FVS 108548 October 19641 I I
##
##
## 27
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Despite the tension between Khanh and Taylor they consulted in
## October about the composition of the civilian government that Khanh had
## pledged would replace his military regime Using the Miller channel
## Khanh worked to sabotage Big Minh s reputation with Taylor by
## accusing him of having negotiated with the French for a neutralist solu
## tion to the war But true to his assurances to Taylor and to Miller that he
## would step down he relinquished the prime ministry in October turning
## it over to the veteran civilian politician Tran Van Huong he held on
## however to his command of the armed forces Meanwhile Russ Miller
## was keeping an eye on Nguyen Cao Ky The unpredictable Air Force
## commander now looked more sensitive to broad policy issues worrying
## aloud to Miller about possible US disengagement from Vietnam after the
## November 1964 American presidential elections As Headquarters now
## saw him he had outgrown his role as mere spokesman for the young
## Turk general officers and as their de facto leader was probably the most
## powerful man in South Vietnam II D
##
## Taylor Against Khanh D
## The cordiality of the Station s contact with Khanh represented one
## fruit of Miller s practice of getting to know anyone who might at some
## point be useful He had contrived an introduction to Khanh during his
## first Vietnam tour which had ended in 1962 They got along well as
## reflected in Khanh s inquiry about him almost two years later and when
## Miller returned for a new tour of duty in Saigon in December 1964 he
## and Mrs Miller were promptly invited to a holiday reception hosted by
## the general Arriving at the party the Millers found themselves the only
## foreigners in attendance As Miller later recalled it while they were talk
## ing to Khanh Mrs Miller winced at some infelicity in her husband s
## French Khanh noticed and told her not to worry as he and Mr Miller
## understood each other very well 16 D
## This empathy characteristic of Agency relationships with its Viet
## namese contacts probably influenced Khanh s choice of Miller to inform
## the Americans of the military s next move At five in the morning on 20
## December he called Miller in to announce the abolition of the High
## National Council which the military had set up in August to give the
##
## I NUS 1964 68 I lIi«II I 19M passim FVS 10902 17October 19641 1 I
## L a1 ldblind memorandum Air Commodore Nguyen Cao Ky
##
## Also see Saigon Embassy Airgrarn A 158
##
##
##
##
## 28
##
## C01268717
##
##
## appearance of civilian participation in government Khanh justified this
## on the ground that the Council had tried to prevent the forced retirement
## of senior officers including Duong Van Big Minh Worried about armed
## forces unity Ambassador Taylor had also tried to discourage Minh s dis
## missal and Khanh s apparent defiance infuriated him He summoned to
## his office four of the young officers involved including Ky and Thieu
## and accused them of jeopardizing US support for Vietnam Khanh
## refused to make an appearance at the Embassy so Taylor went to see
## him at Joint General Staff headquarters Khanh repeated the rationale he
## had given Miller for dissolving the Council and Taylor declared that
## Khanh no longer enjoyed his confidence Khanh offered to resign his
## command a move which the Ambassador encouraged 11 D
## Khanh did not follow through on this offer however and in the
## ensuing standoff his intentions remained mysterious Looking for clarifi
## cation Taylor authorized Miller to visit Khanh at Vung Tau on 22
## December Khanh recounted his side of the confrontation with Taylor
## with whom he was now at absolute checkmate In what looked to
## Miller like a pro forma gesture Khanh again offered to resign in the
## interests of an effective war effort He urged Miller to try to arrange a
## visit byDefense Secretary McNamara or DCI McCone to verify the grav
## ity of the crisis and warned that he or the young Turks might soon
## hold a press conference protesting Taylor s interference even at the risk
## of provoking anti American demonstrations 18 D
## The press conference seems not to have taken place but some of
## the generals began agitating for Taylor s recall On 30 December Miller
## drove to Khanh s villa The atmosphere was cordial but Khanh insisted
## on conversing at the dining room table which Miller inferred was
## bugged Having had a week to reflect Khanh was less adamant about
## Taylor s departure but reacted hesitantly to Miller s suggestion that he
## invite the Ambassador to Vung Tau for a reconciliation The Ambassador
## apprised of Miller s proposal was equally noncommittal Khanh then
## suddenly adopted the idea and tried to force the issue by inviting Miller
## and both Taylor and the Deputy Ambassador U Alexis Johnson to din
## ner on 3 January 1965 Taylor and Johnson declined and de Silva
## explained to Headquarters that several noses had to have their joints
## adjusted The Station s efforts were finally rewarded 011 7 January when
##
##
##
##
## FRUS 1964 968 t Vietnam 964 pp 1014 1023 FVSA 18212 29 December 19640
## c J Unsigned Memorandum for the Record Some Thoughts on Possible Vietnamese Reac
## tions to US Positions taken since 20 December 1964 5 January 19651 I
## FYSA IH2l2D
##
##
##
## 29
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## the CrISIS passed with a compromise in which the generals agreed
## through Miller to restore civilian government but without reconstituting
## the High National Council 19 D
## While the Station labored to preserve US communications with
## General Khanh its agents reported on the young Turks growing influ
## ence in the government and their disenchantment also growing with
## Khanh One source reported in early January that the young Turks were
## determined to oust Khanh as armed forces commander despite the tem
## porary solidarity produced by the Ambassador s criticism of the entire
## group One school of Station thought doubted this believing that US
## pressure for civilian government accompanied by threats to reduce mili
## tary and economic aid put Khanh in a position that no one would covet
## And for the moment the military and the politicians merely continued
## arguing about a new cabinet and about the way to treat dissident Bud
## dhists 2 °D
## Presumably to mollify the Dai Viets Khanh eventually settled on
## one of their veteran leaders Phan Huy Quat as his new Prime Minister
## Most of the cabinet portfolios went to civilians but Khanh also inserted
## two of the young Turks Nguyen Van Thieu was promoted to major
## general and became Vice Prime Minister and Minister of the Armed
## Forces on 18 January At the same time Air Force Commander Nguyen
## Cao Ky accepted concurrent appointment as Minister of Youth and
## Sports He launched his tenure according to a Station agent I I
## by mandating a youth organization along Nazi lines it should have a uni
## form with black tunic boots and armband with a special insignia Ky
## thought the West German Embassy might have useful literature on the
## subject but someone suggested a briefing by his predecessor before he
## proceeded At this session Ky recognized that the real task was to pre
## pare rural youth to defend their hamlets against the Viet Cong for which
## flashy uniforms would not suffice 2 l D
##
## FYS 1112S 30 December 1964 and SAIG 09155 January 19651 I IRussMiller
## Memorandum for the Record Miller Meeting with General Khanh on 30 Dec 1100 1215 hours at
## Yung Tau 31 December 1964J IMiller interview7 April 1992 On 6 January meeting
## Khauh at Yung Tau General Westmorelandoffered to serve as intermediary with Ambassador Tay
## lor Khanh hnd already mentioned an emissary presumably Russ Miller sent by Taylor and re
## sponilcd 0 Wesunorelaud that he wanted to spare me from getting involved in politics see
## Willinm E Wcsuuorclaud Memorandum for the Record Meeting with General Khanh 6 January
## I i5 Iyndon B Johnson Library Westmoreland Papers History Backup 12D
## IJlind Mcuroruudum upparcntly by Station officer Harry Petersen 4 January 19651 I
## l vlFR l ossihlc Vietnamese Reactions and passim Volume III IVolume 11 passim
## I I
## SiIG 133i26 Jalll cu 19c 6 15L1 mc II passim F1YS 1J275
## 30 January 15aud IL U
##
##
## 30
##
## C01268717
##
## However out of touch he might be with the problems of the civil
## society Ky kept a close watch on military politics On 3 February he
## told Russ Miller that Khanh had lost the support of all his colleagues
## and would have to be removed His apparently sarcastic prediction of
## Khanh s survival under US protection provoked Ambassador Taylor to
## send Miller back to him with the message that we are in no way prop
## ping up General Khanh or backing him in any fashion Miller s traf
## ficking with the mutually suspicious generals seems not to have
## damaged his credit with any of them as he simultaneously continued the
## liaison with Khanh a task that included setting up a meeting with the
## visiting McGeorge Bundy President Johnson s National Security
## Adviser on 5 February 1965 22 0
##
##
## The End of the Khanh RegimeD
##
## Bundy was in Saigon at the beginning of another round of military
## escalation and political chaos On 7 February 1965 the Viet Cong
## attacked the US airbase at Pleiku in the central highlands killing eight
## Americans and inflicting serious material damage The same day US
## planes retaliated with bombing raids on North Vietnam Two weeks later
## after an initially inconclusive military coup Nguyen Khanh acceded to
## Maxwell Taylor s desire and resigned I IGen Tran Van Lit
## tle Minh then became acting commander of the armed forces while
## Nguyen Van Thieu took over the Armed Forces Council from Khanh But
## the ante had been raised on both sides The VC followed up their Pleiku
## attack by planting a bomb in a US barracks at Qui Nhon killing 23 more
## Americans and on 2 March the US replaced its earlier ad hoc retaliatory
## raids against the North with the sustained bombing campaign known as
## Operation Rolling Thunder 23 D
## This military coup the second since the fall of Ngo Dinh Diem
## began on 19 February when the same Dai Viet and militantly Catholic
## officers responsible for the September 1964 attempt against Khanh tried
## again Again the Station served as an Embassy link to both the sponsors
## of the coup and its target Russ Miller arrived home for lunch that day to
## find waiting for him the same army dentist who had provided cover for a
## meeting between LOll Conein and Tran Van Don during the conspiracy
## against Ngo Dinh Diem Captain Long fidgeted about refusing even a
##
## 1 1 ISaigon Ernbassay Telegram 2389 3 February
## 1965 Lyndon B Johnson Library National Security File Vietnam Volume XXVII SAIG 1576
## 5 February 19651 I
## Vietnam Chronology pp 52530
##
##
##
##
## 31
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## soft drink until the stroke of one At that point he opened up listing for
## Miller the military commanders supporting the announcement being
## made at that moment by Chief of State Pharo Khac Suu that Khanh was
## being dismissed Ky and his allies immediately repudiated this move
## and the resulting impasse threatened fratricidal violence 24 D
## The young Turks objection to the move against Khanh concerned
## timing and means not endsand Ky explained to Miller on 21 February
## that Brig Gen Lam Van Phat and the other mutineers should have given
## Khanh a chance to make good on his earlier expressed willingness to
## resign Now personal honor had come into play and Khanh was stand
## ing fast On the 22nd Ambassador Taylor convened his staff to find a
## solution to the impasse General Westmoreland volunteered to chopper
## down there to Vung Tau to see Khanh but Taylor vetoed this as impossi
## ble to conceal from American newsmen So Miller went instead and lis
## tened to Khanh s side of the story Back in Saigon he described Khanh s
## terms for resignation the Ambassador then authorized him and Deputy
## Chief of Station Gordon Jorgensen to convey these to Ky and the other
## members of the Armed Forces Council 25D
## Late that night the two drove to Vietnamese Air Force Headquar
## ters where an aide ushered them into a housekeeping closet There they
## waited until about midnight when Ky joined them On the way in
## Miller had seen enough activity to conclude that the entire Armed Forces
## Council must be present He asked why and Ky explained that Khanh s
## skill at manipulating his colleagues made it imperative to keep everybody
## in sight Ky stayed with the visitors until almost dawn they never left
## the utility room while Jorgensen pressed for a face saving exit for
## Khanh Ky seemed amenable to the suggested terms whatever his
## faults Miller thought vindictiveness was not among them and the
## Americans finally left to report back to the Embassy 26 0
## Embassy Airgram A 15R Miller interviews 5 November 1991 and 19 February 1992 D en
## tugou PIIlf Gravel Edition Boston Beacon Press 1971 JII p 295DOnce the coup attempt
## got under way MACV provided another channel to the rebels as the senior adviser to the Air
## Force Brig Gen Robert B Rowland accompanied Lam Van Phat one of the Dai Viet princi
## pals and Communist agent Pham Ngoc Thao representing Ambassador to Washington Tran
## Thien Khiem to Bien Hoa Airbase to confer with Ky see Blind Memorandum Saigon Coup
## Situation as of 12 00 EST February 19 1965 Lyndon R Johnson Library National Security
## File Vietnam Volume lbO
## FVS 11393 19 February 1965 and SAIG 2062 22 February 19651 Miller in
## terviews 19 February 1992 and 7 April 1992 One Station cable said that Miller went to Vung Tau
## with Col Jasper Wilson Khnnh s fanner adviser in I Corps and Kahin says there was a C1A of
## ticcr accompanying Wilson who reported Khanh s side of the story In a 1992 interview Miller
## said he could not rccnll traveling with Wilson and that Wilson certainly did not attend this meeting
## with Khanh See SAIG 2062 22 February 1965 I Kahin Intervention p 301 Miller
## interview 19 February 19920
## · SAIG 2062 Miller interviews 19 February and 7 April 1992D
##
##
##
## 32
##
## C01268717 sUllPet
##
##
##
## But Ky could not deliver at least not immediately for Khanh had
## antagonized too many of his AFC colleagues with divisive maneuvers
## and an alleged order for an armored attack on key facilities at Tan Son
## Nhut airport and in Saigon Despite the standoff the Station remained
## optimistic about a bloodless outcome telling Headquarters that Khanh
## may twist and turn a bit more but we believe his shoulders are about to
## be pinned to the mat for good Events justified this optimism when on
## 24 February t 965 Khanh relinquished command of the armed forces
## accepting exile as a roving ambassador I IGen Tran
## Van Minh replaced him Nguyen Van Thieu replaced Khanh in his capac
## ity as chairman of the Armed Forces Council 27
## Khanh s departure was the third in little more than a year of a Viet
## namese leader whom the US had once held to be irreplaceable and this
## change of command did no more than its predecessors had to end the
## political malaise in Saigon The civilian Cabinet left behind by Khanh
## had little authority and no energy Popular enthusiasm for the war contin
## ued to sag and the police broke up a neutralist group s press conference
## which the media described as the first open effort to rally support
## against the war effort The latest change at the top also aggravated the
## perennial management crisis that impaired the Station s working level
## intelligence liaison as the chief of the Central Intelligence Organization
## chose to go into exile with Khanh 2 D
## Further decay in the government s position in the countryside
## accompanied political apathy in Saigon Pacification languished even in
## the provinces around Saigon to which both the US Mission and the Viet
## namese had given first priority Nothing in the record suggests that Tran
## Van Minh provided more effective leadershi of the armed forces than his
## predecessors had
##
## Looking for ways to jolt Saigon out of its paralysis US officials
## debated whether to try imposing a joint military command on the Viet
## namese and then seeding ARVN units with American troops These
## ideas gradually gave way to a more direct application of US military
## power The Rolling Thunder bombing campaign began on 2 March as
##
##
## SAIG 2062 Reuters dispatch 25 february 19651 IAn example of the fluidity of po
## litical fortunes in South Vietnam is Tran Thien Khiem at this time still Ambassador to Washington
## after having been exiled by Nguyen Khanh Reporting on the new alignment nan Van Minh eval
## uated Khiern as militarily and politically dead n Later under Nguyen Van Thieu Khiem rose
## to hecome Interior Minister Chief of the Joint General Staff and eventually Prime Minister See
## I I
## Reuters and OPI dIspatches 25 Febl11ary 1965 and FVS 1141322 February 1965 all
## I I
##
##
## 33
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## already noted and the Administration deployed its first integral combat
## ground forces when it landed US Marines at Da Nang on 8 March to
## assure the security of the US airbase there 29 0
## The Emergence of Thieu and KyO
## The air war against the North and the arrival of US ground forces in
## the South represented not merely an expanded American commitment but
## de facto assumption of the burden of fighting the burgeoning insurgency
## and its sponsors in Hanoi Meanwhile the political disorder that inhib
## ited the South Vietnamese war effort once again thrust the Station into
## the kind of exercise at which it excelled exploiting its sources on all
## sides of a complicated problem to get a balanced perspective J
## I Tran Van Minh and Marine Gen Le Nguyen Khang and
## the Station s stable of witting contacts included eight more generals
## Civilian contacts supplemented these military sources One of these was
## Prime Minister Pilan Huy Quat long ac uainted with A enc officers
##
## L c
## It
## was a casual contact however an Army colonel acquainted with Station
## officer Stuart Methven who offered the personal papers Khanh had left
## behind when JJC went into exile I I
## I I
## They turned out to contain no important revela
## tions but one customer for them was Ambassador Taylor who wanted a
## complete set 3°0
## While the Station sorted out the personalities and prospects of the
## new regime the Viet Cong exploited the vulnerability of the Embassy to
## terrorist attack On 29 March 1965 a car bomb detonated directly in front
## of the annex adjoining the Chancery Flying glass killed a Station secre
## tary and wounded others including COS de Silva who was evacuated
## and replaced by his deputy Gordon Jorgensen 3l D
## At 51 Jorgensen was five years older than de Silva Born in Japan
## of missionary parents he had served in the Pacific as an Army intelli
## gence officer ending the war as a lieutenant colonel Entering the Agency
## ill 1953 he went to Vientiane in 1960 and as Chief of Station there
##
##
## Jclrrcy c Clarke Advice and Support The Filial Years Washington DC Center of Military
## History 1988PI 85 96 Harry G Summers Jr Vietllam War Almanac Facts on File Publica
## lions 19H5 11 34 3 iD
## SAIG 2342 4 MllrchI 9 63 l FV S A 18515 18 March 1965 1 I
## FVSA
## 1723616 March 964 passimD
## Vie Inmn Chronology 1 54
##
##
##
##
## 34
##
## C01268717 eCler
##
##
##
##
## launched the Laotian paramilitary programs He was at Headquarters as
## second in command of CTA paramilitary operations before coming to
## Saigon in late 1963320
## Jorgensen set out to continue de Silva s efforts to build rural paci
## fication programs while helping to shore up the GVN s morale Mean
## while Headquarters wanted to debrief Nguyen Khanh on his claimed
## links to the Vietnamese Communists During an early April visit in
## New York Conein asked him about these connections wanting to know
## if they involved Hanoi or the National Liberation Front Khanh claimed
## to have good contacts with both some of them handled by Col Le Van
## Nhieu the former Commissioner of Saigon s Central Intelligence Orga
## nization who had accompanied him into exile Khanh claimed he could
## reestablish these contacts but would do so only if Washington had an
## overall strategic plan involving contact with Hanoi and penetration of
## the National Liberation Front Curiously there seems to have been no
## followthrough on this topic Khanh s old friend Al Spera saw Colonel
## Nhieu during the summer but there is no record that he inquired about
## contacts with Hanoi or the NLFJJ D
## In mid May Prime Minister Quat sent fellow Dai Viet and Station
## contact Bui Diem to tell Jorgensen about a cache of really black money
## left behind by Nguyen Khanh Quat wanted to surface its existence and
## donate it to some worthy cause but hesitated to do so without the avail
## ability of other resources he could devote to ad hoc political and organi
## zational expenses Jorgensen noted for Headquarters that this accorded
## with the Agency s mandate to help strengthen the Quat government but
## nothing appears to have come of it The Quat administration survived in
## any case only another month when the generals ended the experiment
## with civilian government They replaced the former Armed Forces Coun
## cil with the Military Directorate and on 18 June 1965 Nguyen Van
## Thieu became its chairman and de facto Chief of State with Air Vice
## Marshal Nguyen Cao Ky serving as Prime Minister J4D
## 1 I
## William Colby Memorandum for the DDP Memorandum ou Discussions with Lt General
##
##
##
## t1 CII Khallh I and 2 April 1965 6 April 1965 Job 78 597R Box 1 Folder 10 ARCD
## passim No evidence has been found 10 support Kahin s claim in Intervention thai the US
## roveuuncm had information in early 1965 on correspondence between Khanh and Huynh Tan
## Phat secretary of the NLF Central Committee that discussed a negotiated settlement Kahin seems
## to have relied mainly on Khanh s statements and Khanh as Russ Miller saw him was quick to
## sense what an interlocutor wanted to hear see Kahin Intervention pp 295 296 and Miller inter
## view 6 April 1993 The National Liberation Front for South Vietnam usually called the National
## Libcratiou Frcnt or simply NLP was created by Hanoi in December 1960 to mobilize both Com
## munist and non Communistopponents of Ngo Dinh Diem in the armed insurgency launched a year
## carlicrD
## PVSA 871715 May 1965 IGravel II pp296 361 362 Embassy AirgramA 158D
##
##
##
## 35
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## With their accession to power the personal and professional styles
## of Thieu and Ky became of intense interest to US officials Thieu s
## reserved personality made him difficult to judge and a valid assessment
## of this enigmatic figure was further complicated for CIA by a shortage
## of sources among the Southern born officers who surrounded him But
## everyone found him cautious perhaps to a fault some thought him xeno
## phobic and suspicious to the point of paranoia 33 D
## Ky represented an entirely different problem He was readily acces
## sible to the Station and literally surrounded by CIAI 1contacts
## and the task was to determine what if anything lay behind the flashy
## exterior As of June 19651 IStation contacts depicted a
## first class pilot and a poor administrator whose genuine charisma had
## given Air Force morale a dramatic boost when he became its commander
## in late 1963 He was also a thrill seeker and risk taker according to D
## 1 Iintimates renowned for his drinking gambling and an
## endless succession of girlfriends he also indulged a penchant for insub
## ordination A second c Jhad reported after Ky s brief arrest for com
## plicity in the February 1962 bombing of the Palace that he would
## probably support another such venture for the thrill not for political rea
## 80ns 36 0
## Ky tackled his new job with characteristically brash energy and
## shortly produced a 26 point agenda for prosecuting the war But there
## were at best no short term prospects that his program could reverse the
## regime s sagging fortunes As the total of American forces in Vietnam
## climbed past 50000 men in June 1965 President Johnson authorized the
## commitment of US ground forces to offensive operations In the atmo
## sphere of desperation that prevailed in the US Mission in Saigon COS
## Jorgensen set out to reduce the Station s role as a channel to the military
## leadership and to concentrate on trying to help stem VC advances in the
## countryside He saw General Ky on 2 June 1965 they had not met
## since the utility room conference on 22 February s and briefed him on
## the rural intelligence and pacification programs Ky asked if Russ Miller
## was still around He was but had already begun to withdraw from his
## role as middleman between the Embassy and the Vietnamese military
## Jorgensen told Headquarters that while he anticipated future contact
## with Ky he thoht the Ambassador would prefer that it be confined to
## CIA busil1essJ1U
##
## j 1 I sim·O
## Exlracl from FVS 8321 28 December 1962 Extract from I report of 11 March 1962
## and pllssim I
## SAle 4747 22 June 1965 FVSA 188896 July J 9651 Gravel 11 p 363 Miller
## interview 12 November 19910
##
##
##
##
## 36
##
## I
## C01268717
##
## Fi r 3 Communist and Government
## Territo rial Control in outh Vietnam 1965
##
##
##
##
## Internation al boundary
##
##
##
##
## D
## National ca pital
##
## Communist
##
## Government
##
## D N eit her controlled
##
## o 50
##
## 100
##
## Kilometer
## s o 100 Mile
## 743700 9 97
##
## Ky endo rsed the field programs and accepted an offer to tour the
## Station s pacifica tio n train ing ce nter at Vung Tau But like all his prede
## cess or s he parried an offer of C IA help with the organizatio n an d sta ffing
## o f South Vietna me e int ell igence Also like his predecessors he worri ed
## abou t the Agency s attitude toward potenti al co up sponso rs Jorgensen
##
##
##
## 37
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## noted that he had given warning information to Prime Minister Quat dur
## ing a brief coup scare in May Ky smiled and said he hoped the Station
## would do the same for him Jorgensen assured him it would JeD
## The Station and the An Quang Buddhists D
## Quat s civilian government had been popular with the Buddhist
## leadership and its demise threatened a return of the Buddhist led unrest
## that preceded the fall of Ngo Dinh Diem This would have compounded
## au already desperate military situation and the Station tried to help pre
## vent it with token material support for the An Quang Buddhists led by the
## Venerable Tri Quang Mutually hesitant negotiations produced an agree
## ment in August 1965 the Station would subsidize An Quang training
## programs with the understanding that the activity would remain nonpo
## litical Quang s suspicion of the new Thieu Ky regime he was nearly
## paranoid about Thieu s alleged Catholic and Diemist sympathies made
## his relationship with CIA an uneasy one and Headquarters worried that
## he would use Agency money to finance dissident activity But payments
## continued at least through December by which time he had received
## some 2000000 piasters about 12500 39 0
## Station officers in touch with other An Quang leaders reinforced
## this modest initiative but COS Jorgensen otherwise held the line on Sta
## tion involvement in policy issues As it happened a change of US ambas
## sadors abetted this preference Maxwell Taylor burdened by frigid
## relationships with the Vietnamese and his antipathy toward the use of US
## ground forces had not been asked to spend a second year in Saigon he
## resigned on 8 July 1965 President Johnson as eager as Kennedy had
## been to have a Republican on the front lines replaced him with Henry
## Cabot Lodge who returned in August for his second tour as US Ambas
## sador to South Vietnam IO D
## As in late 1963 after the coup against Diem Lodge assigned the
## Station no part in the handling of government contacts His characteristic
## passivity with respect to Vietnamese internal politics not only elimi
## nated any action role for the Station in this area but also quickly brought
##
## VS IHH89 SAIG 4862 27 June 1965 unsigned Memorandum for the Record Marshall
## Nguyen COlO Ky Visit 10 thc CAS Vung Tau Training Sites ndL I
##
## · FVSi lllil illgut 1965 FVSW 8571 9 September 1965
## 9 8
## st 1
## Il VSA 19515 14 December 1965 attachment 3 to FVSA 26 05 4 26 iTu g u C
## c1 Policy authurity fur this came from NSAM 328 6 April 1965 a document which pre
## scribed a 12 p illt program the Agellcy was 10 can y out in Vietnam mainly in the field of rural
## pacirkalioll·1 I
## Kahin Intervention p 49 Gravel II p 365 VIetnam Chronology p 58·0
##
##
##
##
## 38
##
## C01268717
##
## him head to head with the dissident Buddhists While Lodge argued that
## wartime stresses made new elections impracticable the An Quang Bud
## dhists were insisting on the indispensability of elections to legitimize
## the government The modest Station subsidy to Tri Quang thus continued
## in the shadow of the Buddhists distrust of the generals and disagreement
## with the Americans 41 D
## During the last months of 1965 as the growing US military com
## mitment slowed Communist military exploitation of Saigon s political
## weakness COS Jorgensen accelerated the expansion of the pacification
## programs that he saw as indispensable to the government s recovery in
## the countryside Although the CIA role was nominally limited to advice
## and support the Agency adopted the suggestions of various local Viet
## namese officials then furnished the organizational initiative and all the
## resources and exercised de facto control of programs carried out at the
## province level Like the US military it had essentially dispensed with the
## faltering Vietnamese leadership in Saigon and taken charge of its portion
## of the warD
##
##
##
##
## rL D
## M · j nndum to Chief of Station Thich Tri Quang 26 August 1968
## e interviewby the author NewportBeach CA 3 June 1993 hereafter
## interview·D
##
##
##
## 39
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Chapter 3
##
##
## Looking for aWay autO
##
##
## The arrival at Da Nang of the US Third Marine Regiment in early
## March 1965 had introduced the first American combat units to Vietnam
## and brought the US military presence to 27000 men On 6 April Presi
## dent Johnson authorized the commitment of US forces to offensive
## ground operations in South Vietnam In May the US Army s 173rd Air
## borne Brigade arrived and as its combat forces grew the US started to
## assume the major burden of combat with Viet Cong and North Vietnam
## ese regulars By December US forces numbered 180000 and by June
## 1966 some 285000 1 0
## Even before the introduction of US forces burgeoning domestic
## opposition to the war had forced the Administration to give at least the
## appearance of openness to a negotiated settlement Indeed there was
## some real hope in the State Department that the US could find exploitable
## tensions between the NLF and its Northern sponsors and in the summer
## of 1965 Assistant Secretary William Bundy asked CIA to explore this
## possibility DCT Richard Helms thought the idea impractical and very
## risky The Agency could not guarantee the discretion of the third country
## contacts through whom it would have to work and if US sponsorship
## were revealed it would suggest to both Hanoi ancl Saigon that American
## will was flagging The Admistration was not deterred but it took another
## year before the Agency became actively involved 2 D
##
##
##
## Harry G Summers Jr Vietflam IVar Almanac pp 33 36 Vietnam Chronology p 70D
## Richard Helms Memorandum for Mr William P Bundy Possible Contact with the National Lib
## cration Front 2 Jnly 19651 I
##
##
##
## 41
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Buddhist Alienation D
## In January 1966 Prime Minister Ky provoked renewed dissidence
## when he proposed to substitute an appointed committee for the elected
## consitituent assembly that was to write a new constitution and restore
## civilian government The Buddhists militant faction in Hue launched the
## so called Struggle Movement which commanded the sympathy of senior
## ARVN generals in the northern provinces Militant Catholics and Diem
## loyalists contended against anti Diem and pro Dai Viet elements in the
## military while both these groupings opposed Buddhist supported neutral
## ism And there were divisions within these factions The military had its
## Buddhist sympathizers and some Catholics were hostile to the unrecon
## structed Dielllists CIA in Saigon used its sources I
## I I
## to try to elucidate for its customers this multidi
## mensional conflict while General Westmoreland and Marine General
## Lewis W Walt the latter based in Da Nang dealt with the contending
## generals J D
## As Prime Minister Ky replaced one unsuccessful I Corps com
## mander after another and the confrontation hardened people started pre
## paring to blow up each other s bridges In mid May Vietnamese
## engineers linked to the Struggle Movement wired with explosives a key
## bridge and the major munitions depot which it served General Walt
## arranged a consultation at the bridge with the ARVN officer command
## ing the engineers and while they conferred Walt s own engineers surrep
## titiously cut the wires When the US Marines advanced the ARVN
## officer ordered the charges detonated but it was too late and the Ameri
## cans promptly secured the bridge 4 D
## With the GVN still temporizing the US Mission worried about dis
## sident ARVN forces coming to Buddhist aid if violence broke out in Da
## Nang Accordingly Agency officers in Da Nang headed by a renowned
## paramilitary swashbuckler called Rip Robertson began preparing
## charges with which to blow the bridges these forces would have to use
## At this point on 19 May Ky and Thieu made their move and before
## Struggle Movement sympathizers could prevent it the Buddhist pagodas
## and military installations occupied by dissidents all had come under
## Saigon s control I D
## Clarke The Final Years PI 127 128Gravel If pp 367 369 388 Examples of Station reporting
##
## numerous reports a
## are rvs 12572 24 January 1966 f i n d l ·
##
## Clarke Th Filial Years p 138
## I land
##
##
## Ihid Gary Williams interviewby the author Langley VA 17 February 1995 Williams was then
## stationed in Da Nang and was conscripted to help Robertson prepare the chargesD
##
##
##
##
## 42
##
## C01268717
##
## The successful military move did not end the sectarian dissidence
## The US Mission continued to fear the disintegration of the South Vietnam
## ese state and even without such a catastrophic outcome the effect on US
## opinion of continued Vietnamese squabbling while American troops bore
## the burden of combat In late May the Embassy and MACV sponsored a
## meeting between Ky and his opponents at the US base at Chu Lai
##
##
##
##
## The Struggle Movement took on an anti American tinge when dem
## onstrators in Hue burned the USIS library and sacked the Consulate in
## late May Ambassador Lodge alarmed to the verge of panic by the Bud
## dhist threat to a reinvigorated war effort wrote to President Johnson that
## the Struggle Movement was entering its fanatic if not macabre stage
## and cited the plentiful supply of Buddhists mystics and mental defec
## tives ready to bum themselves and men ruthless enough to use them
## Communist professionals were using the Buddhists he maintained and
## the evidence was everywhere 7D
## In fact no persuasive intelligence reporting supported Lodge s
## vision of a Communist instigated Struggle Movement But he was not
## alone in allowing his distaste for the dissident clergy to prevent him
## from considering the implications of Buddhist alienation for the GVN s
## standing with its urban constituency In his memoirs Peer de Silva lam
## pooned the Venerable Tri Quang in terms that recalled World War II pro
## paganda depicting the Japanese as buck toothed rodents William Colby
## did likewise if in less scurrilous terms when he dismissed his one cleri
## cal contact as a mindless obstructionist D
## The Struggle Movement episode came to an end in June when
## troops luyal to Ky and Thieu suppressed not only the militants of Tri
## Quang s faction but also the more moderate Buddhist Institute In the
## overheated atmosphere that accompanied this confrontation no program
## of aid to the Buddhists could survive and the Station s subsidy to Tri
## Quang came to a definitive haItD
##
## Clarkc The Final Years pp 139 143 David Gustin interview by the author Langley VA I July
##
## L9intcrview 3 JUlie 1993eer
## gence Times Hooks 1978 p I 8
## de Silva Sub Rosa nut
## CIA and the Uses of Intelli
## William E Colby Lost Victory Contemporary Books
## 19H9 p 233·0 Clarke The Piflal ears p141 1nterview3 June 19930 Saigon
## G176 6 Augus 19681 1
##
##
##
##
##
## 43
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## The Indirect Approach to LeverageD
##
## Against this politically fragile background COS Gordon Jorgensen
## still had occasional cause to bring Agency influence to bear on the gener
## als but he indulged his usual preference to use his agent stable as a sub
## stitute for direct Station representations at the top of the government
## Servicin an Embass re uest for exam Ie he used
##
## to prevent the execution of a condemned
## J
## pnsoner
## which if carried out seemed likely to result in the death of a West German
## then in VC hands A little earlier in late 1965 and early 1966 CTA had
## also created confidential relationshi s with two more generals
##
## In general the ascendancy of Northerners in the latest po itical
##
## constellation multiplied the value of the Station s stable of agents and
## contacts in which Northerners also predominated I
##
##
## I
## The more senior the agent or contact the more likely he was to be
## pursuing his own agenda and the reporting from such sources some
## times merited a skeptical reception I Ifor example
## told FE Division Chief Colby a convoluted story about Nguyen Khanh s
## efforts to keep Thieu off balance Khanh had allegedly warned Thieu
## against Lou Conein claiming that Conein was trying to get Thieu
## arrested Thieu was allegedly grateful to Khanh but developed a resent
## ment of Conein that threatened his return to Vietnam in late 1965 as a
## member of Maj Gen Edward Lansdale s new team One nominally
## recruited general Iturned out to be useless even in a
## series of sensitive positions
##
##
##
##
##
## 44
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Iby ootm was a pwlifi and oo lIy reliable
## source but even his cooperation had its limits at least when policy dif
## ferences came into play He failed for example to warn his case officer
## I lof Ky s decision to send Vietnamese Marines to Da Nang
## to confront dissident Gen Ngryen Cjanh Thi in the spring of 1966 Later
## reproached for this omission retorted If we tell you you tell us
## not to do it oD
##
##
## Back Into Palace Liaison D
## In mid 1966 with US combat forces carrying the burden of offen
## sive operations against the Communists government stability was still
## the dominant political issue Station disengagement from Palace liaison
## had now endured a full year while CIA expanded its programs in the
## countryside Ky was planning elections to a constitutional constituent
## assembly that summer and the problem of campaign financing drew the
## Agency back into involvement with the military leadership D
## One of Prime Minister Ky s closest confidants was Gen Nguyen
## Ngoc Loan who as chief of both the National Police and the Military
## Security Service also conducted liaison with the Station on intelligence
## and security matters He importuned the Station for money to replenish
## police funds he had used to subsidize the campaigns of Ky allies Ambas
## sador Lodge asked the Station to oblige him and Headquarters approved
## a subsidy of 10 million piasters about 85000 which the Station
## passed to Loan on 25 August 12 D
## This return to active involvement with the leadership coincided
## with the departure of Gordon Jorgensen His replacement John Hart had
## run other large Stations
## e seems not to have shared
##
## rvsw 861418 October 19651 jClarke The Final Years p 1371 1
## IIJI SIII Lansdale was never a CIA employee and his 1965 mission to assist Lodge with pacifica
## tion planning did not have Agency sponsorship With respect to the quality of the Vietnamese mil
## itnry leadership at this juncture it is worth noting that Cao s immediate predecessor in J Corps
## after the removal of General Thi was the emotionally unstable Gen Ton 111at Dinh so well known
## to fonner Station officer Lucien ConeinD
## j I interview by author Langley VA27 Aril1993D
## UnsIgned dran blind memorandum nd I Apparently prepared at Headquarters
## pl Oban late J 9660
## lhidU
##
##
##
##
##
## 45
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Jorgensen s reservations about direct dealings at the top and in mid
## October asked Headquarters to consider giving Loan another 14 million
## piasters to replace police and MSS funds diverted to the election cam
## paign According to Loan Ky needed this support to avoid having to
## declare to his peers in the Military Directorate that he had used money
## from the Prime Minister s secret fund for political purposes Hart noted
## that Ky was trying at the moment to resolve another cabinet crisis and
## thought Lodge would approve CIA support designed to strengthen Ky s
## positionIJO
## No reply has been found and the proposal may have been over
## taken by the controversy over Loan himself that came to a head when
## Headquarters suggested his removal As for the original to million pias
## ter subsidy while it may have spared Ky some embarrassment its influ
## ence on the electoral outcome was apparently slight as the only
## available reference to its use concerns support to two unsuccessful candi
## dates in Da Nang 14 0
## The discussion over Loan s future it did not address the means by
## which he might be unseated brought into focus once more the peren
## nial problem facing the Agency and the rest of the US Mission as they
## looked for Vietnamese officials meriting US support Loan was energetic
## and highly intelligent manipulative and entirely loyal to Ky But he did
## not look to the US for guidance and in personal style sometimes
## appeared to be playing the clown COS Hart later recalled having liked
## him even if Loan never agreed with anything I ever said he was
## absolutely honest and perhaps the only Vietnamese official of Hart s
## acquaintance who would openly disagree with an American ISO
## To Russ Miller who saw them together after he returned to Saigon
## in early 1967 the fastidious Hart looked repelled by Loan s scruffy
## fatigues and open toed sandals and put off as well by Loan s chronic
## unavailability for an appointment But there were more substantial rea
## SOliS for reservations about Loan Among them were his contempt for
## individual legal rights and for programs aimed at ingratiating the govern
## ment with the peasantry an attitude that put him at odds with American
## convictions on these issues I D
##
## SAI Xl94 15 October 19GG and lAIG 835919 October 19661 1The first of
## IIH se messages responds to 11 snggestion about Loan made hy Headquarters in II cable that has not
## h 11 rOlllltlD
## The election results are mentioned in the memorandum cited in footnote 9 D
## I SA 208i5 5 September 19GG1 1John Hart interview by the author Washington
## 1 hereafter cited as nrl interview 19 April 1993 6
## Miller interview 7 April1992j I passim
##
##
## Se
## 46
##
## 0 12687 1 7
##
##
##
##
## US Iiu iol1 Cmncl Sailm VietrUlm Oct ha 1 7 If 10 r hack row G lJ Jacobson
## Iiu io n Coordinator Edwurd l ansdule Senior Li aison Offiar Do na ld G lftJcJ01WM
## f lirt d OT USA Joh n A Calhoun t olu cal Counselor John l Hart Special kHiMlfll to tln
## A mhw w do r Charlel COOf t r fi ollo mic Cmmw Ior lin row Robert W Kom er IJl fllty to
## COMUS M eV fo r RIJ £UKt nt M U H k IN I Il Y Ambassador El04 Orth Bunk AmheJuwlor
## Gen WiJlkl m C foflmm W land Commaruft T MA C V BtJrf Zort hiun Director JUSPAO
## PItl fI c nrsy 01 fI 1ltu1
##
##
## Whatever his retrospect ive o pinio n of Loan Hart described himself
## IS not 111 admirer whe n the Amba ssador pressed him in October J966
## to ohject to the Headquarters ca ll for Loan s rem oval Swa llowi ng his
## reserva tions Han agreed that the police chief was indispen sable to Kyat
## a moment when the US was counting o n Ky to produ ce a constitution and
## a stable civilian gov ernment Loan soo n becam e important to CIA as
## well as eve nts unfolded that led to the Station s two most important
## politi cal initiati ves of 1967ll C
## In the first of these initiati ves the Station tried to establi sh c lnndes
## nne co ntac t with the National Liberation Front for Sout h Vietnam
## NLFSVN usually abbrev iated NtF which alth ough directed from
## l lano i wax composed main ly of so uthern Vietna mese Th e Station pro
## posed to identify presumed moderate clement s in the NLF and to set up
## a co nununications cha nnel 10 any of these who might be interested in a
## dialog tha t excl uded Hanoi The seco nd initi ative invol ved a renewed
## e ffort tn dea l with perpe tua lly unstable gov ernmen t in Saigon Here the
##
##
##
##
## SAIG R WJ
##
##
##
## 47
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## May 1967 arrival of Ellsworth Bunker as US Ambassador and the
## approach of presidential elections in South Vietnam ushered in a new
## CIA effort to influence Vietnamese politics 18 0
##
## The Search for a Negotiating ChannelD
##
## The effort to contact the NLF arose from two developments which
## as 1966 drew to a close began to reinforce each other First was John
## Hart s decision when he took over the Station in the spring of that year
## to reduce its reliance on Saigon s intelligence services for its coverage of
## the Viet Congo To acquire unilateral sources in the NLF and the southern
## wing of Hanoi s Communist party he set up a Viet Cong Branch headed
## byI I which began collating Station holdings and vetting con
## tacts with possible access By the end of the year these efforts had pro
## duced several leads the most promising of which involved the chief of
## the NLF s foreign affairs committeeYD
## The second development arose from Hanoi s evident will to con
## tinue the war despite its heavy losses to American ground and air forces
## in the South and the devastation of the bombing campaign in the North
## As we have seen Defense Secretary McNamara had already concluded
## that military victory was impossible and in early 1966 he was privately
## urging a political settlement and a coalition government In August a
## reluctant President Johnson made a pro forma concession to such pres
## sure when he named W Averell Harriman as his ambassador for
## peace Harriman jumped with characteristic energy into this new arena
## Uninhibited by the kind of reservations expressed a year earlier by DCI
## Helms he began a vigorous search for avenues to potential negotiating
## partners 2oD
## The Saigon Station s involvement began on the day in late 1966
## when the Ambassador instructed John Hart to make available a small air
## craft to lly into neighboring Cambodia on a mission that Lodge would not
## describe The COS could not blindly risk a plane and pilot and when he
## insisted on more information Lodge outlined a White House directed
## operation aimed at the defection of NLF Chairman Nguyen Huu Tho A
## Vietnamese employee of the US economic aid mission acting in good
## faith it later turned out had brought his American supervisor the claim
##
##
## SAe 202S 21 January 1971 1Gravel II p 428·D
## Hanoi created the NLP in December 1960 to help mobilize non Communist elements in the mili
## D
## tary illlIrgcncy against Diem launched the year before
## llllri interview 19 April j l93D interview 27 April 1993 Lewis Lapham telephone inter
## view by the author Brunswick ME 29 June 19931 1
## Herring UIJ alld Vietnam pp 102 20·0
##
##
##
## 48
##
## C01268717
##
##
## of a Vietnamese acquaintance that NLF Chairman Nguyen Huu Tho
## wanted to defect USOM went to Political Counselor Philip Habib who
## took the matter to Lodge who characteristically did not consult his intel
## ligence adviser the COS but communicated directly with Washington
## There the National Security Council staff this gambit was apparently
## not turned over to Harriman seized on the proposal and sent instruc
## tions that led to Lodge s demand for an aircraft At this point CIA took
## over the case and the Station put the self proclaimed intermediary under
## surveillance when he next left Saigon allegedly to see Tho In fact he
## made only an innocuous visit to the Delta city of My Tho and when con
## fronted by the Station confessed to having fabricated the story21 0
## The principal in this affair did however have NLF contacts and
## the exploration of these led to a daughter of Nguyen HUll Tho who was
## living in Saigon By this time Washington had abandoned the defection
## approach and was treating the case as a prospective communications
## channel to the NLF In this context the Station tried different approaches
## to Tho s daughter She claimed to be estranged from her father and
## refused to cooperate Washington s fascination with the idea of a direct
## NLF connection persisted in the face of this setback I lremem
## bercd Defense Secretary McNamara s interest during this period when
## the Secretary devoted all but a few minutes of a Station briefing to the
## question of NLF contacts 22 0
## In this atmosphere the Station proposed the first of several ave
## nues alliong shots asl Isaw them to the NLF The target
## was Tan Buu Kiem chief of the NLF s Foreign Affairs Committee
## whose dossier indicated some ideological flexibility and whose wife was
## a prisoner of the Saigon government The Station proposed to get her
## released and send her to her husband in Phnom Penh Cambodia in a
## good will gesture intended to establish a basis for direct communica
## tions On 25 January 1967 Ambassador Lodge endorsed the effort which
## the Station described to Headquarters as aimed at getting Kiem s
## endorsement of an approach more intent on resolving the war than in
## prosecuting it This formulation implicitly but consciously acknowl
## edged that any resulting negotiations would involve compromises by the
## US as well as the NLF and some role in the Saigon government for
##
## Dintcrview 27 Ipri11993 Already in June 1966 Ambassador Lodge had begun a series of
## secret meetings with a Polish member of the International Control Commission inSaigon to ex
## plore a political settlement see Vietoam Chronology p 69 D
## interview 27 April I993 Dthought the McNamara briefing took place before Bunker s
## arrival on I May which would place it during the period of President Johnson s exchange of letters
## with Ho Chi Minh on the subject of private direct talks between the US and North Vietnam see
## Vietnam Chronology p 800
##
##
##
##
##
## 49
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## whatever NLF elements might agree to a settlement But even if no bar
## gaining resulted the Station hoped for intelligence on the degree of NLF
## allegiance to Hanoi and on its autonomous control if any of military
## forces 2l n
## On z8 January Lodge obtained Prime Minister Ky s agreement in
## principle to proceed Why Ky did so given the evident potential for a
## US NLF deal behind Saigon s back is unclear but I Irecalled
## that he seemed ready to try to identify and reach some accommodation
## with anti Hanoi elements in the NLF Russ Miller who had returned at
## Ambassador Lodge s request for another year in Saigon negotiated the
## details with Ky and General Loan As a result Kiem s wife Pham Thi
## Yen was released to Station custody on 16 February After several days
## in the relative comfort of an Agency facility I IYen seemed to
## her case officers inclined toward constructive solution of the Vietnam
## conflict rather than blind acceptance of the party hierarchy s dogmatic
## requirement to continue At the same time she displayed no awareness
## of any dissension in NFL ranks over Northern dominance She rejected
## the Station s effort to get her to carry clandestine radio gear but agreed to
## take its message to her husband Russ Miller escorted her to the Tay
## Ninh Cambodian border on 28 February and sent her on her way with
## Station supplied Cambodian documentation It was indeed a long shot
## and two months later the Station had received no NLF reactionyD
## A similar initiative sometime in late 1967 or early 1968 involved
## Gen Duong Van Minh living in exile in Bangkok He had a brother
## known to be a senior North Vietnamese Army officer and the Station
## wanted Minh to contact him hoping this would lead to useful intelli
## gence Miller carried the request which Minh rejected on the grounds
## that he and his brother had made their rctive choices and there
## would be no further contact between them 25 U
##
##
##
## SlIigon 2025 25 January 19671 1interview
## 27 iprilI993D
## · Saigun222 1 2HJanuary 1967 Saigon 2576 7 February 1967 1 I
## 1 121 February 1967 Saigo1l3379 28 February 1967 blind memorandum CIA Pcn
## ctnuion and Dclection l rogram Directed at the Viet Cong and National front for tile Liberation of
## Smuh Vietnam I April J 9671 IDespite his chronic sus
## picion of Agency autonomy in Vietnam Lodge welcomed having a reliable intermediary who en
## joyed the generals persona confidence For his request fur Miller see Douglas S Blaufarb
## Memorandum Ior the DDI CIA Case Officer Contacts with President Thien and Vice President
## Ky 21 January 19691 I
## Miller interview 7 April 1 192 Miller could not remember exactly when he put this to Minh·D
##
##
##
##
## 50
##
## C01268717
##
## The Station as Campaign ConsultantD
##
## With the search for NLF contacts momentarily dormant the Amer
## ican focus shifted back to the Saigon political arena The Constitution of
## the second Republic of South Vietnam took force on 1 April 1967 and a
## national executive was to be elected in the fall On 1 May 1967
## Ellsworth Bunker arrived in Saigon to replace the departed Henry
## Cabot Lodge Already almost 73 years old Bunker was an energetic
## bluntspoken man who had left the family sugar business to begin a
## series of senior Foreign Service assignments as Ambassador to Buenos
## Aires in 1951 2 °0
## With the US Mission under Bunker s activist leadership the embry
## onic election campaign created a new opportunity for the US Govern
## ment to broker the creation of a simulacrum of representative government
## in the South In fact the Station had tentatively reentered the political
## field even before Bunker s arrival in Febrnary it proposed to I
## I Ito Prime Minister Ky that he launch a
## united front to mobilize voter support for Ky s expected candidacy West
## moreland and Bunker both favored Thieu but Washington decided to
## maintain strict neutrality between the principal contenders General West
## moreland inadvertently subverted this stance when in May he assured
## Nguyen Van Thieu of Thieu s indispensability in ensuring ARVN s con
## tinued unity With that exception the Americans watched from the side
## lines as Generals Ky and Thieu competed for their military colleagues
## support 21 0
## In March an American publisher solicited a book from Prime Min
## ister Ky Always alert to a chance however remote or indirect to get the
## Vietnamese leadershi committed to American policy the Station urged
## to get Ky publicly on record in support of
## Lm t II u all y·Lac ·c e p r ta e p r o g ra lms And Ky should give the proceeds to
## charity Whether Ky acceded to these points or even had them presented
## to him is unknown the book never appeared The Station s confidence
## that Ky s public endorsement of particular programs would bind him to
## implement them was in any case probably somewhat wishful 28 D
## Emassy AirgratlA158D Who s Who in America Volume 35 1968 1969 Chicago Marquis
## Who s Who IncU
## SAIO 3415 I March 19671 IClarke The Filial Years pp 261 262l1rhe un
## questionably sincere American commitment to democracy for South Vietnam was ys tem
## pered by the fear that too much too fast would only weaken the war effort Shortly before his
## departure Ambassador Lodge echoed a MACV assessment when he said that any ncw Saigon
## government would have 10 be dominated by the military The trick was to strike the balance be
##
## 9
## tween adequate civilian participation and a proper role for the military Quoted in Clarke
## 1 e I illal Years pp 259 261 2 I
##
##
## S
## 51
##
## C012 6871 7
##
##
##
##
## Ky s man General Loan visited Washington in May and made it
## plain that he saw no reason not to exploit the government apparatus to get
## Ky elected to the presidency CIA Headquarters seemingly paid little
## attention to this perhaps because DDP Richard Helms and FE Division
## Chief Colby were more interested in the approach to the NLF Helms
## forcefully urged more initiatives like the one to Tan Buu Kiem of the
## NLF Foreign Affairs Committee and Loan tepidly agreed that the Cen
## tral Intelligence Organization might be the best instrument for this
## Meanwhile in Saigon the rumor mill impeded American efforts to be
## perceived as having no preference between Thieu and Ky The chief of
## the police Special Branch told a Station agent that the rumored imminent
## removal of John Hart and Ed Lansdale would serve local politicians as
## proof of US bias against Ky if it took place and of favoritism toward
## him if it didn U9 D
## Ellsworth Bunker had been in Saigon less than two weeks when on
## 12 May Prime Minister Nguyen Cao Ky announced his presidential can
## didacy Unlike Lodge Bunker had no reservations about using CIA s
## political contacts in Saigon He promptly enlisted the Station to help ful
## fill a Washington mandate to ensure fair elections and to prevent a split
## in the Vietnamese military while the US preserved its neutrality between
## Thieu and Ky As it turned out Bunker needed all the help he could get
## as this objective was threatened from the outset by General Loan who
## upon his return from Washington had put into conspicuous action his
## belief in using government resources to promote Ky s bid Washington
## and the US Mission now switched their earlier positions on Loan as
## State rejected Bunker s 19 June proposal to force Loan s removal and
## suggested using Miller to approach Ky directly to curb campaign
## excesses George Carver the DCT s Special Assistant for Vietnam
## Affairs SAVA thought Loan s activities a symptom of Saigon s political
## malaise not a cause and suspected that Bunker s proposal reflected little
## more than the influence of John Hart s personal distaste for and dislike
## of Loall IOD
## Miller saw Ky on 21 June probably before the Station learned of
## Washington s response to the Bunker recommendation Kyacknowledged
## the possibly damaging effects of Loan s activism and said he intended to
## remove Loan from command of the Military Security Service and reduce
## his engagement in the electoral campaign Ky also proposed to convene
## all province and district chiefs to enjoin them against any campaign
##
## L J SAIG 6070 3 May 1967 L1 L
##
##
##
## Gravel II 4 402 Headquarters 4420 June 1967 and George A Carver Jr Memoran
## dum for the Director Bunker s 19 June Message to Rusk Saigon 8185 20 June 1967
## I I
## Sec4 t
##
##
## C01268717
## et
##
## excesses on his behalf Ky did not know presumably that the two aides
## who had spent live hours with him that day advocating precisely these
## measures werel I IStation guidance Ky said noth
## ing of this session to Miller who had the satisfaction of hearing his mes
## sage presented as if it were Ky s own idea The Station reported that the
## Ambassador was delighted and that he proposed to use the Station s
## advisory services as a regular supplement to the direct consultation
## with Ky being urged on him by State 31 D
## Trying To Guarantee a Fair 1 ightD
##
## Bunker would have preferred active US support for Ky but
## accepted Washington s decision to confine US Mission contacts with him
## to promoting an honest campaign He assumed that Ky would win even
## if Thieu stayed in the race a belief rudely confuted on 30 June when
## after a two day marathon meeting of more than 50 senior Vietnamese
## military leaders Ky agreed to take the second position on a Thieu Ky
## ticket Headquarters conveyed its dismay that despite the Station s sta
## ble of sources in the military the junta was able to spring a surprise
## But the decision concluded a contentious session whose outcome no one
## could have predicted Miller recalled Ky s subsequent rationale for relin
## quishing the top spot as a va and unconvincing appeal to its contribu
## tion to the national interest J2U
## In any case Ky did not propose he said to relinquish real power
## On 2 July he insisted to Miller that Thieu had agreed to serve in a fig
## urehead role with Ky having broad authority in the new government
## as though he were President in fact The Station seems not to have
## explored the anomaly of Ky s having given up the top position if he
## were ill fact strong enough to dominate Thieu and Miller later recalled
## having recognized the problem only after the election in September
## Washington too seems to have taken Ky s claim at face value as Head
## quarters only question about it concerned the context of his remarks
##
##
##
##
## CIA DocumentLibraI Sai on 8452 25 June 1967and
## Saigon 8486 26 JUlie 1967
## George 11 Carvel Jr Met no Cran d m n fo r th e D il ec to Cr B Cun k e1 C· s 2T iJ un eMessage to Rusk
## 26 Jtll 1967 with atlachments T
## Gravel II p 4021
## L J JMillerinterview 6 April 1993TUL J
##
##
##
##
## Se
##
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## t
##
## The Station replied that Miller had simply listened that Ky had not
## solicited his endorsement or even opinion of the proposed arrangement
## with ThieuyD
## The Thieu Ky ticket faced a competing civilian slate Fearing the
## instability of an inevitably weak civilian government the United States
## wanted the military to win But it also wanted Thieu and Ky to abstain
## from irregularities that would discredit the election Ambassador Bunker
## accepted and sent to Washington as his own an 11 July recommendation
## drafted by the visiting George Carver for an effort not to support the mil
## itary ticket but to keep its activities acceptable to the US Carver then
## returned to Washington where he lobbied the DCI to support the pro
## posal As it happened Ky had offered at the 21 June session with Miller
## to put him in touch with a campaign official named Nguyen Xuan
## Phong the Oxford educated Minister of Social Welfare Probably in the
## context of the Carver Bunker proposal Miller took up the Ky offer meet
## ing Phong on 14 July and launching the Station effort to influence the
## campaign 34 0
## Bunker and the Station thought they would enjoy more leverage if
## the Station funded a front organization of religious sects and political
## groups favoring Thieu and Ky and supported those of its contacts running
## for the National Assembly But Washington was smarting under the expo
## sure of CIA funding to the US National Student Association and other
## domestic organizations and refused even to consider it Secretary of
## State Rusk cabled Bunker in Agency channels urging him to establish a
## closer relationship with Thieu even while pursuing the CIA advisory
## effort with Ky and to ensure that Thieu and Ky arrived at a clear mutual
## understanding of their respective roles during and after the election 3s D
## Miller succeeded in getting Phong to press the funding question with
## Ky who released 5000000 piasters in mid July to support the religious
## political fronl Ky had instructed Phong both to keep Miller fully
## informed or campaign planning and to give full consideration to American
##
##
## I
## Document Library Miller interview 6 April 1993
## George A Carver Memorandum for the Record Background to the Acquisition of Prime Minis
## ter Ky s Comments on the Thicu Ky Slate and the Alleged Agreement that Thieu will be a Fig
## urehead IudKy Ihe Ileal Power if the Slate Wins 4 July 1967cJ I
## I I
## Ceorge A Carver 11 Memorandum for the Director 13 July White House Vietnam Committee
## Meeting D lilly 1 Jo7 I
## undated unsi ned memorandum for the
## Ambassndor presumably written by Russ Miller ill mid July 1967
## s1
## jt llrgc A Carl I 11 Memorandum for Mr Belljamin Read Tra n7 lII r
## m711 a o j er Messagc
##
##
## 14Julv 17
## L J The NSA nap induced an atmosphere at Slate which questioned the viability of any
##
## cluudcstiuc relationship and the Department senl u series uf allxious queries about the security of
## till Millcr I houg connection VJassim·D
##
## Sec
## 54
##
## C01268717
##
## suggestions Phong began to do both and his 20 July account of Thieu s
## having swallowed a bitter pill in accepting a circumscribed presidential
## role lent credibility to the claim of Ky s ascendancy Miller noted that
## Phong seemed to think he could run a subtle campaign keeping govern
## ment employees from any egregious abuses while encouraging them to
## advertise Saigon s accomplishments But the Station apparently feared
## that an election completely honest could be an election lost it accepted
## without comment Phong s stated intention to exploit General Loan s
## police apparatus in critical areas which require more effort to swing the
## vote to Thieu and Ky 36D
## State wanted reassurance that the Vietnamese were giving the US
## Mission a voice in shaping the style and substance of the Thieu Ky cam
## paign The Station replied on 23 July that Miller had already listed poten
## tial platform topics for Phong who had in turn promised to turn over
## documentation on recent government accomplishments prepared by the
## various ministries to be used in preparing campaign themes Miller s fre
## quent sessions with Phong required a variety of meeting places to avoid
## creating a detectable pattern and by late July they were alternating
## among six safehouses and apartments in Saigon Meanwhile Hart com
## plained to Headquarters that the Station s rigorous effort to maintain the
## appearance of US detachment from election preparations was being
## undermined by Gen Ed Lansdale s overt embrace of the new front orga
## nization the All Vietnam Bloc Lansdale defended this according to
## Hart on the basis that its leaders consulted him as a friend not as a for
## eign officialYD
## On 26 July Miller gave Phong a list of platform suggestions
## approved by Bunker and the next day Ky said they agreed with his own
## thinking especially those dealing with civil service pay corruption and
## increased emphasis on the rural population Ky did not apparently vet
## the ideas with Thieu whose participation in the campaign he at one
## point derided as completely silly Meanwhile the campaign was falter
## ing at least partly for lack of money and Ky threatened that lacking US
## funding support he would be forced to rely on General Loan to extract
## loan type levies on various citizens with resultant unfavorable reper
## cussions Phong wanted to avoid this kind of coercive fundraising and
## the need to make deals with unsavory people but Miller stood on his
##
## r I Miller report of 20 July meeting
## L J LL 6 7 l·
## Saigon 9743 26 July 1967 and Saigon
## 982127 July 1967 hether Hart got Bunker to intervene
## with Lansdale is not known Lansdale s rationale for his involvement with the All Vietnam Bloc
## is characteristic of his self image as an avuncular disinterested quasi autonomous mentor to well
## intentioned hut politically unsophisticated leaders in underdeveluped countriesD
##
##
## Se4
## 755
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## instructions The Station rationalized that an impecunious Thieu Ky
## campaign might look more like an honest campaign but also antici
## pated the same effects from an unresolved money crunch that Phong did
## A few days later Phong mentioned the distribution of 8000000 pias
## ters in the Mekong Delta Ky had not revealed the source of the money
## and Phong could only surmise that it came from General Loan 38 n
## Having denied material support to the military slate the mMis
## sion had only moral suasion to apply when it heard of campaign irregu
## larities On 11 August Bunker relayed to Ky the complaints of
## opposition civilian candidates that the government was obstructing their
## campaigns On the same day Miller lectured Phong about the apparently
## deliberate diversion of an airplane carrying opposition candidates to a
## campaign event Ky himself should help us CIA convey a good
## impression of him by behaving in a proper manner Phong insisted that
## Ky had a clear conscience with respect to treatment of the opposition
## Ky was more receptive to advice about his platform style and the Sta
## tion took credit for having taught him to avoid being provoked by opposi
## tion taunts at campaign appearances 39 D
## At this point in mid August officials of Tran Van Huong s civilian
## slate appealed to Ambassador Bunker for campaign funds Bunker saw
## in this a way out of the constraints that limited his influence on the Thieul
## Ky campaign and asked Washington for authority to fund both cam
## paigns The answer was a categorical no and the normally activist CIA
## Station was relieved COS Hart cabled that he doubted the Huong group s
## security Bating apologetically that he had already voiced his misgivings
## to Bunker It is unusual to find us acting more conservative than the pol
## icymakers but then Vietnam is an unusual place Casting about for other
## ways to improve the campaign s public image Bunker came up with a
## proposal to get Ky to resign as Prime Minister for the last two weeks
## before the 3 September voting The idea was to offset charges that Ky
## was using the government apparatus to rig the election Russ Miller
## found himself appointed to broach this with him and was probably not
## surprised when Ky summarily turned it down o D
## MilicI rcpol lnf26 July meeting with Phong dated 27 July J967 undated Millerre20l t 01 27 July
## mectin with Phon Snigon9906 29 July 1967 Saigon 0098 3 August 1967C
## 1 rlso Miller report of II August meeting with Phung 12 Allgustl9670
## ilh respect 10 loan type levies it is not clear whether the pun was intentional 01 inad
## vcrtcnt
## Miller report of II August meetillg with Phong 12 August 1967 undated report of 2g August
## 67 Miller meeting with I hongC
## Saigon 06R5 16 August 167 lIeadquarlers 898 19 August 1967 Saigou 0754 17 August J 967
## Saiglln O n2 22 Augus 19671 I
##
##
## Sel k
##
##
## C01268717 t
##
## The Huang campaign faded in the last days before 3 September
## and the Thieu Ky ticket won with 35 of the vote a smaller share than
## expected The Station thought the result might be due in part to workers
## who had pocketed campaign money and then sat back hoping for the
## best The Station expressed satisfaction that the Phong contact had per
## mitted the injection of Station ideas into the campaign provided some
## leverage on the military slate to plir and produced excellent intel
## ligence coverage on Thieu and Ky4 LJ
##
##
## The Ascendancy of Nguyen Van Thieu D
## The Phong connection provided early evidence of Thieu s attitude
## toward playing second fiddle from the concertmaster s chair Thieu and
## Ky were scheduled to appear on the US television program Meet the
## Press just after the election but Phong reported that a junior aide to
## Thieu called to tell Ky the new President would appear alone An article
## in a Saigon newspaper suggested the intention behind this when it
## quoted a Thieu assistant as saying that Ky would henceforth do what
## Thieu told him to do The Embassy worried that all this might provoke
## Ky to resign while the Station feared only that he would stay behaving
## in divisive and destructive fashion 42D
## Miller tried to contact Ky presumably to urge restraint but Hart
## was already concentrating on using his agents to get the election results
## validated Catholics and others were alleging election fraud s and on
## establishing a regular direct contact with Thieu Miller thought the Sta
## tion s rush to abandon Ky shortsighted and risky who knew when he
## might be back on top but within ten days of the election he had
## obtained an appointment with the President At this session Thieu
## agreed to Bunker s desire for an informal special link between them
## The link was Miller who later recalled that an early agenda item was
## Thieu s procrastination on a matter involving the exchange rate for the
## scrip used by US troops in place of currency Displaying some annoyance
##
##
##
## Clarke 71e Fillal Years p 2G4D undated blind memorandum Russ Miller on 28 August
## 1967 and McmoranJum Evaluation and Summary of the Phong Operation I September 1967
## I
## Blino memorandum 12 September 1967 apparently the record of a Miller meeting with Phong
## I ISaicon 1887 J1 September t967 and Saigon 1924 12 September 19671 I
## I
##
##
##
## Sc
## 57
##
## Ic01268717
##
##
##
##
## t
## with the topic Thieu abruptly switched languages Miller couldn t
## recall whether they had started in French or in English but agreed to
## fulfill his earlier commitment 43 D
## With the Thieu Ky victory not yet certified US officials turned their
## attention to the Lower House elections scheduled for December Ambas
## sador Bunker used CIA communications to ask State for authority to
## recruit National Assembly candidates at 1500 each and the Acting Sec
## retary of S tate approved authorizing Bunker to go as high as 3000
## each Always ready to make a new beginning FE Division Chief Colby
## urged the Station to get Ky s All Vietnam Bloc and other groups if possi
## ble focused on substantive issues as a starter toward the kind of pro
## grammatic political development that he thought the future would
## require I D
## In the week before the validation vote on 2 October the Station
## mobilized its political contacts making fifty separate approaches aimed
## at preventing an embarrassing repudiation of the election results One
## opponent of Thien and Ky in an access of naivete or crudeness
## acknowledged that he and his allies were concerned less with rectifying
## electoral fraud than with the possibility of extracting a certain profit
## through political blackmai1 Whatever the effect of the Station s pressure
## tactics the members of the Provisional Legislative Assembly were left in
## no doubt about the US preference for a validated result The Constituent
## Assembly approved the result 58 to 43 and Thieu and Ky were sworn
## into office on 31 October 1967 45 0
##
## An Ambiguous NLF OvertureD
##
## Six weeks earlier in a move apparently unconnected to the Febru
## ary release 0 Pham Thi Yen as a probe of the NLF the NLF had used the
## hardline anti Communist General Loan of the police to establish direct
## communication with the US Mission in Saigon On 18 August Loan told
## the Station that he had arrested a VC cadre who was carrying a letter for
## Ambassador Bunker from Tran Bach Dang a member of the Presidium
##
##
## Saigon 192 1 Miller interview i April 1993 Bunker could presumably have used one of his For
## cign Service subordinates as intermediary but they seemed not to resent his using the Station in
## stead Miller recalled thai when hc Icft a fcw months later Political Counselor Archibald Calhoun
## wurkinj on vel y short notice hosted a farewell party for him sec Miller interview6 April 1993
## Lon 243623 September 1967r
## Saigon 29112 i October 19671 1 Vietnam Chronology
## p2D
##
##
## t
## 58
##
## C01268717
## s
##
## of the NLF Central Committee The note suggested a prisoner exchange
## with the NLF to free unnamed POWs after Saigon released several
## imprisoned NLF officials n
## Previously suspicious sr
## an American end run Loan now favored
## accepting Dang s proposal to use as intermediary an imprisoned minor
## NLF official named Truong Binh Tong Bunker persuaded President elect
## Thien to help explore this prospect of liberating US POWs and Loan
## released Tong to John Hart s custody on 9 September The Station imme
## diately dispatched him to Cu Chi District west of Saigon and on into
## VC territory in Cambodia Twelve days later on 22 September he
## returned with word that Tran Bach Dang was ready to begin negotiations
## Hoping to dispense with the need for a courier the Station now equipped
## Tong with clandestine radio equipment before sending him back US
## ground units were engaged with the Communists in the area of Tong s
## infiltration point and Hart arranged with MACV commander General
## Westmoreland for a 24 hour suspension of offensive operations in order to
## improve Tong s chances of surviving when he left on 29 September 47 D
## The Station waited almost four weeks without further contact
## The NLF did not activate the radio link but Tong returned to Saigon on
## 25 October with a message reaffirming interest in a prisoner exchange
## and perhaps continuing to other larger matters Pursuing thistanta
## lizing theme the NLF letter stated a general position slightly softer
## than its public line but explicitly excluded Thieu andKy as acceptable
## interlocutors about future political arrangements in South Vietnam 48 D
## Vice President Hubert Humphrey visited Saigon just after Tong s
## return and the Station gave him a one hour briefing Like McNamara
## earlier in the year Humphrey devoted a few minutes to the pacification
## programs but gave his main attention to the prospects of the NLF link
## reading both Tran Bach Dang s latest message and the debriefing report
## from Tong Four days later on 4 November Ambassador Bunker
## reviewed the operation with President Thieu On the 5th Miller visited
## the Palace to discuss mechanics Thieu designated General Loan as his
## action officer but explicitly reserved the political aspect to himself 49 D
## The days that followed saw Embassy and Station in tortuous
## exchanges with Thieu and Loan and with Washington over the language
## of a reply to the Front The Mission hoped to advance the prospects of a
##
## 1 linterview 27 April 1993 blind memorandum Synopsis of tbel I
## Case 26 August 19711 bereafter referred to as Synopsis
## D
## Synopsis undated memorandum to CVNOI p 16 Novem
## her 1971 hereafter cited acJmemorandumD
## · lin le m ora7 IlTu J1 Tl
## rJitirafed abstract of the case hereafter cited as bstract
## Saigon 4057 t November 1967
##
## Set
## 59
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## t
##
## prisoner exchange and begin exploring the political potential of the new
## channel while simultaneously assuaging the Saigon generals apprehen
## sions Thien worried mostly about the damage to his government s legiti
## macy that would follow revelation of a prisoner release negotiated
## directly between the NLF and the Americans But he saw no alternative
## to US management of the link if he was to avoid the even more damag
## ing political fallout from disclosure of any direct Saigon dealings with the
## Front 5°0
## Loan worried more about accommodating the enemy too much
## and about the purity of US motives and Miller had an uncomfortable ses
## sion with him and Interior Minister Vien as they interrogated him about
## US purposes Loan thought the NLF should release two American offic
## ers hefore Saigon freed any more Viet Congo Ambassador Bunker want
## ing to soften Thicu s distrust and cynicism adopted Loan s position
## On 1 November Thieu confirmed to Miller his approval of a channel
## aimed at prisoner exchange but repeated his earlier anxiety about having
## any of his own people directly involved The Embassy responded to this a
## few days later by telling Thieu that if he worried about the NLF exploit
## ing the fact of negotiations President Johnson worried that our breaking
## off contact might give Hanoi a propaganda windfall Thieu should under
## stand that the Administration could not give the North any basis to claim
## US Government indifference to the fate of American prisoners At this
## point two American noncommissioned officers were released but they
## had not been named in the Tran Bach Dang channel whose role in this
## if any remained unknown D
## In the last week of November with the authenticity of the Dang
## channel still at issue General Loan provoked a crisis that threatened to
## end the affair amici mutual embarrassment and recrimination Miller con
## fronted him with evidence of Saigon leaks about the operation and at the
## same time expressed US concern about rumors that Loan was resigning
## as national police chief Loan confirmed having submitted his resigna
## lion adding that Ky had rejected it But Loan anticipated trouble with
## Thien s new civilian government saying that its apparent indifference to
## pro Communists among its appointees would inevitably collide with his
## aggressive approach to countersubversion 0
## On the even more contentious question of the Dang channel Miller
## wanted to know why the government after ten months of cooperation on
## approaches to the NLF now appeared to be sabotaging the venture US
## objectives had not changed he noted from the original goals of prisoner
##
## · 1 labstraelD
## IIbid Miller interview 7 April 19920
## Saigon I 17 lsh l 11series of cables onthcl ase bears three digit numbers 2
## December 19C7LI
##
##
##
## 60
##
## C01268717 t
##
## exchange and communication on any broader political matters the NLF
## might wish to discuss Loan insisted that he still favored the program
## but acknowledged some disagreement on tactics At the policy level he
## noted there was President Thicu s fear that the Americans were acquiring
## too much leverage on Saigon in pressing for release of VC prisoners
## And there might indeed have been leaks Loan added but as a result of
## poor security in the Interior Ministry and not as a matter of deliberate
## sabotageslD
## The depth of the disagreement over tactics became evident when
## Miller and Loan met again the next day Miller speaking for the Ambas
## sador wanted the release of all the prisoners requested by Tran Bach
## Dang while Loan insisted that the NLF would regard such a concession
## as a sign of weakness on the anti Communist side He thought only two
## should go back Tong and the bearer of Dang s original letter pending the
## release of prisoners in NLF hands Miller insisted that such an insignifi
## cant gesture would provoke Dang into closing the channel Loan then
## took refuge in a jurisdictional argument asserting that Thieu s delegation
## of authority to him did not apply to the question at hand which involved
## not just operational planning but strategic national policy He would not
## he said decide whom to release and Miller asked if he could at least
## quote him to the Interior Minister as having no objection to the US pro
## D
## posal After a painful silence Loan agreed s4
## Miller tried to restore a collegial atmosphere emphasizing the need
## for a joint approach to the venture and wondered aloud whether Loan
## would really prefer to see bilateral US NLF contacts that excluded the
## South Loan pessimistically but presciently replied that it would surely
## come to that if not now then later When this happened he said Saigon s
## forces would face the combined NLF VC and North Vietnamese Army
## alone
## C I Interior Minister Linh Quang
## Vien was even less accommodating when Miller saw him on the 29th
## Repeating all of Loan s arguments he refused to take the American pro
## posal to Thieu It would only encourage a Communist hard line he
## insisted and the release of so many prisoners would also seriously dam
## age police moralesoD
## On I December seeing President Thieu on Ambassador Bunker s
## instructions Miller got an even stonier reception to the US proposal to
## release up to ten Vc Thieu accused thc Americans of naivete and Loan
## of playing anti Thieu politics by opposing the release in order to make
##
## lbid·D
## Saigon 019 2 December 1967 LI J
## lJidn
## Sni gm020 2 December 1967 LI J
##
##
##
##
## 61
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## the President look like an American puppet if he granted it Professing
## anxiety that this could undermine his support in both the military and the
## population at large Thieu said that against the background of his internal
## political problems prisoner exchange was a drop of water in the
## ocean· D
## Bunker saw Thieu in early December and used alleged leaks by
## Loan to pressure Thieu into one concession namely the release from
## prison of Tran Bach Dang s wife Mai Thi Vang Along with the courier
## who had carried Dang s original message in August she was delivered
## into US custody on 15 December Miller was at this point walking the
## minefield of Vietnamese sensitivities trying to negotiate the text of a
## message to Dang that would avoid even the implication of any juridical
## parity between the NLF and the Saigon government With this achieved
## the Station dispatched the courier and Truong Binh Tong into VC terri
## tory west of Saigon in late December Dang s wife was still recuperat
## ing from harsh treatment as a prisoner she had at first looked
## disoriented and only after several days of care began to emerge from
## sullen pessimism to cooperative optimism At this point apparently
## receptive to the idea of direct US NLF contact she was flown to the US
## Army base at Cu Chi There she boarded a truck in a convoy to Tay
## Ninh City and was dropped off en route 011 5 January 1968 58 0
## Ky saw Miller and Loan on 15 January and reaffirmed his interest
## in the Dang channel for its intelligence potential and as access to possible
## dissidents in the NLF Tong returned to Saigon three days later predicting
## the release of two American and two Vietnamese officers Later in the
## month the Communists released two US and 14 ARVN prisoners and
## Dang claimed in a subsequent message that he was responsible But his
## failure to identify them before the fact and his refusal to activate the
## radio link called into question his good faith 59 D
## Nevertheless Washington did not let even the Communists massive
## Tet offensive of 30 January apparently aimed at breaking Saigon s will
## 10 resist interfere with further exploration of the Dang channel With the
## enemy still pressing the attack in much of the country Miller went to see
## Thieu on 3 February Urging some Saigon concession Miller pointed out
## that the Communists had released over 70 American and Vietnamese pris
## oners while Saigon had made just one abortive move to release 40 sick
##
## SIion 021 2 December 171 I
## Saigon 9 i December 1967 Saigon 140 R December 1967 Saigon 25613 December 1967
## Saigon H9 15 December 17 Saigon35 15 December 1967 Saigon 360 20 December 1967
## Saigon 175 2 1 December 1967 Saigon 646229 December 1967 Saigon 855 5 January 196R
## I I
## Saigon 064 16January I96R and Saigon n07 30 January 1968j
## I 1
## I
##
## s
## 62
##
## C01268717
##
##
## and wounded Communist POWs At Bunker s bidding Miller stressed
## highest level Washington s continuing interest in getting an active pris
## oner exchange going D
## This interest led to further pressure on the Saigon government
## Apparently seeing Ky as the nearest thing to a Vietnamese ally on the
## subject the Station sent Miller to him on 8 February Miller relayed the
## expressed opinion of the intermediary Tong that Tet reflected a prelude
## to the Communists desire to go to the bargaining table and urged the
## release of four more prisoners Ky promised to try to persuade Thieu and
## to do what he could to keep General Loan in line It now turned out that
## two of the four VC had died apparently by Communist fire during the
## Tet offensive but Bunker persisted reporting to Washington principals
## including Rusk McNamara and Walt Rostow about Miller s success in
## preserving Ky s support After last ditch resistance from Loan and Inte
## rior Minister Vien Tong and three more of Saigon s NLF prisoners
## crossed into Communist territory on 22 February 1968 Tong never
## returned to the Station and for all practical purposes the operation was
## defunct 61D
## It had not in any case served to advance Washington s original
## purpose of informal political discussions if not outright negotiations
## with the NLF With a nervous and skeptical Saigon government looking
## over the American shoulder and with briefly encouraging prospects of
## arranging POW releases the political aspect was deferred until CIA
## could have direct contact with Tran Bach Dang The Communists may
## well have used the channel simply to monitor the intensity of American
## interest in negotiations In any case as someone at Headquarters noted
## later Whatever interest either party had in this ratline diplomacy was
## ovrtaken by the opening of the Paris talks 62 0
##
##
##
##
## Saigon 447 4 February 19681 1
## I Abstract Saigon Embassy Telegram 673 16 February 19681 Isent
## in CIA channels Synopsis pp 5 6n
## J CNNOSVN Meuorandum to Chief Vietnam OflerationsLLI I
## L lld apparently written sometime in 1971 LI
##
##
##
##
## 63
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Chapter 4
##
## The Tet Offensive and Political Vietnamization D
##
## The urgency attached to the informal channel to the NLF did not
## distract the Station from its more routine collection and assessment
## responsibilities In December 1967 agent reporting had begun to predict
## a major Communist offensive in the New Year The first of these indica
## tions coincided with a debate between the Station and Headquarters over
## the performance and prospects of Nguyen Van Thieu after his first three
## months as President of South Vietnam A Headquarters appraisal of 14
## December said that Thieu had shown few signs of launching promising
## new programs for the country It noted complaints about his dilettante
## approach and alluded to evidence of GVN indecision and military
## resentment of his civilian cabinet The legislature was not legislating
## D
## and the anticorruption campaign he had promised was at a standstill I
## The Station agreed that tile government was preoccupied with its
## own organization and staffing but thought this inevitable given the
## absence of a party organization that might have accelerated the post elec
## toral transition The Station acknowledged other problems including the
## enmity between Thieu and Ky but saw personal and institutional rivalries
## as only one feature of a political climate of soul searching on the
## American role in this country and real differences of opinion on how
## to prosecute and resolve the war The Station proposed to help generate
## reforms and GVN momentum
##
##
##
##
## J1
##
## Headquarters responded with an extraordinary cable generated by
## an impatient 16 January 1968 phone call to DCI Richard Helms from
## Walt Rostow the President s National Security Adviser Rostow had
##
## I I
##
##
## 65
##
## C0 1 268717
##
##
##
##
##
## Figure 5 Communist and Government
## Territorial Control in South Vietnam 1967
##
##
##
##
## International boundary
##
##
##
##
## o
## National capital
##
## Communist
##
## Government
##
##
##
## o
## o 50
## Neith er controlled
##
## 100 Kilometers
##
## 50 00 M ile
## 743701 9 97
##
##
##
##
##
## 66
##
## I
## C01268717
## Entrunce 10 US Embauy
## in SaiRfm J I JUnluJry
## 968
##
##
##
##
## JlOdgt f Parka Chit fofS1lllion JIIPl fm HtJff l il ·iflg VC bodies 31 Januarv 19M
##
##
##
## 67
##
## t01268717
##
##
##
##
## I k f nf tll in Sdi ml atte r C uttuck J I Januurv 96X
##
##
##
##
## Press interview 11 AmhasroJor Hunk J JomuJry 96H
##
##
##
##
## l
## 68
##
## C01268717 t
##
## repudiated what he saw as Bunker s tolerance of the barriers to political
## mobilization in South Vietnam and Headquarters told Saigon that he
## was demanding early results not at the next election some years
## hence Accordingly Headquarters wanted the Station to assess the possi
## bility of the forced draft creation of political groupings with wide
## appeal if the GVN were suddenly and admittedly improbably to find
## itself after a negotiated settlement competing for votes with the VCI
## NLF No Station reply to this has been found It appears that whatever its
## reaction to the idea subsequent Embassy and Station efforts to generate
## political mobilization reacted more to the Communists Tet offensive
## than to guidance from Washington 3D
## The Tet OffensiveD
##
## COS John Halt had just been evacuated from Vietnam for treat
## ment of a detached retina when on 31 January 1968 Viet Cong and
## North Vietnamese units launched a coordinated nationwide assault on
## GVN and US installations In Saigon Communist troops briefly occu
## pied part of the US Embassy before those not killed were driven off
## Although the offensive failed to generate a mass uprising against the
## GVN if that was its purpose the pacification programs suffered major
## disruption and the Communists held the former Imperial Citadel at Hue
## until 24 February With US troop strength in Vietnam at 495000 General
## Westmoreland suggested the need for even more US forces 4 D
## The Tet offensive generated more excitement for some Station per
## sonnel than for others The attack on the Embassy in predawn darkness
## found only the Station Duty Officer and the communications night shift
## present The Chief of Station s secretary lived only a few hundred yards
## away from the Embassy and she called new COS Lewis Lapham Hart s
## former deputy to describe the firing Lapham then called the duty officer
## who reported that he was lying flat on Hie floor to stay as far as possible
## below window level Station communications had already told him of a
## Headquarters demand for information about the offensive and he wanted
## to know how to reply Lapham told him simply to report what he was
## hearing and seeing for the moment nothing else could be done Station
##
##
##
##
## SeCllf1
## 69
##
## I
## 01268717
##
##
##
##
## s
## Fi ure 10
## Principal Targets of the Tet Offensive January 1968
##
##
##
##
## International boundary
##
##
##
##
## National capital
## Military region
##
## Q Significant attack
## Prolonged confrontation
##
## o 50
## 90 Kilometer
## I
## o O 100 M ile
## 743698 S·97
##
## security urged Lapham to stay home which he did until a heavily armed
## escort arrived at about 0900 hours to lake him to the Embassy now
## cleared of Vie t Cu ng sO
## Lapham interview29 June 1993 A lanky Iowan with a background in covert action Lapham had
## enure to Saigo n in 1967 as the Deputy COS in charge of thc Station s pacifica tion progrnms D
##
## Sct
## 70
##
## C01268717
## t
##
## Russ Miller remembered calling his various contacts that day to
## see if he could help General Loan wanted weapons and ammunition for
## the police and Miller and another volunteer a GS 15 from TSD Tech
## nical Services Division Ioaded a 2 1I2 ton truck at the Station arsenal
## near Tan Son Nhut near the airport and drove it to National Police Head
## quarters on Le Van Duyet Street Next day they did the same for the Mil
## itary Security Service General Loan fought at the side of his police until
## the assault was repelled it was at this point that Loan summarily exe
## cuted in the presence of a wire service photographer a VC captured after
## killing the entire family of one of Loan s senior officers 0
## Meanwhile some of the Station s provincial offices were still taking
## fire The Agency compound at Quang Tri the northernmost province cap
## ital had come under heavy attack and I heading the CIA
## office there later received the Intelligence Star for valor in organizing
## and leading its defense 70
## The Communists ability to hide the scale and timing of such a
## gigantic coordinated operation produced an intelligence embarrassment
## of major proportions Beginning in December 1967 the Station had
## indeed obtained predictions of a seasonal offensive on a much larger
## scale than those of earlier years According to a report from Long An
## Province the VC were promising their cadres that offensive operations
## would end after the Tet holidays and that the formation of a coalition
## government to be dominated by the NLF would follow An assessment
## by the Agency s Nha Trang Base completed on 20 January said that the
## most ambitious goal of the campaign in II Corps calls for the liberation of
## Kontum andor Pleiku provinces in a decisive phase of the war By
## this time MACV and NSA were receiving similar fragmentary indica
## tions of preparations for a major offensive And a Station report dissemi
## nated just two days before the assault described the establishment of six
## VC subregions in and around Saigon directly subordinate to the Cen
## tral Office for South Vietnam COSVN in retrospect these could be
## seen as part of the planning for attacks on the capital sO
## All this sufficed to make the Station apprehensive and restive as
## Lew Lapham later recalled and General Westmoreland was sufficiently
## concerned to order US battalions into the Saigon area and to put all
## forces on maximum alert But no reporting specified the objectives or
##
##
## Miller interview 7 April 1992n
## Hart interview 19 A ril 1993 taoi13m interview 29 June 1993
##
##
##
##
##
## 71
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## timing of the anticipated action Then on 29 January an ARVN report
## intercepted by US intelligence specified Tet as the launch date But it
## was too late even if the report seemed authoritative for it to affect the
## state of US or ARVN preparedness In any case the US Mission espe
## cially MACV and official Washington both had been reluctant to credit
## Hanoi with the capacity to launch a nationwide offensive this mindset
## reinforced in Saigon by the holiday atmosphere of Tet prevented an ade
## quate reaction to the available fragmentary intelligence Thus despite
## Westmoreland s precautio redeployments Hanoi achieved almost
## complete tactical surprise 9 U
## Considering the scale of the assault and the extent of the surprise
## the Station s various pacification teams performed acceptably well and a
## mood of euphoria began to emerge as the offensive was gradually
## repelled At the same time Lapham recalled the intelligence failure
## even though mitigated by some valid reporting could not help but intro
## duce a countervailing note of despondence 1°0
## Opinion among CIA officers varied after GVN and US forces
## defeated the offensive on what it implied about the relative political
## strength of the GVN and the Communists Some thought the Commu
## nists ability to mobilize in secret such massive forces implied an omi
## nous GVN failure to compete successfully for the allegiance of the South
## Vietnamese peasants among whom the VC prepared the assault Others
## noting the fearful losses inflicted on both the Communist military forces
## and their political organization saw Tet 1968 as an unqualified victory
## for the government John Hart presiding over the Station until just days
## before the assault was one of the latter the Communists had presented a
## serious threat but we stamped on it Lapham doubted that anyone had
## won In his more balanced view GVN inability to prevent the offensive
## had allowed massive damage to its authority and to its pacification
##
##
## Laphuill interview 29 June 1993 Harold P Ford CIA History Staff Study 1967 1968 CIA The
## Order of Hattlc Controversy and the Tet Offensive October 1993 25 41 A Saigon operations
## officer Patrick McHugh later recalled a pre Tet argument with a Station analyst who shared the
## MACV 2 opinion that the Communists were simply incapable of such a broad coordinated of
## fcnsive Mcliugh said he had maintained that abundant reporting of an enemy buildup required the
## recognition Ihat Hanoi might at least intend exactly that See Patrick McHugh interview by the
## author Langley VA 14 July 1994 The Tet offensive rendered largely moot the debate that raged
## through 17 between Agency and military intelligence analysts over the numbers and relevance
## 10 VC capnbilitics ofpart time guerrillas and other support personnel That debate was in any case
## driven more hy politics than serious professional disagreement The US military feared the politi
## cal consequences of acknowledging that after more than two year of massive US ground combat
## operations the enemy s numerical strength had grown see Harold P Ford CIA and the Vietnam
## l oticynvakcrs Three Episodes 1962·1968 CIA History Staff 1998·0
## Lnpluuu interview 29 June 1993·0
##
##
##
## Sc
## 72
##
## C01268717
## t
##
## efforts while the Communists who he thought must have aimed at
## destroying Saigon s will to resist were beaten off with enormous
## 10ssesII D
## Operation Shock D
##
## If observers in Vietnam were at worst ambivalent about the signifi
## cance of Tet news of the offensive left many of the Vietnam watchers at
## CIA Headquarters close to despair On 2 February DDP Bill Colby sent
## Director Helms a jeremiad apparently composed by the so called breth
## ren an informal group of CIA analysts operations managers and SAVA
## staffers chaired by George Carver Called Operation Shock and written
## only two days after the offensive began its title reflected not only its
## intended impact on Nguyen Van Thieu but also the effect of Tet on the
## authors themselves Tom Donohue then on George Carver s staff
## thought the impact of Tet particularly traumatic on those like himself
## who had interpreted a late 19G7 Viet Cong recruiting drought as a sign
## of declining VC capabilities The very scale of the Tet offensive con
## founded this view and called inuestion the belief that the GVN might
## finally have turned the eorner 12 U
## The paper summarized all the conventional complaints about the
## GVN asserting that the Vietnamese generals had developed a compla
## cent assurance that American support is immutable This complacency
## had led to cronyism a halfhearted war effort a sclerotic leadership cadre
## and only a casual attention to mobilizing popular support and engaging
## the population actively in the war These attitudes and habits simply
## had to be changed and the authors departed from more conventional for
## mulas when they urged a frontal attack on this GVN lassitude D
## The attack would include insistence on a greater US role in setting
## GVN performance standards and in GVN decisionmaking during an
## emergency effort of unstated duration An ultimatum to General Thieu
## would repudiate the gradualism of the GVN s approach to the war
## effort and would require him to combine the Interior and Defense Minis
## tries under Maj Gen Nguyen Due Thang the well regarded chief of
## Saigon s pacification forces The Ministry of Revolutionary Develop
## ment housing the American supported pacification teams and all other
## relevant GVN assets would also be subordinated to Thang D
##
## 1011 VA 9 September 1996
## Helms Memorandum An Immediate Program for Viclnam O
## bid·D
## Secyd
## A
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Operation Shock prescribed a powerful role for Vice President
## Ky who as Thieu s proposed Chief of Staff and Director of Operations
## would supervise a purge of all military and civilian officials guilty of cor
## ruption or other abuses Ky would have a second mandate that of orga
## nizing a national political front uniting all non Communist elements in a
## massive rallying of the entire population to develop the country and
## free it of Viet Cong terror President Thieu was to be given 100 days in
## which to comply with American demands and make satisfactory
## progress The US would furnish any required additional material sup
## port outside normal channels if necessary 15n
## No one can seriously have thought that PreSident Thieu would con
## sent to put his nemesis Nguyen Cao Ky in charge of both a mass corrup
## tion purge and a national political front In any case the brethren
## seemed to harbor little hope that their prescription would work even if it
## were rigorously applied Of its prospects to succeed they ventured to say
## only that we might of course find that sufficient momentum has been
## achieved to warrant continued US support Apparently doubting that
## this would occur they proceeded to outline the options available to the
## US if it failed 160
## First would he a demand for Thieu s resignation in favor of anyone
## who had distinguished himself during the 100 day grace period Second
## the US could suspend the bombing of North Vietnam and initiate talks
## with Hanoi either as a prelude to withdrawal or to energize the GVN
## Third it could begin to treat the National Liberation Front as a legiti
## mate negotiating partner conducting a dialogue with it on the possibil
## ity of forming a coalition government 11D
## The authors concluded without stating a policy preference and
## DCI Helms sent their effort without comment to four of the Vietnam
## policy principals No response from them has been recorded but Admin
## istration doves like Undersecretary of State Nicholas deB Katzenbach
## and Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Nitze presumably found its tone con
## genial while hardliners Walt Rostow at the White House and JCS Chair
## man Gen Earle Wheeler did not Nevertheless while lacking the formal
## authority of a national estimate the Operation Shock proposal put the
## Agency on record as inferring from the Tet offensive that radical
## changes in the US approach to Vietnam were now required IS D
##
##
## 11 0
## »lbid
## IIIbid
## Ibid
##
##
## Sn
##
##
## C012 68717
##
##
## On 27 March the substance of this view got directly to the Presi
## dent Johnson demanded the same briefing that George Carver had given
## the so called wise men Dean Acheson Clark Clifford and Supreme
## Court Justice Abc Fortas among them and which was followed by their
## unwelcome recommendation that he throw in the towel George Allen
## afraid that Carver s characteristic optimism might reassert itself implored
## him not to slight the negative side of the argument And in fact Carver
## gave the balanced presentation Allen was hoping for Four days later the
## President declared a partial hait to the bombing of North Vietnam called
## for negotiations with Hanoi and announced his withdrawal as a candidate
## for reelection Vice President Hubert Humphrey present at the briefing
## later wrote to Carver thanking him for his brutally frank and forthright
## analysis The President s speech of March 31 indicated that your briefings
## had a profound effect on the course of US policy on Vietnam D
##
##
## Pursuing Nonpartisan Political MobilizationD
##
## In Saigon ferocious resistance by GVN and allied forces had tem
## pered the initial shock of the Tet offensive and US officials there did not
## see in it the apocalyptic implications that George Carver s people found
## inescapable Ambassador Runker nevertheless sensed impaired morale on
## the GVN side even as the offensive was being beaten off He appealed to
## President Thieu to try to inspire his nation in this hour of crisis with a
## major address supplementing his rather brief and defensive statement
## of 31 January2°D
## The Station usin an a ent
## L 7 offered propaganda themes
## aimed at both South Vietnamese and third country audiences The agent
## asserted that VC attacks on such symbolic targets as General Staff Head
## quarters and the Presidential Palace had administered a severe psycholog
## ical shock to the South Vietnamese body politic and the Station tried to
## help him create for Thieu an eloquent and impressive statement to fill
## the psychological vacuum But the US Information Service had primacy
## ill such matters and in any case Thieu fired the agent in March for criti
## cizing the government s post Tet handling of the media The Station I I
##
## Allen The Indo China War 1950 1975 p 334 335 Harold P Pord CIA and the Victnam
## Policymakcrs T llI ce Episodes 1962 1968 CIA History Staff 1998 p 182 Vietnam
## Chronology p 1020
## Saigon 7786 I February 19681
##
## ·s 4
##
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Saigon 80G8 6 February 19G8 and passbnl Ipassim The agent
## I Iwas only one of several Station agents of influence whose political ideology
## had always been suspect as the result of their early affiliation with the Viet Minh and of subsequent
## allegations If Communist sympathies The sincerity of his views on the effects ofTet is therefore
## uncertain ctxotic background had onc feature often found in the Station s civilian agents of
## influence namely a degree of Westernization that allowed them to serve as a kind of cultural com
## pnulor interpreting their countrymen to the Agency But this very cosmopolitanism rendered them
## suspect to their generally xenophobic compatriots even while it made them useful to the GVN and
## thus Iimitcd their access to the government s inner councilsc Jwesternizing experience began
## I where he arrived with no facility in English but where
## prcsumhlyJy his own later account within five months he became managing editor of the school
## papcrC JAt that point the Fm had already heard
## Ihal he had been a gun runnel for the Communist Party m Indochina and was sympathetic to Ho
## Chi Minh He had said Ihat all Americans talk about Communism but no one has ever told him
## what is wrong with it I 0
## Ipassilll
## Lapham interview 29 June 1993 Kaplowitz interview 20 July 1993n
## lbid Eleazer A Williams unpublished Individual Research Papel The Election Process in
## Vicrnam The Road 10 a Functioning Polity National War College Washington DC March 1971
## hereafter referred to as Williams Election Process 650
##
##
##
## t
## 76
##
## C01268717
##
##
## urgent imperative for President Johnson s partial bombing suspension
## and proposal to negotiate with Hanoi had served notice that US support to
## the GVN no longer aimed at defeating the Communists 24 D
## As it worked out neither the NSF nor Thieu s FDF prospered
## Kaplowitz later thought it naive to have expected otherwise but at the
## time he and the other Mission proponents of political mobilization still
## hoped to find a formula that would ameliorate Vietnamese factionalism
## While these efforts continued the approach of peace negotiations and
## the gradual eclipse of the Station s best political sources mostly Ky asso
## ciates emphasized the need for improved intelligence coverage of the
## Thieu regime 2l D
##
##
##
##
## Williams Election Process pp 68 700
## Koulowitz interview 20 July 1993n
##
##
##
##
## Se 4
## »
##
## C01268717
##
## I
## 001268717
##
## Photograph of Nu·n
## Coo Ky inscribed to
## Ralph Katmsh c 9
##
##
##
##
## Photo I I1U 1 0
## Ralpll KatnnJr
##
##
## nllildill the Sl3ble D
##
##
## L andrw n Russ Miller s third tour in
## e
## Y e Ii a
## c e d
## n e s p r i g of 1968 Ambassador Bunker wanted a
## i e d i t h
## replacement Leaving his post as Deputy COS inl IRalph Katrosh
## arrived in Saigon 10 face the challenge of earning the co nfidence of the
## mutually antipathetic leaders of the South Vietnamese Government li e
## began by trying to persuade them that nothing either one said to him was
## shared with the other To em phasize this comparuueutation he avoided
## going direc tly from Thi eu s office 10 Ky s or vice versa always returning
## to the Embassy betwee n sessions eve n when he was scheduled to visit
## roth Whether this ploy worked or W3S even noticed both Thieu and Ky
## soon began to tal k to Katrosh as if they trusted him not to betray their
## co mments about each other The contact with Ky even developed a
##
##
##
##
##
## 79
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## social side and the Vice President s aide would call Katrosh usually on
## I short noticeS 1
##
## Katrosh was still working to persuade the feuding Vietnamese prin
## cipals of his discretion when CIA became the instrument of the latest US
## gambit to promote political cohesion in the South The disproportionate
## influence of Ky s people in the National Salvation Front had ended that
## group s attraction for the US Mission and Thieu s Free Democratic Front
## had an equally partisan cast The point for the Americans was to over
## come partisanship and Bunker began to push a broader front he called
## the National Alliance for Social Revolution or Lien Minh an abbreviation
## of its Vietnamese title This required joint Thieu Ky sponsorship and
## Bunker sent Ralph Katrosh to get them to appear together at the inaugural
## eventYD
## Katrosh started with Thieu telling him that President Nixon
## wanted to sec him and Ky work together The President s face puckered
## up like a prune at the thought of appearing with Ky After 20 minutes of
## denigrating his Vice President Thieu asserted that even if he agreed Ky
## would never do so Katrosh acknowledged this hurdle and asked permis
## sion to approach Ky Thien finally permitted this and Katrosh then
## repeated the exercise with Ky who reciprocated Thieu s abuse telling
## Katrosh for Washington s benefit how Thieu was ruining the country
## But like Thieu he gave in mid the two appeared together on 4 July 1968
## to inaugurate the Lien Minh which incorporated at least nominally the
## Thien and Ky organizations and included Tran Quoc Buu s labor union
## and 25 other minor groupsnO
## Bunker tried to involve Thieu personally in Lien Minh organiza
## tional activity sending Katrosh with incremental payments of a CIA
## cash subsidy But Thieu resisted direct participation and in August the
## Ambassador felt constrained to remind him of the high priority the US
## attached to a functioning national political organization Thieu responded
## with the claim that Vietnamese contributions to the program were
## already twice the American moving Bunker to ask the 303 Committee
## the Washington interagency group charged with covert action policy to
##
##
##
##
## H1al1farh memorhudum CiA Case Officer Contacts with President Thieu and Viee President
## Ky Ralph Kntrusb interview by the author Arlington VA hereafter cited as Katrosh interview
## 2X May 19lJ2n
## Saigol1 J4t 7February 19691 atrosh interview 19 May 1993
## Ralph Katrosh interview by the author Bethesda MD hereafter cited as Katrosh interview
## 2IlII1el l J ·0
## Kntruxh interviews 19 May and 26 June J 9930 Williams Election Process 72 73·0
##
##
## SE 4t
## 780
##
## C01268717
##
## approve 400000 for the last four months of 1968 Thieu could perhaps
## do more Bunker said but serious training and other activity had already
## begun
## Perhaps it had but Thieu s support of Lien Minh appeared to
## Katrosh to reflect deference to American wishes more than it did personal
## conviction Thieu would subject him to obscure lectures on the problems
## of developing Western style institutions in Vietnam conveying a lack of
## enthusiasm that Katrosh took to be the message intended for Bunker 3s D
## During his first weeks in Saigon Katrosh had taken over the contact
## with Ky s former campaign manager Nguyen Xuan Phong who
## described the progress of Thieu s maneuvering to reduce Ky s influence
## Katrosh also began calling on Gen Tran Thien Khiem brought back
## from Washington by President Thieu Now Interior Minister Khiem
## respOlded with reporting I Ion his relationship
## with Thieu At the same time the Station maintained oilier Rolicy level
## access through unilateral contacts j and
## its liaison with Saigon s intelligence and security services General Loan
## severely wounded leading the police against a new wave of Communist
## attacks in early May was replaced as Director General by a Thieu man
## Col Tran Van Hai 36 D
## The Station knew Hai very well r
##
##
##
##
## 1 1 And it seems that Rai did in fact
## mandate full cooperation with US advisers to the nolice
##
##
##
##
## «almsh interview 19 Mny 1993 Saigon 85322 I September 1968L
##
## inlcrview 28 May 19920
## · Ralph Katrosh Memorandum for the Record Conversation with Minister for Chieu Hoi Ngu
## yen Xunn Phong 21 Mny1968 and passim I I I
## I Snigon 401614 June 19681 I
## FYSi 26799 13 December 19681 IFVSA 27825 25 April 19691 I
## I IColoncl Inter Brigadier General Hai s cooperation took place mainly III the context
## ofthe pacification programs There is no record that he assumed Loan s role as occasional spokes
## man Ior the Saigon governmcnlD
##
##
##
##
##
## 81
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## I
## I n th e m Jidle of 1968 I the Station
## needed all the new access it could find Thieu was now finishing the
## removal of Ky s associatesl I
## I Ifrom positions of political influence The resulting loss of access
## compounded the problems created by the personal ambitions and some
## times doubtful loyalties of certain of the Station s remaining sources
##
##
##
##
## Almost every political action agent had his own agenda whether
## he acknowledged it or not and this complicated the problem of assessing
## loyalty The limits of I I
## responsiveness to Station guidance
## emerged in an Embassy assessment of his performance he I I
## was a confining influence on Thieu likely to undermine any effort to
## broaden political support for the government But whether this obstruc
## tionism iniplied Communist directed sabotage of Saigon s political mobi
## lization efforts or merely personal interests or limitations remained
## obscure In any case Thieu knew of and condoned I Iconnection
## with the Station using it for a time to supplement his channel to the
## Embassy via Russ Miller and then Ralph Katrosh 4 l D
##
## I wl VSA 25995 12 Senlemc 1968 I I
## Saigon Embassy Exhs 2004l 21 Febrnary 1968 Saigon 053912 August 1967 PVSA 29228
## 14 October J 969 and passim1 I
## A marginal note on the Embassy message presum
## ably hy a Cli Headquarters officer says meaning that our political agent won t follow instruc
## tilllls O
##
##
## Se6 et
## 782
##
## C01268717
##
##
## Preserving Communication With the ClientD
##
## Neither CJ nor any other of its contacts gave the Station early
## warning of Thieu s declaration of a coup alert on 8 September 1968 but
## there may have been nothing to predict as police chief Tran Van Hai
## evaluated it two days later as an example of Thieu s chronic paranoia
## Fantasy or not the incident had repercussions that quickly involved the
## Station Upon hearing of the alert acting Ambassador Samuel Berger had
## called General Ky interrupting an official birthday party at midnight to
## as Berger put it check out coup reports Ky thought he was being
## accused of plotting against Thieu and hung up on Berger At a 12 Sep
## tember press conference he alleged that foreign schemers were trying to
## topple the government In private with Thieu he was more explicit about
## his unhappiness with Berger At this point as it had been doing at inter
## vals since 1955 the Station undertook to save Vietnamese face and
## restore communications at the government to government level Berger
## sent Katrosh to Ky with roses and an apology couched in terms of Wash
## ington s extreme sensitivity to signs of political instability in Saigon Ky
## quick to anger but not one to hold a grudge accepted the gesture 42 D
## US pressure on Thieu to join the projected peace talks in Paris may
## have encouraged the paranoia that led him to declare still another coup
## alert on 8 October Lt Gen Dang Van Quang Thieu s military assistant
## told Katrosh that he doubted the existence of any serious coup planning
## and deplored the isolation that induced Thieu s perpetual anxiety Doing
## precisely the opposite of what the President feared the Station now used
## its stable of military contacts to pass the word to Ky followers that the
## US adamantly opposed any move against Thieu Perhaps Thieu got wind
## of this in any case he called in Katrosh to review with him the entire
## episode giving every appearance of openness to the US viewpoint 43 D
## On 31 October President Johnson announced a total bombing halt
## in North Vietnam He had just sent President Thieu an ultimatum telling
## him that negotiations with Hanoi would proceed with or without a
## Saigon representation Thieu repudiated both negotiations and the
## bombing suspension in a speech on 2 November The resulting tension
##
##
##
##
## Saigon 9219 19 Octobcr 1968 flVSA 10872 10 October
## 196M passim Saigon 0702 23 November J 968
## r Jcxlracl from auachment to FVSA 2701321 January 19690
##
##
##
##
##
## 83
##
## J 0 12687 17
##
##
##
##
## US Mission lmIflCil S iJ JII HI lnum Nol l Wil II to r hod rowl Uovd Of I1W I
## rl fltl omic CmUllf lor 11 11 J I AII lllm 1 1 111 1 11111 to I Ambassador 10 1 F 111
## I oilil lll ClJIlflI or 1 dll tlTll J Nidl 1 niTl dol JUSI AO nlrgf S Newman Sfll dlll iIIII
## 10 1 1 Ht l C Abruhutu AIJIIIIifmri Couldo i orgl I Jacobson fi u io l
## Cooreindlor jront nJII William L C II1 Ot fl ll1 0 COMUS MACV tor CoRnS SWIlld
## Hl rt a Jqlllh AmlJllddor UII orr Hlllrka AmJ IHIIlJor Gen Creighton W Ahrums
## CommmJt USMACv Donald G M tJc Oll d lJ rr dor VSA II
## PIwIo t mIr1f f1 I g
##
##
## was nut ameliorated by Richard M Nixon s elecnou to the presid ency
## 0 11 l November and the icy relationsh ip between Washington and the
## GVN led to a one month hiatus in the Station s liaison with Thieu O
## The Stati on met this development by sending Ralph Katro sh more
## frequently to see General Quang In mid November despite the co ntinu
## ing stando ff with Thicu the two had a co rdial sess io n during which they
## agreed that a Vietnamese National Intellig ence Coordinating Committee
## whose cs tah lishm Itt had been a longtime Station goal might have pre
## vented the intelligence failure that led to the October co up scare And
## Ounn g subseq uently go t Thieu 10 authorize such a bod y though wheth er
## it ever served the desired purpose is unknown·C
## Resuming the Thieu contact on 19 November Katrosh assured him
## of Hilliker s co ntinuing support Thicu in turn reaffirmed his co mmit
## mcnt to Lien Minh Th e Station still had 4 000000 piasters 2 000 for
## the I Ic Millh subsidy which Katrosh deli vered to l Palace functionary
## Richa rd Nixo n s new admini stration would have to approve any midi
## tiunal fundin g und Bunk er urged a briefing at the White Hou se in orde r
##
## I lxuact n om cmlltssy AIllJUII A 15M 25 July 1971 t
## Saigou 0102 0
## SIII Itl U1tt2 IUarh lll JI t 7VS A 270131 1 Ji1l1ll ary 1969 AIKI I1SsimJ
## L
##
## C01268717
##
## to ensure continued support Meanwhile he said he needed an addi
## tional stopgap authorization of 100000 pending a 303 Committee deci
## sion Oil the larger program then before it 46 D
## Bunker s optimistic progress report was couched in general terms
## Governing bodies are meeting cadres are beginning to develop
## projects people s committees have been elected in all Saigon pre
## cincts and We discern steady if slow movement forward He
## acknowledged problems of internal dissension weak leadership and
## lack of participation by religious groups and Washington s message
## approving the 100000 asked for more detailed reporting on the results
## of US support 41 0
## Peace Negotiations and a New Station CharteC
##
## Nixon retained Bunker as his Ambassador to Saigon but Lew
## Lapham s tour as COS came to an end when Theodore Shackley
## replaced him in November One of the postwar generation of operations
## managers Ted Shackley brought good Polish he had been raised in a
## Polish American house and fluent German when he joined the Agency
## at the entry level in 1951 He served five years in Germany particip
## in the Berlin tunnel operation before taking over thel LJ
## I lin 962 Coming to Saigon from two and a half years as
## COS in Vientiane he brought a mandate from DCI Richard Helms to
## emphasize inteIligence collection and preparations for the long term
## political struggle that Washington expected to follow a peace agreement
## At the same time he was gradually to pare down the Station s role in
## rural pacification 0
## Shackley at once proposed to enter the Palace liaison but Deputy
## COS Bill Edwards urged him to reconsider pointing out that Katrosh s
## status as authoritative spokesman for the Station and the Ambassador
## would be undermined by adding the COS as a participant Shackley
## acceded but did not encourage Bunker s use of Katrosh as an Embassy
## stalking horse In any case Thieu now began to delegate even more of
##
##
##
##
## Slligon 07020
## Ibid Whether Bunker supplied the requested information is not knownD
## Shackleyl I Joseph Lazarsky interview by the author Middleburg VAhere
## after cited as Lazarsky interview 14 June 993 Theodore Shac interview by the author Sum
## ncr MD hereafter cited as Shackley interview 26 June 1993U
##
##
##
##
## Se
##
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Y t
## his dealings with CIA to General Quang and press secretary Hoang Due
## Nha Nevertheless Katrosh continued the Thieu liaison though with
## reduced frequency until he left in September 1969 49 0
## As momentum grew in November 1968 for the launching of peace
## talks the Station s relationship with Thieu led to a perspective slightly
## more sympathetic than the Embassy s on his refusal to endorse the bomb
## ing suspension and join negotiations The Station thought him under real
## pressure to prove his anti Communist credentials to his hardline North
## erners and that his temperament made it impossible for him to bend to
## US demands for immediate agreement It was partly a question of face
## but also of his aversion to decisions that did not merely ratify events
## The idea of taking this bombing haltnegotiationsbuIl by the horns on a
## kind of sudden death basis is not Thieu s favorite sport The Station
## advocated more patience and in the weeks that followed worked with
## Bunker gradually to bring Thieu into line 5 oD
## Multilateral DistrllstD
##
## In January 1969 probably just to get Ky out of Saigon Thieu sent
## him to Paris not as chief of the Saigon delegation but as an ex officio
## observer Ky s old friend Russ Miller I I
## at Headquarters behest made periodic visits to exploit their long
## time acquaintanceship They first met on 7 February and Ky still dis
## played the greater flexibility toward dealing with the North and the NLF
## that had distinguished him fromThieu and most of Ky s fellow North
## erners while the Saigon Station and Ambassador Bunker were pursuing b3
## contacts in the NLF Ky said he expected an agreement by the end of the
## year and that he intended to urge Thieu to accept concessions on NLF
## participation that the North would find hard to reject but which the South
## could survive Ky s perspective always attracted high level interest and
##
##
## Kalrosh interview 28 May J 992 Throughout Katrosh s tour as he recalled it the Station channel
## 10 the Palace was readily accepted hy all witting Embassy officers except Deputy Ambassador
## Saurucl Berger who appeared to resent the Station s prominent role Katrosh recalled both Lapham
## nud Shackley as having an excellent command of the complexities of internal GVN politics
## Lapham s style was one of intellectual detachment whereas Shackley tended toward advocacy of
## Thicn·D
## Saillln 0177 15 November 19681 I extract from attachment
## 10 I VSi no 1121 Junuary 1969 The Station also had to deal with minor crises such as Ky s un
## welcome propnsnl to attend the Nixon inaugural in a gesture reciprocating Vice President Hum
## phrcy s presence at the Thieu Ky inauguration Katrosh was deputized to tell him that the unique
## nll·re 1I1 chnrnctcr of the event limited foreign participation to chiefs of diplomatic mission Sec
## I I
##
## C01268717
##
## Miller drove to the Embassy after each of these evening sessions to brief
## US delegation leader Cyrus Vance who would sleep in his office while
## waiting and Philip Habib who would drive in from home 51 D
## In Saigon despite a productive and apparently cordial relationship
## with Ralph Katrosh Thieu s mistrust of the US focused increasingly on
## the CIA which he saw as an ubiquitous power either beyond Washing
## ton s control or being used by the US Government to thwart Saigon s
## desires He told one visitor that between the infiltrating Communists and
## the American CIA the government is stuck Furthermore the Station
## was provoking Buddhist agitation and encouraging neutralist groups Pre
## sumably referring to the Station s program of NLF contacts Thieu
## alleged unilateral Agency contacts with the Communists A VC could
## sleep in the US Embassy and I would not know it In mid November
## 1968 Thieu made a vague allegation to Ambassador Bunker about CIA
## involvement with the Buddhists and this gave the Station a pretext to
## reassure Thieu of the Agency s unconditional commitment to him He
## professed to be mollified but Bill Nelson Colby s successor as Chief FE
## was worried enough to send the DCJa memorandum in February 1969
## warning that in a crisis involving either the US Government or his
## domestic rivals Thieu might well publicly denounce the Agency or
## undertake some other unfortunate action against it 2D
## Even Ky relatively open to his American interlocutors treed
## them with some reserve His views as transmitted by I ll2
## example varied from those he expressed to Ralph Katrosh
## explained this by saying that Ky sometimes treated a Katrosh meeting
## with some misgivings assuming as he did that his answers to Katrosh s
## questions would soon reach US policymakers This did not necessarily
## mean that Ky was always more candid with his coterie of Northern born
## generals but the Station drew the obvious inference that he was at least
## tailoring his remarks for different audiences 5J D
## As we have seen President Thieu s gradual exclusion from his
## entourage of the generals around NguyenCao Ky had by mid 1968
## already severely reduced the political access of the Station s agents and
## contacts in ARVN At the same time Thieu s suspicion of US purposes
## created an adversarial climate that increased the need for clandestine cov
## erage of his intentions in early 1969 1 1
##
## the Station tried to make
## Lre s ·p o n s Jv e s ·o u r ce s o u t o Jfs C u cTh u n h k e lym a te r ialas Gen Do Cao Tri who
##
## I I I
## Miller interview 7 April 19920
## · Willinm E Nelson Chief Far East Division Memurandum for the DCI President Thieu s Com
## mcnts on CIA 5 February I
## Snigon 8216 7 May 1969
##
##
##
##
##
## 87
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## had the merit of being a Southerner and a capable commander but who
## was reported to be volatile exuberant and bombastic massively cor
## rupt and like Thieu suspicious of US motives in Vietnam At the same
## time the Station launched an elaborate scenario designed to achieve
## informal yet secure contact with Gen Duong Van Big Minh thought
## to have residual political ambition as well as Buddhist sympathies and
## connections The Tri collaboration produced some intelligence before his
## death in a helicopter crash in early 1971 but the Minh gambit seems to
## have failed D
## Nguyen Van hicu and Political MobilizationD
##
## The eclipse of the Station s military sources enhanced the impor
## tance especially for influence purposes of the few civilian contacts
## around Thieu who showed any disposition to exeed their official charter
## with their Station contacts One of these wasl IstiIl not
## exonerated of Communist connections whom the Station enlisted in Jan
## uary 1969 to urge its Lien Minh program on Thieu At the Station s
## behest he did a memorandum for Thieu reflecting the Station s view
## that thc organization would grow only if the President directed Saigon s
## governmental machinery to provide discreet but effective support
## Thieu s reaction is not known but he was in any case not the only one
## with doubts about the organization s prospects Headquarters had already
## asked for more evidence of results and State used CIA communications
## to tell Bunker on 11 February that the 303 Committee would postpone its
## decision on additional funding support until Bunker had learned more
## about Thien s attitude and intentions The problem from Washington s
## perspective involved not only doubts about Lien Minh s impact in
## Vietnam but also concern about public reaction in the US to any revela
## tion of the Agency s support for itllD
## Another problem was the vagueness of Thieu s intentions regarding
## the composition and program of a political front So far as Bunker could
## determine in mid February Thieu might actually encourage two such
## organizations associating himself with both Tn early March after Thieu
## asserted an intention to enlarge the existing front the Lien Minh Bunker
## and Shackley again confronted a money crunch Bunker still did not
## have a firm proposal from Thieu ancl could not get funds without one
##
## I IJIII lilll FVSX 0021J 18 February 19691 I
## f VSA 2697113 January 19691 1 L rl I
## I I Fading enthusiasm in Washington for Lien Minh may be attributable at least in
## pari 0 Walt Rostow sdeparture when the Nixonadministration tookofficeon 20 January 19690
##
##
## Se·4
##
##
## C01268717
##
## Like everyone else on his Country Team Bunker was convinced of the
## need for Thiel to broaden his political constituency in order to compete
## with the NLF in what everyone expected to be a long term division of
## the two Vietnams Reluctant to let the front expire when it was about to
## reach take off stage he instructed Shackley to ask Headquarters to get
## authority to make the April 1969 subsidy payment Shackley s request
## sounds pro forma the front was making limited but sustained progress
## and needed to be kept alive until Washington decided its future But
## this apparently sufficed as Katrosh delivered 1 Ion 19
## D
## April l6
## An earlier Thieu discourse to Bunker late in March on Vietnam
## ese political dynamics might have been taken word far word from one of
## Ngo Dinh Nhu s disquisitions to the Station in 1954 Like Nhu the Presi
## dent saw the old line non Communist politicians as representing almost
## no one but themselves and useless if brought into the government What
## he needed were cadres who will work and not just talk and a program
## to inspire the masses with a political revolution Like Nhu Thieu
## acknowledged the absence ofa structure to rival that of the Communists
## adding that nothing could be done without public recognition that the
## struggle was about to shift to the political arena People were now ready
## he thought and he intended to exploit this by deploying an Information
## Ministry cadre in every hamlet and village adding other leadership
## cadre for women youth and self defense units at the village level to
## a total of perhaps 50000 people All such cadres would have as one
## responsibility keeping an eye on the Communists l7n
## It is not known whether President Thieu aetu tried to imple
## ment this scheme But on 25 May 1969 whether as a serious move to
## compete with the Communists or as a pro forma response to continued
## US pressure he created a second political umbrella organization the
## National Social Democratic Front The NSDF apparently enjoyed a
## broader base than the Lien Minh and the US Mission promptly shifted its
## material support to the new grouping But the results were equally disap
## pointing partly because so many politicians refusedto work with the
## controversial Huong these included Tran Van Don whose National Sal
## valion Front declined to join the NSDF Shackley feared that the unpopu
## I ll Huong survived as a Palace functionary because of a Thieu perception
##
##
## Saigon 433815 February 1968 and Saigon 5580 II March 19681 I
## lshackley interview 26 June 1993 Saigon 743619 Apri11969
## I 762 1 5
## 1
##
## 7arch
##
##
##
## S a Tig o n 2 4 M 19691 IThieu s analysis and proposed so
## lution arc nearly identical to those of Ngo Dinh Diem in the mid 1950s The role of the Information
## Ministry in Diem s Denunciation of Communists campaign appears to have served as Thieu s
## model in 1969 sec CIA and the House of NgoJD
##
##
##
##
##
## 89
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## that CIA liked him In the event the NSDF failed even to merge its con
## stituent parts which at best represented only a small fraction of the coun
## try s political interests The Station subsidy continued until June 1969 at
## an average rate of about I Iand at an unknown level
## through the rest of the yearsaD
## During the experiment with the NSDf there was sporadic talk
## among US officials about integrating urban political mobilization with
## the nation building side of rural pacification The regular lunch meetings
## of the US Mission Council turned periodically to this topic and Vietnam
## ese including LL Col Nguyen Be chief of the Station s pacification
## training urged the extension of NSDF organizing to the countryside But
## President Thieu made it clear that for him pacification was part of the
## military struggle not a political task and the Mission never tried to force
## the issue It probably could not have succeeded Thieu was no more
## open to argument than Ngo Dinh Diem had been and trained motivated
## manpower had always been lacking Nevertheless Thieu s attitude indi
## cated that like Diem before him he saw the struggle with the Commu
## nists exclusively in terms of isolating and destroying a malevolent alien
## presence Like Diem he would offer no leadership in presenting a com
## peting ideology or program 50
##
##
##
##
## WilliHIIIS likctiull Process 74 79 Shackley interview 13 July 19 93 J1 J
## I IIIssilll untitled draft Station memorandum 8 May 19691 IThe Mission
## Cuuucil included the Ambassndor his deputy and the heads of the autonomous US agencies rep
## resented ill Vietuum The most importaut of these were MACV the US Agency for International
## Development the US Information Service and the clAD
## D
## Shackley interview26 June 1l J The interpretation ofThicu s position is the author s
##
##
##
##
## 90
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Chapter 5
##
##
## Distractions and Frustrations D
## I
##
##
## In June 1969 Ted Shackley had been running the Station for just
## six months when the murder of a suspected double agent by a US Spe
## cial Forces unit the so called Green Beret incident threatened to asso
## ciate the CIA with crimes against civilians The 1968 murder of villagers
## by American troops at My Lai had just come to light and CIA already
## under attack for some of its activity against the Viet Cong organization
## risked being added to the list of alleged war cdrninalsD
## The incident began with a request from a US Special Forces intelli
## gence unit at Nha Trang for assistance in disposing of an agent it believed
## to be controlled by the Communists Unwilling to turn the man over to
## GVN security elements they would discover that he had been used for
## unilateral Special Forces operations into Cambodia e the Army wanted
## CIA assistance in killing him The Special Forces made their first approach
## directly to the Station in mid June but saw only two Shackley outer office
## aides who they later claimed gave a noncommital response I f
## Still looking for help two Special Forces officers visited
## cJacting chief in Nha Trang on 17 and 18 June 1969 ·L r sC e n t a
## cable to his boss Base Chief Dean Almy attending a conference in
## Saigon that arrived on the morning of 19 June Upon reading it Almy
## headed for the COS s office where Shackley s secretary I I
## intercepted him and refused to interrupt a meeting then in progress So
## Almy left the cable with her making a point of its urgency But I
## failed to give it to Shackley who left the next day for a weekend in
## Hong Kong 2 D
##
## 1 Dean Almy telephone interview by the author Bath ME 12 December 1994Drhe dates cited
##
## arc taken from David Com Blond Ghost Ted Shackley and the CIA 1 Crusades Simon and
## Schuster lJ94pp 195 2010
## I Ahny said that away from Nha Trang he lacked the authority to release a cable and thus needed
##
## Shackley s intervention to gel a reply tal I
##
##
##
## 91
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Dack in Nha Trang on 20 June Almy received yet another visit
## from the Special Forces At this session he told them that whatever the
## popular fantasy on the subject the CIA simply did not kill its agents and
## he could 1I0t help them with theirs But according to their later testi
## mony the Special Forces officers had already been told by Ithat
## Shack won t mind he killed hundreds of guys in Laos Such an off
## hand remark could not have constituted Agencyapproval especially for
## something not in the Agency s power to grant and even if taken as
## authoritative was now effectively countermanded by Almy s refusal But
## the Special Forces officers now decided to act Without advising Almy
## they took the agent out to sea in a small boat that night shot him to
## death and dumped the body overboard D
## Back from Hong Kong Shackley finally saw the original I I
## query and cabled Nha Trang that eliminating the agent was out of the
## question He ordered Nha Trang to get Special Forces assurance that the
## agent was safe and when this was not forthcoming took the matter to
## Ambassador Bunker and General Abrams A sergeant who participated
## in the murder SOOIl volunteered a confession and the case became public
## in August Counsel for the accused launched an early example of the
## CIA defense demanding voluminous but unspecified Agency corre
## spondcncc and testimony from various Agency officials As Richard
## Helms later recalled it the Nixon White House appeared to support Army
## efforts under Secretary Stanley Resor to establish Agency complicity
## These failed as the Station had done no more than unintentionally if
## clumsily fail promptly to make its position clear The cases against the
## defendants were eventually dismissed and the episode left a residue of
## public suspicion of the Agency at a time rowing opposition to the
## Vietnam war and to the Agency s role in it 4 U
##
##
## Other PmhlemsD
##
## Meanwhile almost two years after Nguyen Van Thieu s election to
## the presidency Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker and the Station had not yet
## abandoned their joint effort to talk him into a serious political mobilization
##
## Tile quotation is from Almy interview 12 December 19940 Ahny remembered being called to
## Saigon witill ilcn the alleged statement about Shackley became known The COS de
## Ilwndl d ItI know if illl as true and his facc the color of arclunent denied it The fli
## dlusioll to Lao if made II
## I f Ihe lImong tn c s irregu lu r 1I aI7 f lre lg ain sl tl le N o rt h V ie lJ la n le se r
## Blond NIOSI pp I5 l9HD
## Corn ltlond Ghost PI 19H Richard Helms telephone interview by the author Washing
## ton DC I licccmbcr 1994D
##
## C01268717
##
##
## campaign The Americans had indeed won Vietnamese acquiescence to a
## vastly intensified pacification program and the military and police
## resources devoted to this were making serious inroads on the Communist
## organization in the countryside But the final American push for political
## organizing at the national level met the same fate as all its predecessors
## and it died in 1970 Thereafter the Station s political program was con
## fined to participation in Bunker s perennial effort notably in the presiden
## tial election of 1971 to support and energize Thieu while pushing for
## cosmetic refinements in GVN institutionsD
## But in mid 1969 the political struggle still looked worth an effort
## Unfortunately for American purposes the obstacles to getting President
## Thieu s acceptance of the US political prescription were compounded by
## two irritants that threatened Embassy and Station rapport with their senior
## government contacts The first was Thieu s hostility to Lower House Dep
## uty Tran Ngoc Chau Chau had once been the darling of the Station offic
## ers who devised the Agency s pacification programs after the fall of Ngo
## Dinh Diem As chief of the Delta province of Kien Hoa Chau originated
## one such program the so called Census Grievance apparatus which elic
## ited intelligence on local Communists while giving villagers a theoreti
## cally privileged channel for complaints about GVN performancesD
## Chau also allowed the Station to use Kien Hoa as a testing ground
## for the Counter Terror Teams later called Provincial Reconnaissance
## Units that tried to make life as insecure for Communist officials as it was
## for Saigon s representatives in the countryside When the Station needed
## a new Vietnamese commander for its training center at Vung Tau in late
## 1965 it persuaded the government to let Chau leave Kien Hoa to take
## the job The assignment failed Chau brought in weak assistants and
## his egocentrism alienated his Vietnamese superiors and he left the
## Army after less than a year at Vung Tau to go into politics 6 D
## Elected to the National Assembly s Lower House Chau called for an
## accommodation with non Communist elements in the NLF In early 1969
## he asked for CIA support of his constituency building The Station begged
## off seeing Chau s program as too extreme and his faction as a potential
## competitor to the Lien Minh but Chau seems to have traded on his CIA
## contacts anyway to give the impression of Agency backing When in June
## 1969 Thieu had had enough of this gadfly he took Chau s insinuations of
## an Agency connection seriously enough to check with the Station before
## proceeding against him Concerned to allay Thieu s perennial suspicions
## Shackley assured the chief of the police Special Branch that he had no
##
## I Ipassim The author set up the Station pacification programs in the northern tier of
## fcllaQ 2vines in 1964 and early 1965 and worked with Chau during this periodD
## lJid·U
##
##
## SeCl d
## 93
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## interest in Chau and no objection to legal action against him It was the
## State Department worried about US press reaction to a prosecution that
## urged Bunker to intercede with Thieu on Chau s behalf 7 D
## The charge was unauthorized contact with the North in the person
## of Chau s brother Tran Ngoc Bien Chau had first told the Station of a
## Communist connection in late 1964 when he said some high ranking
## people from Hanoi had contacted him Chau wanted a meeting with
## Ambassador Maxwell Taylor to explain requirements for victory but
## this seems not to have taken place About a year later Chau again men
## tioned Communist contacts but still did not identify them Donohue and
## Jorgensen agonized over this development for Chau refused to include
## the Saigon government in any exploitation of this opening On this occa
## sion Jorgensen decided that unilateral exploration of such an anonymous
## channel posed an unacceptable risk to Chau s viability in the cadre pro
## grams Accordingly he let the matter dropsO
## In 1967 Chau finally identified Hien as his Communist visitor after
## the Station confronted him with information from other sources Eager at
## that time to forge unofficial channels to the Communists the Station
## wanted to meet Bien directly but Chau refused to arrange it
##
##
## JIThieu then launched his tor
##
## tuous effort to prosecute Chau beginning with a legally dubious device
## to lift his parliamentary immunity and ending with conviction by a mili
## tary court and a 20 year sentence in early 1970 9 0
## Despite the Station s disavowal of Chau his protection by a senior
## US adviser John Paul Vann and subsequent US appeals for clemency
## probably confirmed Thieu in his suspicion of Chau as a CIA agent But
## Chan constituted at this point the lesser of the two current irritants in
## Station relations with the Vietnamese leadership The more troublesome
## because it embarrassed President Thieu involved an agent of Hanoi in
## Doc Lap Palace By early 1969 a joint operation of the Station and
## police Special Branch had identified Huynh Van Trang an intelligence
##
##
## FVSA 27261 III February 1969 undated untitled draft memorandum FVSW 1034020 Febru
## my IlJriH Saigoll 054 1 27 June 1969 Stale Department INR Intelligence Note 430 4 June 1969
## Saigon 11 1 II July 19691 9hackley interview 26 June 1993·0
## SAKi 7749 November 19651 IDonohue interview 23 January 1995n
## I Saigoll H10 120 December 1969 and passim I I Chau made his 1964 revation to the
## author who remembers the claim of Communist contacts hut not the request for a meeting with
## Taylor Shackley later claimed Ihat when he disavowed Chau 10 the Palace he was unaware of the
## J 967 ellort to get Chau 10 introduce Hien to the Station sec Shackley interview 26 June 1993
## Hilt ill December 19 Ihe Station cabled a review of the case that mentions this it is not known
## how long before this the Hien episode had come to light see Saigon 81010
##
##
## Ser
##
## 4 t
##
## C01268717
##
##
## aide to Thieu as a probable Communist agent AI Isup
## ported the reporting agent s bona tides and when Trang s handler was
## captured his confession confirmed the police reporting In July the Sta
## tion began pressing Thieu s military assistant General Quang to have
## Trong arrested Thieu eager to avoid embarrassment had wanted the
## matter handled quietly but acceded to American urging and Trong was
## picked up on 24 July 1969 10 0
## The arrest generated intense press criticism of Palace security and
## Thieu reacted with angry defensiveness blaming his police chief and the
## Station for forcing his hand The Station urged National Police chief
## Colonel Hai and General Quang to explain to Thieu that President
## Nixon s impending visit made it unavoidable the Secret Service had to
## be informed and it would never permit Nixon to enter the Palace with
## Trang still at liberty liD
## Meanwhile as it tried to mollify Thieu the Station acquired new
## insights into the Communist use of influence agents from the interroga
## tion of Trong s case officer Disappointed at Trang s limited access to
## Thicu the agent s superiors had begun feeding him analyses on such
## things as the peace talks and the economic and financial situation in
## South Vietnam These were all calculatedly pessimistic and Trong was to
## offer them when Thieu looked depressed According to Trong s handler
## Hanoi hoped that they would help discourage Thieu to the point that he
## saw no alternative to negotiations with the NLF12D
## The Station s Palace liaison survived both the Trong affair and
## Thieu s suspicion of Agency collusion with Tran Ngoc Chau The atmo
## sphere permitted Ralph Katrosh to make one more plea for a more pro
## fessional Vietnamese intelligence effort before he left Saigon in
## September 1969 In the latest of a series of CIA representations dating
## back to 1954 Katrosh praised Nguyen Khac Binh the able and coopera
## tive new chief of the Central Intelligence Organization and urged Thieu
## to provide the high quality people needed to help Binh raise professional
## standards Thieu said he would do what he could but apparently did
## nothing He had earlier given Katrosh the impression that he cared as lit
## tle for the CIO a US sponsored creation of the early 1960s as he did for
## American style political organization 13 D
##
## IOFYSA 27060 28 January 1969 Saigon 173625 July 1969 Saigon 2885 18 August 1969
## Saigon Embtel 1527329 July 19691 I
## Saigon 1736 Saigon 2885 Saigon Airgram A 194 7 July 1973 l
## Saigon 1736 Whether the prescribed diet of bad news improved Trong s access to Thieu is not
## rccorded·D
## FYSA 28701 3 September 19691 IKatrosh interview 19 May 19930
##
## Se
## A5 5
##
## I
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## 01 Nllun Khat B nh hi4 of I Courai 111tf lIigf nCt Urxani tltiofl
## ti t Natimllll lml rmgatitm Center Headqua rters c 970
## rllO fJ co rlrJ Df Jmrph In
##
##
##
## But desp ite the frequent necessity for Katro sh 0 raise uncong enia l
## subjec ts President Th ien seemed genuinely to value their relation ship
## making the rare ges ture upon Katrosh s departure of aw ard ing him the
## Fifth Class National Order Medal Katrosh later recalled having adopted
## a practice of delivering his messages in the most direct possible way
## I lcrc is what IWashington and Dunker want and this is why they wan t
## ir and lhou hi 111eu had found lhis hel L
##
##
##
##
## Kalrmh inl·I t K w 19 Ma3 Katrosh recalled that the medal earned with it the right of burial
## 11 Ihe Io IIICIlC IIr the iVN L
##
##
##
## 96
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## The Final Push for Political Mobilization D
## On 3 November 1969 President Nixon delivered a vigorous speech
## reaffirming US support for the anti Communist cause in Vietnam Three
## weeks later the DCI s principal Vietnam adviser George Carver talked
## with Thieu in Saigon and gained the impression that the President hon
## estly believes the US is going to stand firm behind him and the Com
## munists are going to run out of steam Perhaps this belief justified in
## Thieu s mind his continuing indifference to the political mobilization
## that Bunker and the Station had so long urged upon him The Station
## saw no substantive accomplishment or organizational momentum in the
## NSDF and was ready to see Thieu abandon it 16 D
## Whatever the fate of the NSDF there remained the need to find a
## successful political mobilization technique but the Station cautioned
## against optimism about enlisting Thieu s cooperation His contempt for
## the Westernized politicians in Saigon and in Carver s phrase the alien
## institutional toys they call political parties meant that political mobiliza
## tion would remain at best his fourth priority Vietnamization of the mili
## tary effort pacification and the economy all would take precedence
## Furthermore Thieu continued to insist that the South Vietnamese were
## not interested in political doctrine but simply wanted to lead better
## and more prosperous lives without being afraid In these circumstances
## the Station doubted it could find any formula capable of winning Thieu s
## unreserved support 17 0
## The State Department drew the obvious conclusion and told Bun
## ker in Agency channels that the lack of results had made Washington
## skeptical about the merits of continued support of the NSDF Shackley
## had already told Headquarters of his intention to review with Ambassa
## dor Bunker the entire issue of covert political support of the GVN At
## their meeting on 4 December the COS identified several other potential
## recipients of US support if the NSDF failed including the durable labor
##
##
## Saigon 7268 30 November 1969
## Saigon 6423 9 November 1969 and Saigon 716327 November 1969
## I lAs had been true since the mid 19S0s CIA thinking abLou t m as s p ol itic·al o rg aJ·li
## zation ill Vietnam focused here almost exclusively on organizational mechanics with litlle atten
## tionlo political issues or principlesD
##
##
##
## Seo4t
## 797
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## leader Tran Quoc Buu and the perennially dissident An Quang Buddhists
## Bunker endorsed these ideas and the Station reported that he would
## raise with President Thieu appropriate portions of its memorandum on
## 0
## the subjecl 18
## Shackley s report provoked a tense cable from CFE William Nelson
## accusing the Station of getting out ahead of Headquarters and the NSC on
## support for South Vietnamese political mobilization Shackley s rejoin
## der reminded Headquarters that he had given advance notice of the
## intended review with no reaction from Washington Regarding the sub
## stance of the complaint the COS assured Nelson that both he and Bun
## ker understood the need before doing anything else to get Thieu s
## reaction to Washington s expressed disappointment with a languishing
## NSDF Nelson s reaction is not known but Washington deliberated for
## three months before the NSC approved 225000 in mid March 1970 for
## continued funding of Thieu s political mobilization efforts 19 D
## Bunker and the Station continued trying to get President Thieu to
## take these efforts seriously but Shackley did not serve as Bunker s
## intermediary as Katrosh had and the Station increasingly emphasized
## indirect approaches to Thieu In doing so it encountered not only the
## customary Vietnamese resistance to American political principles but
## also growing suspicion of US purposes This was true even of people
## the Station was trying to exploit as agents of influence General Khiem
## for example had been a cooperative Station contact as concurrent Inte
## rior Minister and Deputy Prime Minister for Pacification and the Sta
## tion thought him a distinct improvement as Prime Minister over his
## predecessor But as urban discontent led by students and Army veterans
## festered in the spring of 1970 he told Thieu he agreed that the United
## States was supporting the disturbances in order to bring down the
## Saigon regime arrange a coalition government and end the war 2 oD
## At the end of April President Nixon ordered US troops into Cam
## bodia in search of enemy logistic and command installations In early
## May he launched the first major bombing raids on the North since
##
## Saigon 7163 Dircclor 579752 December 1969 and Saigon 7517 5 Decemher 1969 I
## I ISaigon7517 refers to the Station s memorandum to Bunker sent
## to Head uartcrs as FVSA 29783 which has not been foundD
## Saigon 767510 December 19691 I
## mc JThis correspondence particularly the Washington end appears to overlook
## Ihicu s well known reservations about what had always heen an American initiative Washington
## and the US Mission in Saigon presumably discussed the matter further before March 1970 but the
## correspondence has not been fonndD
## Undated I III passim Saigon 12077 9 April
## 19701 Iso said that Khiem had a reputation for
## deviousness and cunning and seems to have been motivated throughout his career primarily by
## opportunislll· D
##
##
##
##
## 98
##
## C01268717
##
## October 1968 The Cambodian incursion especially provoked massive
## protests in the United States and National Guard soldiers killed six stu
## dents at Kent State University and Jackson State College Intensified US
## operations might have been expected to bolster South Vietnamese
## morale even if they alienated domestic American opinion Any such
## effect was transient for President Nixon followed the June withdrawal
## of US troops from Cambodia with a resumption of the American force
## reduction in South Vietnam 21 D
## In this atmosphere Shackley tried to awaken Thieu to the danger of a
## disaffected South Vietnamese public On 6 May the Station drafted a pro
## gram calculated to defuse some of the more troublesome irritants between
## governors and governed In Bunker s absence acting Ambassador Berger
## told Shackley he concurred but judged the program too provocative to
## broach directly with President Thieu Prime Minister Khiem seemed a
## potentially more receptive audience but even here Berger thought it better
## to package the message as an intelligence appraisal to be delivered by the
## COS rather than to go himself with an overt political demarche Khiem
## received Shackley the same day 6 May and after listening to the CIA pro
## posal agreed to develop the terms of a political position on the current con
## stitutional crisis he would submit this to Thieu if it appeared likely to win
## substantial public support 0
## For Shackley the outcome demonstrated Khiem s unwillingness to
## move boldly in raising any issues with Thieu For although Khiem
## seemed clearly to share the Mission s view of the crisis he would take
## political soundings with Thieu but no more In short where we were
## looking for decisiveness and rapidity of action we have every reason to
## believe we will get nothing more than oriental time consuming dissem
## bling The Station saw no evidence that the Communists had fomented
## the unrest which despite its fragmentation threatened Saigon s authority
## Only Thieu can save Thien Shackley wrote and only Ambassador
## Bunker and President Nixon could reach him with sufficient force to
## stand a chance of getting him to regain lost credibility through essential
## reforms The COS wanted a letter from Nixon to Thieu followed by an
## urgent appeal from Bunker that Thieu move decisively to deal with cor
## ruption police misconduct and his own government s defiance of
## Supreme Court rulingsnO
##
##
##
## Herring America S Longest War tjJ 233 239 Vietnam Chronology pp 121 1220
## Saigon D459 9 May 1970C I
## lhid Saigon 134609 May 1970 and Saigon 135I 11 May 19701 1
## OThis correspondence does not acknowledge that reform might have posed a threat to Thieu
## from the generals whose corruption he would have had to ehallcngeD
##
##
##
##
## 99
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## The standoff between the regime and its non Communist urban con
## stituency now resembled that of the last months of the Diem regime Try
## ing to work out a reconciliation formula the Station created a 27 page
## prescription for Headquarters benefit that implicitly recognized Thieu s
## dilemma he had to quell popular disturbances while trying to persuade
## the politically alienated of his reformist purposes but did not specify
## how he was simultaneously to put down these disorders and soften the
## public perception of police brutality It concentrated instead on the proto
## col of proposed government contacts with dissident An Quang Buddhists
## and on the content of suggested public addresses by Prime Minister
## Khiern The Station also proposed major new programs of political mobi
## lization land reform and economic improvements Here as with the
## problem of police action against public disorder the means of implemen
## tation got little attention the problem of attracting capable and dedicated
## people to staff such new programs for example drew only the facile
## observation that there were many good men lying fallow 24D
##
##
## Declining Interest in Political ModernizationD
##
## This omission may have reflected a degree of indifference to
## what Station management saw as just one more well intentioned initia
## tive by George Carver to impose Western forms on South Vietnamese
## politics AlLhough the very dimensions of the Station s May 1970 pre
## scription and the effort to get Thieu s attention to its main provisions
## imply some sense of urgency Lazarsky later remembered the affair as
## a routine matter given a dutiful Station response As the DCOS later
## recalled his own reaction he had equated Thieu s position with that of
## Indonesia s General Suharto each had control of his armed forces and
## that was the only power base either one required 25 0
## The Station s attitude toward the dissident Buddhists reflected a
## similar ambivalence Management had little interest in them Lazarsky
## using a term he said he borrowed from Burma s General Ne Win called
## them the Asian unemployed but the Station did resume the effort
## suspended after the 1966 rebellion in Central Vietnam to involve them
##
## Snigou 13541 With respect to good mcn lying fallow throughout the Agency s involvement in
## Vietnam its management in Saigon at least implicitly assumed that enough competent and rnoti
## vntcrl people were available to staff essential programs if only the GVN devoted enough energy 10
## recruiting thcmD
## I uzarsky interview 14 June 1993 Tcd Shackley interviewed in 1993 did notl ccalltheepisodeD
##
##
##
##
##
## 100
##
## C01268717
##
## in the political rocess In 1 70 the Station s longtime channel to the
## Buddhists urged several prominent monks to run for
## the Senate Allthem was Vu Van Mau once Ngo Dinh Diem s for
## eign minister 26 U
## Aiming to reduce the monks dependence on dissident veterans and
## students I Ibacked up his encouragement with modest financial
## support Most of them won and for a time after the 30 August elections
## urban rioting stopped while they tried to work within the system At the
## tactical level this effort produced better results than the Mission s larger
## program of support to political mobilization by the Thieu government
## the NSDF despite renewed US funding in March did not even sponsor a
## senatorial ticket and the candidates of three of its constituent parties all
## IOSt27D
## American interest in mass political mobilization largely subsided
## after the 1970 senatorial elections as the US Mission in Saigon turned
## its attention to the Presidential contest scheduled for October 1971 As
## of late 1970 Vice President Ky seemed unlikely to run and US officials
## already worried about the effect on Thieu s political legitimacy if he ran
## unopposed Ambassador Bunker proposed to forestall this outcome by
## persuading ex Chief of State and Buddhist ally Duong Van Big Minh
## to seek the office28 D
## Bunker anticipated some difficulty with the moody former general
##
##
##
##
## It was not that the US wanted Minh to unseat Thieu Minh s devo
## tion to the war effurt looked doubtful and a question of unauthorized
## contacts with the North through a brother in Hanoi had not been resolved
##
## Laznrsky interview 14 June 19930
## cnterview 3 June 1993 Williams 111e Election Process pp 88101 Six often olher
## ciildioiiies supported by the Station at an average of 2000 each also won Srel I
## I Illld Saigon 18214 1 September 1970 Station had always
## found the Buddhists goals obscure at best and their political detachment unattractive Lazarsky de
## scribed the leadership in terms borrowed from Madame Nhu s notorious allnsions to Buddhist bar
## bcqucs conveying the same bemused contempt expressed by former COSs William Colby and Peer
## de Silva Vu Van Mau served for about 48 hours as the last Prime Minister of South VietnalllD
## Saigon 2201817 November 1970j I
## I
## 84
##
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## IMinh s ability was equally suspect I Ia
## Vietnamese colleague and Station agent who once described him affec
## tionately as having the body of an elephant and the brain of a mouse
## But he would have been a credible candidate likely with An Quang Bud
## dhist support to have won 20 percent to 30 percent of the vote 3 °D
## Despite Minh s reluctance a Thieu victory was not to be taken for
## granted and in January 1971 Ambassador Bunker wanted action to
## ensure it The Station also wanted a solid foot in the opposition camp
## against the possibility however remote of a Thieu defeat And it wanted
## ten more responsive people in the Lower House where its ten existing
## agents were already able to stimulate or block legislation For these tasks
## and to support pro Thieu Lower House candidates the Station wanted
## and presumably got the record is incomplete 252000 As elections
## approached the Station redefined in effect its longtime goal of Vietnam
## ese political mobilization this now meant simply generating votes for
## Nguyen Van Thien Shackley approached General Quang in one phase of
## a Station effort to get Thieu to press the Catholics to unite behind him
## ami to court the Chinese minority and the tribal highlanders Thieu appar
## ently took some of Quang s advice as the COS asserted in April that
## moves taken by Thieu after such colloquies with Quang demonstrated
## the efficacy of this channel 31 D
##
## Varying Perceptions of VietnamizationD
##
## As the Paris negotiations dragged on US ground forces continued
## their withdrawal in pursuit of the Nixon administration s policy of Viet
## numization In February 1971 Saigon and the US tested ARVN s self
## sufficiency on the ground with a major incursion supporled by Ameri
## can airpower into South Laos ARVN casualties were heavy and the
## results disappointing In the aftermath of the operation called Lamson
## 719 DDP Thomas Karamessines assigned the Station the delicate task of
## reporting on resulting ARVN morale problems without unnecessarily jar
## ring ambassadorial or MACV sensitivities Shackley replied that Bunker
##
##
##
##
## Shackley interview 26 Inne 1993 Saigon 22018 Groth interview 29 July 19921
## 17 Februnry 19681 I
## · FVST29 i42 10 Novcmbcr 1970 and Saigon 24763 18 January 19711
## I VSA 3 i093 II April 17J I 1
##
##
##
##
##
## 102
##
## I
## C01268717
##
## Jm pt h LA af lky and ls
## Gen Thmg m QWlng
## President Thien s S l caf
## A U Hw II for Militurv und
## Security Affairs u t hllry
## 1 lJ7
##
##
##
##
## PIwIo nt of
## Josrplt IAWln
##
##
## and Abrams both expected the unvamishcd truth from him and that he
## wo uld stoicully absorb my irritation on their pan that his reporting
## might provoke 2D
## In fact as Station man agement saw it ARVN had come o ut smell
## ing like a half decent rose desp ite the casualties and limited gain s
## When DCOS Joe Lazarsk y left Vietnam som e week s later he shared
## what he later recalled as General Abra ms s optimism about Saigon s
## pro spects of s urvival In MR 3 by co ntras t ROI C Do n Gregg thought
## that the nea rly co mplete withdrawal of US forces had len a vac uum in
## mid ·1 97J which ARVN had yet 10 fill In some places the Co mmunists
## were busy filling that vac uum which Gre gg thou ght reflect ed President
## Th ien s reluctance in an electio n yea r to take the ca sualties that a more
## aggressive stulice would incur Even pacification asse ts like PRU and the
## Poli ce S pecial Bran ch had sagged badly in June and ARVN in MR
## was esse ntially passive its morale a question mark nO
## As was chronically the ca se in OIC CIA estab lishment in Vietnam
## the intuiti ve j udgments of working level Statioll officers tended to the
## most pessi mistic Vietn amese linguist I had co me to I
## kno w a pa ir o f ARVN par atroopers in 1970 lind Ihey looked him up
##
##
## · alI ke TIle fila Years pp 472 474 Director 1 17926 March 1971 and Sa igo n 28188
## 27 M lrch 191 1
## u l 1l7tlu ky inlcr Li 99 3C Mem orandu m M R 3 Mourht y Report for June 1971 7 July
## w I·4· m c
## 197 1 peepnred hy Donald P Gregg who provided a sanitize d ancldec lass ified C opyD
##
##
##
##
##
## 103
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## whenever their battalion was in the Saigon area Their unit was commit
## ted to Lamson 719 and several months after the ARVN withdrawal one
## of the two appeared at I door His gung ho paratrooper spirit
## had vanished so had his buddy and most of the unit when they were
## overrun in Laos I gathered that the morale of the other survi
## vors had been similarly shattered and he later remembered thinking that
## if this is what a member of an elite unit looked and felt like the rest of
## ARVN must be in a hell of a fix 34D
##
##
## The 1971 Presidential ElectionD
##
## Subjective questions like military morale were in any case not to
## be definitively answered With presidential elections scheduled for 3
## October GVN and US attention gravitated to the political sphere As Sta
## tion officers like Gregg and I Iworried about ARVN resolve
## Thieu and Ky began trying to use the Agency to advance their respective
## candidacies In early July Thieu s press secretary Hoang Due Nha
## sought Shackley s endorsement of a South Vietnamese election informa
## tion office in Washington Failing in this the COS referred him to the
## State Department Nha asked Shackley to arrange Washington briefings
## for him on US antiwar groups and on government monitoring of terrorist
## organizations like the Weathermen Bunker declined to get involved
## while Headquarters opposed the information office idea and rejected the
## briefing request 35 D
## On 24 July Thieu announced his candidacy and Big Minh ful
## filled Ambassador Bunker s hopes whcn hc followed suit two days later
## Vice President Ky declared on 4 August hut the Supreme Court rejected
## his filing the next day citing his failure to meet the terms of the election
## law which Thieu had formulated with Ky in mind Minh then began
## threatening to withdraw This would have reintroduced the prospect of an
## unopposed election and on 19 August Ambassador Bunker visited Minh
## to persuade him to stay in thc race
##
##
##
##
## IThe
## b a rr dl yll l o n e other
## Lt w x t crla y M IJ nTtl tCT11 cc 1l1 rl lC t WIttL1CTdIJ·aC wC rf 1l·h1 c1e pT1to y w e n7tt
## ·
##
##
##
##
## 1 I
## note to the author 10 November 199401
## Saigon3 J503 9 July 1971andLI l
##
##
## 104
##
## C01268717 t
##
##
## respect the press got hold of the Bunker approach presumably from
## someone in Minh s entourage and one story included the probably ficti
## tious claim that the offer specified a campaign fund of 3 million 36 D
## The Supreme Court reversed itself on 20 August reinstating Ky
## but he withdrew on 23 August leaving Thieu as the sale candidate This
## did not mean that Ky was resigned to a Thieu victory as he now tried to
## use the Agency to generate US pressure for electoral reforms He began
## by smuggling aide Dang Due Khoi to Phnom Penh whence Khoi flew to
## Washington in early September and appealed to an old Agency contact
## to put him in touch with National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger
## DCI Helms informed Kissinger of this overture summarizing Ky s
## appeal to force Thieu to conduct fair elections But the American com
## mitment to a Thieu victory overshadowed concerns about electoral fair
## play Khoi did see Deputy Assistant Secretary William Sullivan but Ky
## got no satisfaction D
## While Helms in Washington was conveying Ky s message to Kiss
## inger COS Shackley and Prime Minister Khiem were trying to influence
## each other s principals in Saigon On 7 September Shackley urged that
## Thieu be induced to allow opposition at least to the extent of specifying
## the mechanics of casting a negative vote Khiem conveyed this to Thieu
## and two days later noted in the same context that the President had not
## yet specified how many votes would constitute avictory in this singleton
## election He thought Bunker should pin Thieu down on this matter and
## more basically should try to avoid the embarrassment of a one man elec
## tion by persuading Minh and Ky to reactivate their candidacies Shack
## ley met the Prime Minister several more times before the election once
## when Bunker could not get in to see Thieu and Khicm again urged
## ambassadorial pressure As the COS later recalled it Bunker did keep
## trying to prevent an unopposed election but in vain 38 D
## President Thieu won 915 percent of the votes cast on 3 October
## nearly 90 percent of registered voters cast ballots Five days later the Viet
## Cong released an American prisoner Sgt John Sexton in Cambodia
##
## The New York l1mes
## s o re c
## 2L4·J ul Y I A U C ns t 2 0 A n g us t719 7 r le
## al th e
## d nker offer but Shackley
## B u
## said in 1993 that he believed his own research after the press allegations determined that there had
## been none Scc Jinterview 3 June 1993 and Shackley interview 26 June 1993IJ
## Vietnam Chronology p131 The New York Times 21 August 1971 U William E Nelson
## Memorandum for Director of Central Intelligence Comments of Dang Due KllOi un Current
## Views of Vice President Ky 7 ember 1971 IThe New
## York Times 4 September 1971 U
## Saigon 36887 7 Sc tember 1971 Sai on 37001 9 September 1971 Saigon 37059 10 September
## 1971 and passim Theodore Shackley interview by the author
## Sumner MD 23 July 1993
##
## s4
## WS ·
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## This had been preceded in August by a letter apparently authorized by
## Tran Bach Dang the Conununist principal in the dormant NLF operation
## which proposed new prisoner exchanges But no channel for a reply had
## yet been set up when Sexton emerged from the jungle and the two devel
## opments might have been unrelated Sexton brought messages containing
## instructions for contact with his captors and on 27 October the Commu
## nists used the Embassy telephone number sent to them with a North Viet
## namese lieutenant released in reciprocity for Sexton The caller claimed
## to represent Tran Bach Dang and offered to release captured Foreign Ser
## vice Officer Douglas Ramsey for two high ranking Communists
## Informed of the proposal President Thieu agreed to further communica
## tion in this channel but postponed any commitment on prisoner
## exchanges until after his inauguration No formula acceptable to Thieu
## the United States and the Communists ever emerged and the dialog pro
## duced no further exchanges J9 D
##
## The Wal Is Not Over and We Have Not WonD
##
## With President Thieu installed for another four year term Ambas
## sador Bunker moved to reduce the Station s involvement at the top In
## January 1972 with Deputy Ambassador Berger and MACV commander
## General Weyand both seeing Prime Minister Khiem Bunker asked
## Shackley to withdraw The COS later recalled this as a logical decision
## at a time when the Paris talks and Vietnamization were high on the
## agenda and an informal CIA interlocutor with Khiem risked undercutting
## the designated contacts But Khiem occasionally asked to see him any
## way and one such meeting took place on 17 January oD
## The main order of business was Communist intentions for the Tel
## holiday but Khiem also made the first recorded reference to Thieu s pro
## posed Democracy Party describing it in terms that made it sound like a
## replica of Ngo Dinh Nhu s Can Lao Labor Party Entirely unlike the
## American notion of mass based political parties it would be a semi secret
## cadre organization based on the Army and the bureaucracy providing
## Thieu with an unofficial instrument for controlling the governmental
##
##
##
##
## · Viclnaill Chronology p 131 ISummary 19 231 fnterview24
## AngmI1992·0
## ·1OI31ind memorandum Tenth Conversation Between Prime Minister Khiem and CAS Station
## Chief 20 January 19721 f aigon 43430 19 January 19721 1
## 1 ISImck1ey interview 26 June 19930
##
##
## SeCl ff
## 6
##
## C01268717
##
## apparatus In this context Khiem remarked that anyone working with
## Thieu did so strictly on the President s terms imposing no conditions and
## without expecting any security of tenure 41 D
## But all this came as an aside The immediate question concerned
## the timing and scale of new Communist military initiatives Khiem and
## Shackley agreed that the North probably intended a major assault
## Khiem expected Hanoi to try to destroy rural pacification and overrun
## ARVN strong points in order to embarrass President Nixon during his
## visit to Beijing planned for February Shackley conveyed this to Head
## quarters saying that the series of high points foreseen in Station projec
## tions as recently as December now looked like plans for a general
## offensive 42 0
## This foreboding climate prevailed when Thomas Polgar arrived to
## replace Ted Shackley in late January 1972 Born and raised in Hungary
## Polgar like his predecessor had a native command of an East European
## language and fluent German as well Five years older than Shackley he
## had been with the Agency since its creation in 1947 Polgar had wide
## experience in Europe I He I
## was seeing East Asia for the first time 43 0
## Polgar remembered that when he learned of the Saigon appoint
## ment he pointed out to DCI Helms an old friend as well as colleague
## that he had no background in Asian operations No matter Helms
## responded Polgar would have four permanent items on his Saigon
## agenda none of them operational First was his relationship with the
## Embassy After that in no particular order came MACV the media and
## Congressional visitors Polgar left Washington with this mandate and
## with the prognosis offered by Defense Secretary Melvin Laird during a
## ceremonial call at the Pentagon the US role in Vietnam was like that in
## divided Germany and Korea and Americans would be there for 40
## years ·D
## Despite omens of a major Communist offensive Shackley departed
## Vietnam optimistic about its prospects military operations into Laos and
## Cambodia in 1971 had bought time rice production was up and the
##
## Mcmoraudum Tenth Conversation William Colby wrote that once returning from a rural in
## spcction trip with Thieu thc President remarked that Diem had run the country quite well see
## Colby Lost Victory p 2940 He had also told Colby in September 1970 that he could easily
## create a political party but that when Diem had done so it proved to be only a facade and a basis
## for corruption and improper influence see Saigon 18593 8 September 1970 I
## I Tenth Conversation Saigon 43598 22 January 19721
## I Memorandum 1
## I I
## olgaI official personnel fileD
## Thomas Polgar interview by the author Maitland FL 29 30 July 19930
##
##
##
##
##
## 107
##
## I
## C012687 17
##
##
##
##
## TM Shackl G Creighton Abrunu and l ho nliJ Polgar January 1972
## pltofo nn of nu
##
## economy was boom ing Th e curve was rising in his view despite ubiqu i
## tous official corruption which in his view was a real problem but one
## greatly exa ggerated by rumor Polgar largely acce pted this evaluation as
## he took co mmand of the Saigon Station lO him as to most if not all his
## predeces sors the situatio n seemed so well defined as to obviate the need
## for close analysis Within days of his arrival he was ass uri ng National
## Police Commissioner Dinh that the war in Vietnam wou ld eve ntually be
## WOIl not by military actio n but by the acq uisition of intellige nce fol
## lowed by police action 4 0
## TIe DC s mandate 10 the new COS said noth ing about Station
## dea lings with the Sa igon gove rnment and Ambassador Bunk er as we
## ha ve see n had curtailed the C IA role after the presidential elections
##
## Shackley imerview 2b June 1993 Pul ga interview 29 30 July 1993 Philip Potter M emoran
## dum 01 the Record Mt illg wuh Neuonat t olice Commissioner N u eon Khac Binh nd bUI
## with reference in the text tc the date olhe meetmg ill 2 Pebru ary 1972
## Ie economic pwune also illdudc J the lugh inflation Ihal had o ocdTh u tp ocv ou
## J
## k tt· tu· devalue the piutet and raise interest ritte£see Viet nam Chronology p 132 With
## I c ard III conupuun Shac kley s id tha t he had vigorously tnvesugeted hili Palace conner General
## Jumg now rio us to r ltllcgcJ corruption bUI had bee n una ble 10 co nfirm a ny speci fic insta nce of it
## r Shackley inte rview 26 June JlJ93D
##
##
##
## dCl
## 108
##
## C01268717
## t
##
## Nevertheless Polgar soon found himself heavily involved Tran Thien
## Khiem Prime Minister since August 1969 had told Shackley that he
## would not resume his informal CIA relationship with the new COS But
## he soon reversed himself and Polgar reported on 22 March that he and
## Khiem had agreed to continue the dialog Indeed Khiem took the occa
## sion of this inaugural meeting to ensure that Polgar understood the Presi
## dent s style Thieu had a most suspicious nature he said adding that he
## thought Bunker had more influence over Thieu than anyone else and pre
## dieting that this would not transfer to the Ambassador s successor 46 D
## Polgar inherited from Shackley warm relations with both Ambassa
## dor Bunker and MACV commander Gen Creighton Abrams the general
## had taken the trouble to attend Shackly s leavetaking at Tan Son Nhut
## But the prevailing cordiality did not imply the absence of tension or dis
## agreement Abrams particularly disliked overt contacts between the Sta
## tion and senior ARVN commanders and any reporting even implicitly
## critical of MACV s advisory and training performance with ARVN But
## he and Polgar established a personal as well as professional relationship
## based on mutual friends and a shared taste for classical music n
## The media and Congressional visitors did not intrude mu chduring
## Polgar s first weeks when the US Mission worried mainly about a Com
## munist offensive during the January Tet holidays or during President
## Nixon s visit to China during the last week of February But these events
## passed with no major initiative from Hanoi meanwhile US troop
## strength on the ground in Vietnam dipped below 100000 Then on 30
## March North Vietnamese Army units including armor and heavy artil
## lery entered the demilitarized zone to launch what became known as the
## Easter offensive As Polgar recalled it MACV J 2 had predicted the time
## and place of the DMZ assault in one of the most prescient cables I have
## ever seen The Station s agent sources who in late 1971 had already
## warned of Communist strategic intentions were less precise at the tacti
## cal level they had correctly foreseen attacks in the Central Highlands
## but apparently had lacked access to preparations above the DMZ4SD
## On 6 April Tom Polgar sounded for the first time the note that
## henceforth dominated his perspective on South Vietnam s future
## namely its indefinite dependence on US support the illusion that the
## war is over and we have won is shattered He expected ARVN to hold
## out despite heavy losses but American support in the air and in military
##
## Saigon 43430 Saigon 46343 22 March 1972 IBlind Mem
## orandum Meeting Between New Vietnam StatlouCliief U11d Primc Minister Tran Thien Khiem
## 23 March 19721 IIn fact Bunker stayed another year and a halfD
## I olgar interview 2930 July 19
## Vietnam Chronology p 135 U Polgar interview 29 30 July 19930
##
##
##
##
## L09
##
## I
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Figure 16
## Principal Targets of the Easter Offensive 1972
##
##
##
##
## International boundary
##
## National capital
## District town overrun
## by VCNVA
## o District town under
## enemy pressure
##
## Major enemy thrust
##
## o 50
## 90 Kilometer
## 6 50 100 Mil
## 743702 9 97
##
##
##
##
##
## 11 0
##
## C01268717
##
##
## and civilian advisory capacities remain sic essential for survival of a
## non Communist Vietnam as long as Soviets and China continue support
## to North Vietnam 49D
## With the Easter offensive still gaining momentum an apocalyptic
## cable from his Bien Hoa base forced Polgar s attention to corruption in
## the government The message described the corrosive effects of the VC
## shadow supply system in which Saigon s officials accommodated for a
## price Communist needs for local stocks of food medicine and other
## supplies The ARVN commander of Military Region MR 3 seemed to
## take it for granted that Communist combat units infiltrating his area
## would be locally supplied and the base chief saw an urgent need for a
## rigorous resource control system Without it he thought there would be
## sustained main unit fighting in MR 3 inside of one year Polgar said he
## intended to take up the matter with the Mission Council but years later
## did not recall what action if any the Council recommended or under
## took 50D
## Whatever the overall effect of corruption or of the absence of
## resource controls new evidence of institutional malaise in the intelli
## gence ancl security organs had surfaced two weeks earlier in a late March
## meeting with Col Nguyen Khac Binh chief of the CIO and concurrently
## National Police commander He deplored both the malign influence of the
## French trained old guard and President Thieu s refusal to detail from
## ARVN the high quality middle grade officers he needed to improve
## police effectiveness including that of Special Branch the Station s intel
## ligence liaison The Station responded with the lame hope that attrition
## would take care of the old guard And to a discouraged intimation that
## Binh wanted to resign it could only suggest that ular rotation of
## police commanders would probably be a good thing 5l U
##
##
##
## · Saigon 46947 April 19721 IA Defense Department
## task force dispatched after the ollenslve to evaluatc Its effects came up with a more comprehensive
## critique Coutinucd social injustice open political chicanery and economic dependence on the
## United Slates would ultimately give the people little to fight for against an 0 onent whose deter
## mination appeared unshaken sec Clarke The Final Years 489
## Saigon 46947 Polgar in
## terview 29 30 Jii y n retrospect olgar saw official corruption as having had little effect on
## the fate of the GVN he thought of it as something endemic in Third World countries including
## members of the Communist Bloc The term Military Region was adopted in July 1970 to replace
## the word Corps 10 designate Ihe basic areas of ARVN territorial responsibility What had been
## called the Capital Military District hecamc MR 50
## JiVSA 385985 April 19721 I
##
##
##
## HI
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## o
## Conflicting Assessments of the Easter Offel1siveD
##
## As with the 1968 Tet offensive the reactions of US observers to
## the 1972 Easter offensive sharply diverged Regular units of the North
## Vietnamese Army were besieging An Loe north of Saigon when COS
## Polgar reported himself perplexed by the overoptimistic position
## taken by Ambassador Bunker who seemed to have adopted General
## Abrams s position that this is the final offensive s the enemy has noth
## ing left After a bow to their collective experience and expertise Polgar
## said that intelligence didn t support them that the Communists could
## repeat the current offensive assuming only continued Soviet support and
## the use of Laotian and Cambodian territory Polgar said he was even pre
## pared to accept that Saigon s forces might be doing better than had a half
## million US troops a few years before but insisted that the Vietnamese
## depended utterly on American combat air supportS2D
## Whatever Abrams thought about Communist capabilities he also
## had his reservations about ARVN leadership On 22 April he complained
## to Polgar about the lethargy of ARVN s reporting system and the result
## ing tendency of the generals around Thieu to second guess the field com
## manders on the basis of outdated information Abrams clearly believed
## that President Thieu s contribution to some recent tactical decisions did
## not represent the epitome of wisdom In an unusual move the general
## asked if the Station could insinuate to the Palace that Thieu ought to
## rely more on briefings by his field commanders Despite the implied trib
## ute to the Station s influence Polgar noted that only Abrams himself and
## the Ambassador were situated to have any impact on thisYD
## Polgar continued to call the military situation as he saw it and in
## early May showed Bunker an assessment that included a devastating
## critique of ARVN commanders Many owed their positions to their
## demonstrated loyally to Thien and many of these were incompetent
## The leadership had failed catastrophically to prepare for the attacks in
## MR 2 which included the Central Highlands despite intelligence that
## predicted to the day when the attack there would comes4D
## Bunker forbade the dissemination of this report even though
## Abrams had just said essentially the same things to Thieu Headquarters
## worried that Station candor might create friction with the Ambassador or
## MACV but Polgar wrote back that Bunker genuinely appreciated it His
## reassuring words did not mention Abrams and Polgar shortly afterward
##
## aigon47 nl 14 April1972
## I I
## Saigon 477720
## Snigon4H 169 4 MnyI972 LI
##
##
##
##
## 112
##
## C01268717
##
## complained that MACV s realism seemed to be confined to the back
## channel Abrams and General Weyand understood the problem but pub
## lished MACV material is consistently overoptimistic and seldom if
## ever critical of ARVN ll D
## I Isome insights into the functioning of the ARVN
## command under the latest Communist onslaught MR 2 commander Gen
## Ngo Dzu simply panicked and fled from Corps headquarters at Pleiku to
## coastal Nha Trang leaving the de facto leadership of ARVN forces in the
## interior to MR 2 senior adviser John Paul Vann ARVN leadership in MR
## I also cracked I I
## I Irefused to return to Pleiku IThieu
## was considering replacing him with a known incompetent named Phan
## Trang Chinh Acting on an ostensibly spontaneous impulse Bunker sent
## Thieu a list of candidates on which Chinh s name did not appear Thieu
## picked one that did that of Gen Nguyen Van Toan Toan had recently
## been relieved as 2nd Division commander on charges of corruption and
## was at the moment defending himself against charges of illicit relations
## with prepubescent girls But he had something the situation required
## namely a reputation as a enuine combat leader 56 0
## illuminated Thieu s own functioning
## under pressure and gained the impression that military
## reverses had loosened his connection with reality One of them remem
## bered a surrealistic performance during the crisis in which Thieu ago
## nized with lover the minutest details 01 his appearance
## at the celebration of a national holiday D
## Nevertheless by late June Polgar saw some basis for renewed opti
## mism US intelligence suggested that airstrikes on rear area North Viet
## namcse units had blunted Hanoi s fighting instruments ARVN had rallied
## from its April funk and Saigon s control had not diminished except for
## the areas physically occupied by invading forces This confirmed for
## Polgar that the population had come to be content to live with the Thieu
## regime Polgar believed as Thieu did and Diem before him that who
## ever controls the machinery of government can be sure of having ade
## quate even if passive acceptance by the population This argument
## ignored the ineluctable pressure on the rural population to take sides but
##
## Sai on 48392 5 Ma 1972 Also Saigon 48449 6 May
## 1972 on 48245 2 May 1972 Saigon 4936224 May 1972
## Ihe criticisms of ARVN leadership and MACV s offi
## l C Ia r Jlll IIl s m i n th c se v el llly e ar of i T hi eu is rule constitute a nearly exact reprise of themes being
## played al he same poinr in Ngo Dinh Diem s career in J961 One of the most Interesting features
## of he Thien regime is irs imitation conscious or otherwise of Diem sD
## tJ interview 24 August 1992r lnote to the author 10 November 19940
## inerview24 August 19920
##
##
##
##
## 113
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## CIA earlier the most vigorous proponent of a one war strategy now
## joined the rest of the US Government in either abdicating the ideological
## struggle or assuming that Saigon had won it 58 D
## Polgar expanded on this point of view when Gen Alexander Haig
## visited Saigon in late June if the North Vietnamese were defeated
## there should be no problem with pacification It is not a question of
## a tight for hearts and minds but simply one of who controls city hall
## The COS dismissed Haig s question about the prospect of a general
## uprising there had been no uprisings or any other significant action by
## the indigenous Communist organization even where the North Vietnam
## ese Army had made authentic gains and ARVN was now fighting
## well 59D
## By mid July Thieu aide General Quang was reassuring Polgar that
## the South Vietnamese presence had not suffered serious damage in the
## populated areas of the Mekong Delta although it would take hard work
## farther south in An Xuyen and Chuong Thien Provinces to restore or
## establish government control In August with the immediate threat
## largely surmounted the hardy unity through crisis theme surfaced again
## in a Station meeting with Judge Tran Si Tan a Thieu confidant and inter
## mittent channel to the Agency According to Tan Thieu still believed
## that with continued US support South Vietnam could resist political and
## military pressure from the North To be sure Thieu would have to rely on
## relatively mediocre military and politieal leaders but he hoped that fear
## of a Communist takeover would galvanize the disparate South Vietnam
## ese military and political elements into an effective resistance force 6 oD
## Looking for a New Political Action StrategyD
##
## A September 1972 exchange between Bill Colby now the
## Agency s Executive DirectorComptroller and COS Polgar revealed
## continuing disagreement inside CIA about US political goals in South
## Vietnam Colby wrote to the COS urging him to develop a new political
## action strategy for South Vietnam Colby would leave specific action
## proposals to the Station but he thought it essential that they be aimed at
## strengthening GVN institutions for protracted competition with the
##
##
## Saigon 51007 2H June 19721 1
##
## Saigon5ll ll I July 19721 I
## Saigon 51 8H6 18 Jnly 19721 IRichard Helms DOl Memo
## randum to Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Henry A Kissinger President
## Thien s Reactions to His Discussions With Dr Kissinger 28 August 19721 I
## I I
## Sea€t
## 114
##
## C01268717
##
## Communists after a cease fire Going far beyond improving President
## Thicu s image or even supporting him the effort should emphasize the
## development of political mechanisms and structures which hopefully
## will outlive him 6ID
## Confident as always of CIA s ability to bend foreign leaders to its
## will Colby called on Polgar to exploit the Station s unique relation
## ships with South Vietnamese leaders taking the initiative in an area so
## difficult for other agencies to enter What obstructed the participation of
## other US officials he did not say but CIA would in any case not have to
## commit substantial new funds or personnel It should suffice Colby
## thought to apply good counsel and imagination so long as these quali
## ties served the pursuit of an overall strategy 62 D
## Polgar s reply repudiated Colby s main thesis Pointing out that the
## investment of billions of American dollars and a gigantic civilian effort
## had not resulted in US style political institutions taking root in Vietnam
## the COS doubted that CIA could succeed where others had failed In lan
## guage recalling Edward Lansdale s advocacy of Ngo Dinh Diem Polgar
## called instead for constant generous and sincere moral and material
## support to President Thieu no matter what internal policies he pur
## sues as long as these do not damage fundamental US interests 63 D
## Having adopted Lansdale s formula for an essentially uncondi
## tional commitment to a Saigon ruler Polgar rejected Lansdale s faith in
## the transforming power of American ideals Arguing that democracy was
## too antipathetic to the Vietnamese tradition to constitute a real alternative
## the COS thought the US should abandon what he called the social
## reformistmissionary approach A more laissez alter approach would
## result in a regime more autocratic not more democratic but if this
## trend was accompanied by better security the populace would welcome
## it For Polgar intermittent US efforts to liberalize the South Vietnamese
## political system constituted a somewhat arbitrary end in themselves
## essentially unrelated to the survival of the GVN64 D
## Colby had always been more of the Lansdale view A military
## emergency might justify authoritarian measures but the government must
## always concern itself with its integrity and competence in the eyes of the
## governed if it was to mobilize them in their own defense But the static
## quality of Colby s latest proposal with its call for unspecified struc
## tures and mechanisms perpetuated the CIA proclivity to ignore politi
## cal substance in the pursuit of political forms Although Polgar surely
##
## FVSW 14175 I September 1972 copy in History Staff fiJesD
## d·D
## FVSA 39312 19 September 1972 copy in History Staff fiIcsD
## thd·D
##
##
## SP
## 5
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## erred in his belief in physical security as the single determinant of politi
## cal loyaltyhis resistance to the proposal is easy to understand for it con
## tained no more substance than did earlier Agency political action
## initiatives·D
## Without any common ground on ends let alone on means the
## exchange came to an end Its only result was to illustrate eighteen years
## after the original American commitment to South Vietnam the continued
## absence in CIA as in the rest of the US Government of any shared
## concept of US operational goals there The question remained what was
## the implication for the United States if both Colby and Polgar were right
## if political modernization was essential to the GVN s long term survival
## ancl if this modernization was impossibleD
##
##
##
##
##
## 116
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Chapter 6
##
##
## Squeezing ThieuD
## I
##
##
## Whatever the theoretical merits of unconditional support to Presi
## dent Thieu the Station found itself by late summer 1972 in something of
## an adversarial relationship with the GVN For almost a year from August
## 1972 to June 1973 it had as the main item on its agenda to help the
## administration get Saigon s adherence to the terms of a cease fire agree
## ment as these emerged from the Paris negotations with North Vietnam
## Part of this effort involved the exploitation of I
## I Ivarious agents to keep Washington apprised of the
## Vietnamese bottom line But the Station also brought its liaison contacts
## to bear in the gradually escalating effort to wear down President Thieu s
## resistance to terms thatmitted the continued presence of Hanoi s
## troops in South Vietnam U
## On 17 August 1972 National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger
## arrived in Saigon on the first of several visits sometimes delegated to
## Alexander Haig aimed at winning President Thien s adherence to the
## US position being developed in the Paris negotiations Here Kissinger
## renewed an ac uaintance with Torn Polgar that dated to 1958
##
## Their common origin in Central
## E I u ·o p e a n d si n li7 la r e x p e n e n ce s in th e U JS Army facilitated communica
## tion and in Saigon Polgar thought their instinctive understanding of
## each other had survived the intervening 14 yearsID
## The relationship allowed Polgar to escape occasional tense
## moments as on the evening after Kissinger s meeting with Thieu when
## the COS was summoned to the Ambassador s residence A pajama clad
##
## I Henry A Kissinger While House Years Boston Little Brown and Co 1979 pp 1319 260
##
## Polgar interview 29 30 July 1993 Polgar said that Kissinger made an overture for his services on
## the NSC sometime in 1969 bur that ocr Helms had quashed it on the basis that a team including
## Kissinger and Polgar would be too smart for the State Department Helms gave Polgar to under
## stand that he thought it not to the Agency s advantage for the Del to be seen in apparent collusion
## with Kissinger against SateD
##
##
##
##
## 117
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## National Security Adviser complained of Thieu s intransigence and
## instructed Polgar to put the Station s contacts to work to soften his resis
## tance Polgar objected that the nature of the relationships made this
## impossible and Kissinger said Polgar should take it as an order Turning
## to Bunker in mock despair he asked what to do in the face of such insub
## ordination Bunker as Polgar recalled it said he stood with the COS
## Despite hi
## frustration Kissinger metgni
## thi the Station sources
## especially the penetration of the VC in gave it unique access to
## information on what he was telling t e Communists in Paris Accord
## ingly he gave Polgar full White House clearance and brought him up
## to date on the status of the talks This way he said you will know
## what to keep out of your reporting The arrangement served Kissinger s
## purposes even as it created a problem for Polgar who was now forbid
## den to share with Headquarters some of the information on the Paris talks
## he acquired not only from Kissinger but also from clandestine CIA
## sources· D
## Upon Kissinger s departure the next day Thieu retreated into
## almost total inaccessibility On 15 September Prime Minister Khiem
## told Polgar that perhaps as a result of his talks with Kissinger Thieu now
## feared that Hanoi was in a position to make a peace offer that President
## Nixon in an election year could not refuse Moving to solidify his con
## trol in the countryside Thieu had therefore just abolished the election of
## hamlet officials and reestablished the Diemist system of their appoint
## ment by province and district chiefs Polgar protested to Khiem that this
## could have waited two months presumably until after the US presidential
## election and Khiem claimed to have advised Thieu to this effect But
## Thieu increasingly given to Diem like pronouncements had replied that
## in the current situation great firmness must be shown Reporting to
## Ambassador Bunker Polgar discovered from him that Kissinger had in
## fact scared the daylight out of Thieu when he told him that if Hanoi
## offered a cease tire and release of American POWs the US would have
## to accept whatever the military situation 3D
## As Kissinger and Le Due Tho neared agreement in Paris they
## came to terms early on 12 October a retired ARVN general with a jun
## ior position in the Thieu cabinet reported the terms of the President s hard
## line position it demanded among other things enforcement of a peace
##
##
##
## olgar interview 29 30 July 1993 Numerous subsequent cables testify to Polgar s tortuous effort
## while respecting Kissinger s constraints to keep Headquarters at least generally informcdD
## Saigon 53332 18 August 19721 IBlind Memorandum 15 September Meet
## ing Hctwccn the CIA Station Chief in Vietnam and Prime Minister Tran Thicn Khiem 19 Septem
## ber I l2j I Saigon 54604 16 September 19721 1
##
##
## Se
## 8
##
## C01268717
##
## agreement by the US the USSR and China Despite such reporting the
## National Security Adviser was back in Saigon on 18 October expecting
## Lo get Thieu s agreement to the terms worked out with Le Due 1 ho O
## Kissinger had seven meetings with the Vietnamese during this
## visit six of them attended by 1 hieu·1 I
##
##
##
##
## lIn one of them Kissinger insisted to
## c
## Thien that you have to trust me and Thieu responded I see no reason
## to trust you sD
## At their second meeting on the evening of the 19th Thieu
## demanded a Vietnamese language version of the Paris draft which Kiss
## inger acknowledged he co uld not supply But Thieu now got from the
## jointly run agent inl Ia summary of the draft circulated to the
## district level that emanated from the Hanoi delegation in Paris Trans
## latcd by the Station and shown to Kissinger it provoked a frown and the
## comment This has the unpleasant smell of truth Polgar told Headquar
## ters that the report constituted a major scoop But as Kissinger antici
## pated it only added to his headaches with Thieu who already opposed
## several other provisions and now fiercely objected to wording used to
## describe the admininistrative structure that a cease fire would bring into
## existence 6 D
## Thieu abruptly postponed the next meeting scheduled for 21 October
## and when Bunker called the Palace to protest Nha hung up on him Thieu
## then treated Bunker to a paranoid sounding hysterical phone call But
## negotiations resumed at 0800 hours on 22 October There were two meet
## ings that day both of them limited to the principals At the first though
## still refusing to speak English Thieu presented a calm dignified front but
## at the second he reverted to his emotional state of the evening before
## weeping with rage as he rejected the entire Paris formula Kissinger insisted
##
## Kissinger White HOlSf Yearspp 1355 1366 1367f J J J
## Secretary of State William Rogers 19 OctoberI 19 7 2L rc J
## Kissinger White House Years pp 1366 13R5t
## interview29 30 July 19930
## ·SaigonS6126 22 October 19721 linterview
## S November 1993 Polgar interview 29 30 July 1993 A curious aspect of the Paris negotiations is
## J Iauoi s assiduousattention to keeping its 10IVcr echelons informed while Kissingerworkedno less
## assiduouslyto compartment the proceedings even fromother high levelnationalsecurityofficialsD
##
##
## SP
## li9
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## that a deal was imperative and inevitable At one point he claimed that
## President Nixon was risking a confrontation with the Congress by omitting
## any consultation over the several billion dollars in airstrikes and military
## supplies already invested in preparing South Vietnam to survive a cease fire
## agreement But Thieu s resistance did not waver and Kissinger faced the
## prospect of being forced into a unilateral deal with Hanoi 7 D
## Kissinger took Bunker with him to say goodbye to Thiel on 23
## October
## · IKissingerl
## Uredicted disaster if Thieu did 1l0tLsi ln b u t re p le a te d n o n e o t hJs e ar J
## lier argumentation 1
##
##
##
##
## IKissinger was not
## lo iI li ji e i d T h ie u h a d d ee p I y a n t ag o nl ze d lllln and he told Pol
## 1C lo w e v e r ni
## gar he d never come backaD
## Before leaving Saigon on 23 October Kissinger ordered Polgar to
## report all reliable information on Thieu s reactions both to the negotia
## tions and to Kissinger personally Three days later having received an
## account of Thieu s bitter criticism of Kissinger the COS worried that
## Headquarters might hesitate to pass it along and sought to disarm any
## such reluctance by saying that Kissinger knew exactly what to expect
## Thieu had already voiced his distrust directly9D
## The report of Thieu s reaction to Kissinger reinforced earlier
## impressions of his almost childlike faith in President Nixon a frank and
## honest man who will never betray the Saigon government and the
## Vietnamese people But Thieu said he feared Governor Averell Harri
## man whom he saw as ambitious for the Nobel Peace Prize arid Kissinger
## a prideful man who appeared to confuse American interests with his
## own ambitions and prejudices The best course for the regime was to help
## ensure Nixon s reelection and Thieu had just given orders both to the
## government and to the legislature forbidding criticism of the United
## States Whatever his reservations about Kissinger Thieu now softened
##
## Kissinger While House YearI· pp 138213851 linterviews 24 August 1992 and
## 5 November 19930
## Kissingcr White HOII e YearI pp 1390·13911 linterview5 November 1993 Polgar
## interview 29·30 July 19931 lillustrative of the
## 1IIl1tllally alicll mcnlal Jlrocescs involved in these negotiations was Thieu s remarkl 1
##
## 1 J
## about verifying the departure of NOl1h Vietnamese
## troop trom Laos Easy said Thieu you ollly had to count teetheveryoue knows that the Lao have
## fewer than the Vietnamese I
## Sail oll 5272 26 October 19721 1P0lgar mterview 29 30 July 1993 0
##
##
##
## SerJA
## GO
##
## C01268717
##
## the line he had drawn only a week before Lower House chairman
## Nguyen Ba Can told 1 Ithat the President now objected only
## to the draft provision allowing North Vietnamese forces to remain in the
## South and to the formula for a coalition commission charged with subse
## quent political arrangements 1°0
## Polgar was now getting more on Thieu s antipathy for Kissinger
## than it seemed prudent to transmit to Washington Policy differences
## alone might well have provoked hostility but I I
## thought Kissinger s consistently peremptory manner at least partly to
## blame
##
##
##
##
## Peace Is at Hand I
## On 25 October the Station s I D
## I I provided details of the agreement about to be
## announced The Communists were exulting for example that North
## Vietnamese troops could stay in the South and that the United States
## had pledged 7 billion in war reparations The next day Hanoi
## announced conclusion of an accord and Kissinger describing his own
## acceptance of the agreement as partial declared nevertheless that peace
## is at hand 2D
## However near at hand agreement continued to elude the negotia
## tors in Paris During the next two weeks the Station kept Headquarters
## apprised of the GVN osition on dis uted oints It also continued to
## relay reports from the
## om 0 gar began to wonder why this
## reporting was receiving such highly restricted dissemination it seemed to
## him that US officials with an urgent need to know were being denied
## information already known to the Communist negotiatorsD
## On 3 November FE Division Chief Bill Nelson explained this
## apparent anomaly partly in terms of Henry Kissinger s penchant for
## secrecy He has been even more sensitive than in Saigon on restricting
##
##
## Iinterview
##
##
##
##
##
## s
## l
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## info to him only The result was that no one at the analytical levels of
## the Washington Intelligence Community has been privy to the details of
## these negotiations nor to a large extent have their superiors This has
## been a tightly controlled operation with no explanation from the US side
## until 26 October press conference which was a very careful disclosure
## operation 13 D
## Nelson identified two other reasons for the rigid eompartmentation
## with elections imminent the Democrats would be delighted to have any
## scrap of material they could which would embarrass the current Adminis
## tration Further the press was desperately searching for news of the
## negotiations and experience over the past two years has shown that on a
## topic as hot as this one information is bound to leak out if given
## widespread dissemination in the Intelligence Community 14 0
## Nelson assured Polgar that his reporting was getting to the only
## place in town where it counts ie to the White House and its recipi
## cnts arc most grateful Headquarters would relax its dissemination con
## trols as soon as possible Meanwhile in a situation that for a professional
## intelligence organization is not easy to live with we will all simply
## have to make the best of it 15 0
## Despite the ambiguity of Kissinger s declaration of peaee at hand it
## helped ensure President Nixon s landslide victory over George McGov
## ern on 7 November It did not however reflect the resolution of Thieu s
## objections to the impending deal Although GVN reservations about the
## terms of the cease fire had nan owed Thieu remained intransigent about
## the remaining points especially the North Vietnamese military presence
## Bunker pressed the COS into service to monitor Thieu s state of mind
## and try to bring him around Shortly after a brief trip to the United States
## Polgar saw Khiem in late November and at Bunker s request used the
## occasion to describe the atmosphere in Washington He found Khiem
## entirely comfortable with the cease fire terms and optimistic about the
## government s future assuming as he did continued US support But
## Thien he said was another matter The President was driven by emo
## tionally tinged attitudes brought about partly by his resentment of Dr
## Kissinger 10
## Repeating what the Station had often heard about Thieu Khiem
## described his abhorrence of quick decisions Khiem deplored Kissinger s
## imposition of a deadline and especially his practice ofdiscussing contro
## versial points with Thiel in the presence of other Vietnamese especially
##
## I r r J The word disclosure added
## by hand replaced the word political
## Iil·O
## Iir
## Saigon 57 16 27 November J972 LI J
##
##
##
## Sccftl1
## 12
##
## I
## C012687 17
##
##
##
##
## IIfTm cr mer left Roam Landreth Gf1ml Quan g and Tho mas PoJ ur
## til QIU office for fa wlI lo Landreth late 971 or I arl 973
##
## nu J oj n rolpr
##
## the hardline Vice Presiden t Huong leaving Thieu no maneuv ring roo m
## Khiem regre tted that Bunker had not been allowed to brief Th ieu as
## events progre ssed as this kind of incremental pre ssure might gradually
## have broug ht the President to think of the US solutio n as his own Y
## The stando ff with Th ien dragged on into ea rly December Hunker
## tried 10 inti midate him by showing him ostensible top sec ret memoran
## du ms from Nixo n to Kissin ger one of which agonized over possible Co n
## gres siona l suspensio n of Vietnam aid if the deadlock over Nor th
## Vietnamese troo p withdrawal persisted T he Ambassador re inforced this
## ga mhit by send ing Po lgar to Press Secretary Hoang Due Nha with the
## message that Nixon s demand for Saigo n s sig nature of the peace agree
## mcnt jU 1 presented to a South Vietnamese delegation in Washington
## should he taken in dead earn est Intelligcnce o n Thieu s reacti on to these
## pre ssures sugges ted an intenti on tu circumvent the terms of the US agrcc
## mcnt with Hanoi taki ng the ce nter of the stage away from Kissin ger
## and Polgar feared that disscruimui on of such reporting wo uld result in
## bruised ego in lhe Wh ite Ii ouse ul
## Grasping at a tactic first proposed by Ngo Dinh Nhu ju st before the
## fall of the Diem regim e Thicu began to co nsider res igning hopi ng
## thereby 10 deflect us pressure which he thought aimed at him personall y
##
## Ulti D
## · SIUgOlI 57732 auJ SlIiltun 57734 I December 1972 Ji Ja igOn
## 51813 4 lettmber 1972
##
##
##
## 123
##
## 601268717
##
##
##
##
## TlUJnkH l otlr second fmm left General QWlng und USOll P bJic Safety Division director
## Mr tit Grath aI NIJllonnJ Poila Chn flmtU t anv 9n
## PIwIo toMnn oJnc r PDlIlG
##
##
##
##
##
## 124
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## According to agent I I
## reporting a new government composed
## of trusted hardliners would makcno concessions and Thieu would
## shortly return in response to ostensibly spontaneous demands from
## ARVN and the general population Perceptible progress in Paris on 7 and
## 8 December and Thieu s reported recognition that failure to sign would
## mean sudden death for South Vietnam pushed this momentarily into
## the background Nevertheless as of the 10th Thieu reportedly intended
## only to accept the a reement as to sign it would brand him a puppet of
## the United States 19
## the Station s variegated agent stable made the
## UniteLd S ta t es a w i tn e ss t o JThieu s struzzlc with his fatal dilemma I
##
##
##
## I But
## the most authoritative reporter at this juncture was perhaps retired Gen
## Pham Van Dong then Minister of Veterans Affairs who attended a 12
## December meeting at which Thieu compared signing the agreement to
## taking poison it would ratify a continued North Vietnamese Army pres
## ence in the South while abstention would produce slow suffocation
## from the termination of US aid The President asserted that the agree
## ment guaranteed an ultimate Communist takeover and although he would
## not tum on the Americans he would not sign Meanwhile Polgar s privi
## leged position with Kissinger enabled him to inform Headquarters that
## the Communists too were presenting problems chief negotiator Le Due
## Tho was claiming that Hanoi disagreed with certain of his proposed con
## cessions and he would require consultations in Hanoi 20 D
## Thieu s nephew Hoang Due Nha argued with the Station s Palace
## liaison Rodney Landreth Saigon s case for greater US pressure on Hanoi
## rather than on Saigon for the concessions needed for an agreement Nha
## acknowledged Saigon s vulnerability to an aid cutoff but refused to
## accept that the US could have made so many sacrifices over the years
## only to abandon the very principles it came to fight for in the first place
## the OI s weren t exactly here on Rand R Nha argued presumably on
## Thieu s behalf that withdrawal of US support would lower US prestige
## among the free world and Communists alike and the US could not afford
## to risk its honor and adherence to commitments and principles 21 D
## Saigon 57838 5 December 1972 Saigon 58039 9 December 1972 Saigon 58046 9 December
## 972 Saigon 5814713 December J972L J
## Also see Saigon 5814913 De
## I
## nr 3e ee lllb er 1 9 72 nS ai go n 5 8 202 14 December 1972 I
##
##
##
##
## 125
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## On 13 December the day of Landreth s colloquy with Nha Vice
## President Huong s son told Ithat Thieu was still evaluat
## ing the consequences of a refusal to sign Echoing Nha s argument he
## said Thieu doubted the United States would risk delivering South Viet
## nam to the Communists by terminating material support But the Vice
## President admitted that Thieu was gambling on an American perception
## that he Thieu was indispensable to the survival of the South 22D
## Kissinger s assistant Gen Alexander Haig came to Saigon to turn
## up the heat and saw Thieu on 19 December Polgar s report said that the
## atmosphere was more cordial than during Kissinger s October visit the
## entire session took place in English but Thieu insisted on giving Haig a
## scaled response to the letter that President Nixon had sent with Haig
## Ambassador Bunker doubted that it would give Nixon much satisfaction
## and Haig now pointed out to Thieu that an agreement was now an Ameri
## can political necessity wording was of secondary importance especially
## as no one bad any illusions about Communist good faith Bunker thought
## Thieu understood the argument but lacked the psychological flexibility to
## make the change of tactics that Haig was demanding D
## On 21 December Prime Minister Khiem assured Polgar that he
## understood the effect of US public and Congressional opinion on
## Nixon s options and Saigon s need to ensure continued material support
## by signing the peace agreement But he reinforced Bunker s assessment
## of Thieu reminding Polgar of their meeting in November at which he
## had predicted the failure of the pressure tactics that Haig had just applied
## Thicu still resented what he took to be an ultimatum but according to
## Khiem had now come a long way toward the American position The sole
## remaining stumblingblock a serious one to be sure was the juridical
## presence of North Vietnamese troops in South Vietnam Khiem feared
## that Thieu overestimated President Nixon s power to impose a hardline
## position on the Congress And he again attributed part of Thieu s remain
## ing intransigence to deep resentment of Kissinger whom Tran Van Don
## had just reported to have made a contemptuous remark about Saigon s
## peace equities in a meeting with the French Khiem promised to keep
## working on Thieu and urged that Ambassador Bunker do the same but
## the contest of wills between Thieu and Kissinger cOlltinued24 D
##
##
## Saig 5B20I 13 December 1972 1
## Sag 5xn l 20 December 1972
## Saig 5H453 21 December 1972
##
##
## Sec»f 1
## 6
##
## C01268717
##
## The Paris Agreement and San ClementeD
##
## On 12 January 1973 after the suspension of the Christmas bomb
## ing of the North provoked by Le Due Tho s mid December equivoca
## tions one of the Station s VC penetrations predicted that the United
## States and Hanoi would sign a cease fire agreement on the 20th Barred
## by Kissinger s rules from saying more the Station told Headquarters to
## rush the report to it as it would understand the significance of the
## reported date Also there were signs that the Saigon government had at
## least an inkling of the impending agreement and Bunker worried about
## Kissinger s sensitivities importuned Polgar to alert Headquarters The
## COS obliged hoping to prevent unnecessary suspicion and aggrava
## tion in the White House resulting from leaks that might appear to have
## originated on the US side 21 D
## On 16 January Haig delivered another ultimatum from Nixon
## which threatened to denounce Thieu as an obstacle to peace if he refused
## to sign Thieu continued to hang tpugh telling Haig only that he would
## have a reply the following day I
##
##
##
##
## 1 IAbout 15 minutes after Haig s departure
## Thieu came in and read Nixon s letter to his hastily assembled NSC The
## ensuing discussion dealt exclusively with implementation measures ref
## erences to Thien s carom shot tactics made it clear I that I
## his apparent intransigence was designed to s ueeze whatever he could
## out of the Americans before he tinall si ned 26
## Other sources also told the
## Station that day that Tnieu had bowed to the inevitable and would now
## sign Haig was relieved and grateful for these indications that he need
## not worry about the tactics to be employed with Thieu on the 17th Thieu
## did indeed give Haig a letter for Nixon asking for more changes but the
## issue was now decided It remained only for Thieu to communicate his
## decision to his government and the Army On 20 January he convened
## the National Security Council A weeping Vice President Huong
## recounted I Ithis gloomy assembly and his offer of himself as
## scapegoat Huang said he had compared South Vietnam to a carriage
## standing on a collapsing bridge in danger no matter which way it moved
##
##
## Saigon 59j64 12 January 19 131 1
## Kissinger While House leal S 1469 70 I Jlilllerview5 November 19930
## L
##
##
##
##
##
## 127
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## and had spoken up in favor of signing as the lesser of two evils Having
## let the fiercely anti Communist Huong take the lead Thieu could now
## more safely defy his right wing and he proceeded to endorse Huong s
## recognition of the inevitable 27 D
## On 23 January alluding to US pressure to sign he told a cabinet
## meeting that the Paris agreement reflected a consensus among the US
## China and the USSR South Vietnamese acquiescence had been unavoid
## able But he credited his own intransigence of October 1972 for prevent
## ing an even more unfavorable outcome the resulting Christmas bombing
## he said would hinder Communist military operations in the South for at
## least three months 28 0
## Thien did not know how much he himself had contributed to the
## pressure aRllied by the White House Haig told Bunker after the signing
## IhilU had been indispensable in getting Thieu s agreement I
##
##
##
##
## Fighting in South Vietnam continued at virtually pre cease Iire lev
## els after signature of the Paris agreement and in mid February Polgar
## complained to Headquarters in the privacy channel that the significance
## of ongoing fighting is underplayed by MACV As the Station saw it the
## VC and the North Vietnamese had expected to benefit from the cease fire
## 0 consolidate their control in such places as Quang Ngai and the Delta
##
## But at least in the Delta they seemed to have moved too soon and
## ARVN was now hunting down exposed small units This explained for
## Polgar Hanoi s current pressure on Kissinger to end the combat Two
## weeks later noting ARVN recapture of most of the Communists January
##
##
##
##
## Saigon 59211 17 January 1973 Saigon 5926018 January 1973 Saigon 59370 22 January
## 1 17 and 1 ssilllh l rr
## Sa on 5 407 2 1Janllarv 11731 I
##
##
##
##
## Set
## f 2s
##
## b 0 1268 7 1 7 l
##
##
##
##
## Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker lind lim n Kiuinx u San Clemente CA April973
## PI 1lI bl Thomaf P fJr
##
##
##
##
## President Nguven hn Thieu in Saigon victorv parade celebrating the end of the Von h
## It namf ft YW 1t r 0ff f and Ihl signing of lv cease fire C1RtY t nl 9 un« 97
## y 1 DIpr
##
##
##
##
## s 4
##
##
## I
## C01268 7 1 7
##
##
##
##
## Presidents Thu
## and Nixon
## San Clemente CA
## Apnl 197J
##
##
##
##
## L 1 1 10 b 11w IIUJS r IKtlr
##
## IlI1 d grab the Stat ion interp reted lI anoi s stalling on prison er release
## as all cflort to recover by dipl oma tic mea ns the initi at ive their ar med
## forces had lost O
## Pre sident Nixon had prom ised to receive Pres ident Th ien whe n a
## cease fire ca me into e ffect and he made goo d on this when he invited
## Thien for an early April visit to the Western Wh ile House at Sa n C lem
## cute Ambassador Bunker included the COS in the accompanying
## mh lssy party and on 31 March Polgar had arrived early at the airport
## when he encountered Hungarian General Szuec sn
##
## I It · 11 l clu y 1973 nd Saigon 60823 2ll b ry 1993
## I Ir lI11I rvi w 29 July I9l JD
##
## C01268717 t
##
## The occasion for Szuecs s presence was the arrival of Gen Tran
## Van Tra commander of the military forces of the Provisional Revolution
## ary Government PRG As they waited for Tra s plane to land Szuecs
## pointed to two Communist officers leading a Communist honor guard
## from the Paris mandated Joint Military Commission and asked Do you
## know those characters Polgar did not and Szuecs introduced him to the
## young North Vietnamese captain in English as the most important man
## in the American Embassy next to Ambassador Bunker The officer
## responded with a polite Would he like to review the troops and Polgar
## accepted the invitation 32 0
## Shortly after their arrival at San Clemente Bunker complained to
## the COS that he had not been invited to the only dinner that Nixon
## would host for Thieu He thought Thieu would find this incomprehensi
## ble Polgar apparently agreed for he took the matter to Kissinger who
## was outraged to discover that the tenth and last place had been appro
## priated by H R Haldeman Nixon s Chief of Staff Haldeman summarily
## rejected Kissinger s request that he withdraw whereupon the Secretary of
## State went directly to the President who decided the matter in Bunker s
## favor3 3 0
## The office politics of the occasion did not end with this episode
## Kissinger was hospitable to Polgar and once invited him to breakfast
## but the Haldeman run kitchen failed to deliver anything to Kissinger s
## room They repaired to the staff mess where Kissinger s assistant Gen
## Brent Scowcroft joined them Nothing of great moment was discussed
## but that afternoon Ambassador designate Graham Martin knocked on
## Polgar s door He had heard about the breakfast and in what Polgar
## came to see as his customary conspirative and manipulative way
## looked concerned that the COS might undercut him with Kissinger But
## Polgar assured him that as COS he worked for the Ambassador and
## despite this strained first meeting they got along well in Saigon after
## Marlin s midsummer arrival it was not until after the faJI of the South
## that Martin grew hostile As to substantive matters Polgar listened while
## Nixon promised Thieu a billion dollars in military aid and another billion
## for the economy the COS thought this episode helped explain Thieu s
## abiding faith in Nixon s loyalty to the Saigon regime 34 D
##
## Ibid Polgar did not indicate that he thought this description despite its disregard for well estab
## lished protocol represented mything but Szuecs s sober estimate of his status in the US Mission
## The PRG replaced the National Libcration Front after the signing of the truce accord in Paris in
## January 19730
## Polgar interview 29 30 July 19930
## lbirl·D
##
##
##
## 131
##
## b012687 17
##
##
##
##
## I
##
##
##
##
## lforrgroundl LJ Gen Tran Van Tra commander if Provincial Rf voutimlll ry
## Go nnlMnIorrf s Tim SOli Nit Airpon M arrh 97
## PItofo co n of Pol
##
##
##
## Back in Saigon the chance meet ing with Ge neral Szuec s at the air
## port was followed by the visit of a lI ungarian Army doctor who kn ew of
## the Stati on operated clinic and wanted a malari a dru g for his people o n
## the Co mrniss ion Then a Hungarian First Secre tary came to call appar
## ently announcing an intell igence affiliation when he introdu ced himself
## as a Polga r colleague Th ey chatted later ove r a drink and o ne thing
## 101 ro another but Polgar s Hungari an contacts had not yet assumed the
## urge ncy thaI they acquired in April 1975 Neve rtheless Communist rep
## rcscntution un the Com miss ion d id give the Station access to new recruit
## IIlClI l targets and it later made what Polgar called a sensational C
## recruitme nt in the Mekon g Delta uO
##
##
## T he estab lishmen t of ce ase fire machinery in the So uth d id not
## mean uuu all parties now greed all impleme ntation measures Kissinger
## and l e Due Th o had beg un renegotiati ng some of the January provisions•
##
## • lI il th lll ltl h il HI lk alS thatthe II1I 1llOltrllIlSwere L1lti YMiJ1Polgal no evidence has been found
## Iha l lhj u Ilectcd allclsl chile Aplil 1974 ouy 5IJeI ilC operational obJcctivel
##
##
##
## 132
##
## b01268 71 7
##
##
##
##
## Thomas Polgar reviewing Imwr RUlJrd IJut mhit d for General Tra Wilh unidt m ifid Communist
## offict r Tan H1 Nhul Ai J fm Marr h 973
## Iu o C O n of 17Iom4J Polpr
##
##
## and Th ieu objected 10 the proposed wording of a protocol on line s of
## demarcation between Saigon and Communist control led territory A
## four power couuu unlq ue was scheduled for release on 7 June and Act
## ing Amba ssador Charles Sheldon Whitehouse Bunker had now departed
## after six years o f grueling service was trying to get a Palace appoint
## menl to sec ure Thicu s concurrence With Th ieu playing hard to get Pol
## ga r saw General Quang Ih u da y 10 repeat the familiar argument that
## co ntinuing US support o f South Vietnam far exc eed ed in imp ortan ce any
## sema ntic triumphs at the co nference table Neither Quang nor Thicu
## knew that Nixon was to meet that day with Co ngress ional leaders and
## Ih t he urgentl y need ed Thieu s agreement Pol gar co nveyed this poin t lO
## Q uang III so doing he may have spar ked the summo ns to Whit ehou se
## that Thi el issued later that aftem oon I D
## But Whit ehou se fail ed to move the President In the view of the
## COS Thi en s obstinacy ste mmed from th ree percep tion s AI the tacti cal
## le ve l Pol gar saw him as d istrus tful of both US and No rth Vietnam ese
## mo tives for renegotiating the implementatio n term s and as co nv inced
## that GVN territorial ga ins since Ja nuary made furth er concessions
##
##
## SaiOfI 64959 7 June 197J L
## I
##
## Scl l1 t
## 33
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## unnecessary Underlying these considerations as Polgar saw the matter
## were Thieu s personal hostility to Kissinger and his resentment at
## Hanoi s being allowed to call the tune while South Vietnam is reduced
## to client status 37D
## The standoff continued On 10 June Whitehouse instructed Polgar
## to rehearse once more with Quang the US line on the damage to the
## Saigon cause if Congress even briefly suspended logistic support in
## retaliation for GVN intransigence A Station officer found Quang at
## Mass at the Saigon cathedral and intruded long enough to set up the
## meeting Quang accepted Polgar s argument as he had three days earlier
## but Thieu continued to insist on the minor changes that he thought
## essential to avoid the legalization of the division of South Vietnam
## Nevertheless Polgar thought Thieu would come around My gut feeling
## is that one more Nixon letter will do the trick 38D
## But Thieu s advisers Quang included unanimously and vigorously
## supported his insistence on including in the communique a provision of
## the January agrecement concerning general elections MPPRY confirmed
## Quang in this and the Station s flash report led Nixon to overrule
## Ambassador William Sullivan in Paris instructing him to reopen this
## point with Tho The Nixon message to Thieu announcing this concession
## arrived at 0600 hours 13 June and Polgar saw Quang an hour later to
## give advance word Quang anticipated a debate in Thieu s National Secu
## rity Council with himself and Joint General Staff chief Cao Van Vien
## urging signature over the objections of hawkish civilians like Hoang Due
## Nha Polgar said that the end of the road had been reached and urged
## Quang to get Presidential concurrence by noon Quang and Vien pre
## vailed and a rupture with the United States was avoided when all parties
## signed the four power protocol that day in Paris Polgar told Headquar
## ters he thought the Station had been instrumental in getting agreement
## with the Vietnamese and DCI Colby responded with an emphatic well
## done for action exemplifying the interaction of intelligence collection
## and political action at their respective finest 39D
##
##
##
##
## Saigon 499 RJUIIC 19731 I
## Sai 1111 32R3 10June 1973J
##
## I S Oi gOlli 2R9 13 JUIIC 1973 and Saigon 328713 June 1973 J
##
##
##
##
## Searlt
## 34
##
## C01268717
##
## Trying To Draw the Bottom LineD
##
## In the summer of 1973 COS Polgar saw Thieu s forces as having
## gained at the expense of the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong in the
## six months since the Paris agreements the Communists had introduced
## some armor and artillery but Saigon was forging ahead and consolidat
## ing its control over most of the populated areas of South Vietnam
## Generally speaking the VC didn t amount to anything In making
## this assessment Polgar apparently assigned no particular significance to
## the intelligence furnished months earlier by the J
## penetration
## on the Communist decision to shift their emphasis from military to
## political struggle Years later he defined pacification as complete when
## the government controlled all its province and district capitals from his
## point of view the government had never enjoyed full territorial integ
## rity and persisting VC control of some hamlets did not offer evidence
## of a failed pacification effort at least during the pre storm calm that
## prevailed from April 1973 to November 1974 And the sweet cancer
## of corruption was universal in Southeast Asia the essential point as Pol
## gar saw it was that Nguyen Cao Ky and then Nguyen Van Thieu had
## succeeded where their predecessors failed by establishing security and
## by offering the fundamentally apolitical peasant the prospect of
## improved living standards 4 00
## Polgar s OCOS Conrad LaGueux was less confident that the mas
## sive American investment in the rural economy had produced greater
## loyalty to the regime in his retrospective opinion the VC had exten
## sive popular support One of Polgar s officers in the Indications and
## Assessment Branch lAB remembered the working level as less san
## guine even than LaGueux Robert Vandaveer had run the Station s office
## in Hue for two years before he came to Saigon in mid 1973 to join lAB
## Explaining the reason for this assignment Polgar told Vandaveer that
## the social democratic bias of the branch staffed by 01 officers needed
## to be balanced by a DO presence Vandaveer took this to mean that Pol
## gar wanted to see more commitment to the government cause and less
## agonizing about its weaknesses The COS did not prohibit reporting bad
## news but he did impose strict standards of verification and a require
## ment that such reporting be put into perspective In practice this meant
## that reports of government corruption individual instances of which
## were hard to confirm were seldom disseminated And when a village
##
##
##
## · Saigoll0499H HJUlie I 973 LI Jlpolgar interview 29·30 July 19930
##
##
## Sec
## 5
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## headquarters for example was lost to a Communist landgrabbing opera
## tion after the Paris agreement the report had to specify the much greater
## number of villages remaining under Saigon s contro14 1 D
## The requirement for perspective did not apply to good news and
## Vandaveer thought that when retired Major General Timmes made his
## periodic tours to debrief his ARVN contacts on the Station s behalf Pol
## gar accepted his usually upbeat reporting at face value As Vandaveer
## saw it the divergent views of management and the working level reflected
## a Mission wide phenomenon with the Mission Council clinging to an
## optimistic get with the program mentality that echoed the style of the
## now departed US combat forces Station analysts on the other hand
## looked at the reporting of Hanoi s infiltration of men and supplies in a
## mood of foreboding and many street case officers were entirely cyni
## cal about the integrity of the South Vietnamese political process 42 D
## Political CosmeticsD
##
## Whatever the political views of the peasantry in 1973 the US com
## mitment to Nguyen Van Thieu s continued stewardship of South Vietnam
## had already brought an end to the chronic struggle to Westernize the
## national political process in South Vietnam As late as 1971 as we have
## seen COS Ted Shackley was anticipating at least the possibility of a gen
## uine political struggle following the conclusion of a cease fire But in
## June 1973 as partial senatorial elections approached the Agency and the
## State Department were concerned more with Saigon s image in the
## United States than with the vitality of its democratic institutions Head
## quarters enjoined the Station to make contacts in both the opposition and
## government parties to give the elections as much an appearance of a
## genuine multi party exercise as possible Polgar promised to try but
## noted that here was little he could do about it Vietnamese resentment of
## US pressure to sign the Paris communique reinforcing a generally
## diminished faith that the United States will live up to its commitments
## meant that US leverage is now the smallest in many a year 43D
##
## Conrnd laGueux interview by the author Arlington VA 23 November 1992Robert Vandaveer
## ·11
##
## interview by the author Munich Germany 3 September 1993 As far back as mid I971 well be
## fon Polgar s arrival management was restraining the working level proclivity to report corrup
## tiun AS the 1971 presidential election approached Vandavccr got instructions in Hue to keep the
## fecal filter elcan D
## Vandavcr interview 3 September 1993 Vandaveer said his own doubts about the GVN s long
## term prospects were doubtless influenced by his service in Hue where persistent student opposi
## tion to Thien and support of the dissident An Quang Buddhists led him to see an objective absur
## D
## dity in th idea of a Catholic rcgime laking root in a Buddhist country
## Saion 66 17 June 19731 1Polgar interview 29 30 July
## m
##
## 136
##
## C01268717 t
##
## On 18 June the Station documented the leverage gap by recount
## ing its efforts with Icontacts like labor leader Tran Quoc Buu
## retired Generals Huynh Van Cao and Pham Van Dong and Lower House
## Chairman Nguyen Ba Can to generate an opposition slate Station pres
## sure could not offset the prospect of almost certain defeat and Buu for
## example flatly refused to run at the head of a Social Democratic Alli
## ance ticket He would name somebody else to do this he said if the gov
## ernment extended the filing deadline but Buu would not himself ask for
## the extension Whatever generated this anticipation of failure whether it
## was recognized lack of voter appeal or anticipated election rigging by
## the military the outcome ensured the absence of an opposition slate44 D
## In the weeks between Ellsworth Bunker s departure and Graham
## Martin s July arrival Polgar had to deal with reports of a rift between Pres
## ident Thieu and Prime Minister Khicm Concerned about the destabilizing
## potential of such a development Acting Ambassador Whitehouse encour
## aged Polgar to take the bull by the horns and simply ask Khiem about it
## The Prime Minister readily acknowledged some recent tension whieh he
## attributed partly to his withdrawal as head of the senatorial slate of Thieu s
## Democracy Party and partly to his opposition to hawkish advisers like
## Hoang Due Nha aggressive arrogant and persuasive and another
## civilian Thieu aide named Nguyen Van Ngan Khiem whose pretensions as
## a man of fearless principled action Polgar had learned to distrust said that
## he and Gen Cao Van Vien found themselves opposing Nha and Ngan s
## push for a fully centralized absolutist regime on the Ngo Dinh Diem
## model Khiem said he did not think South Vietnam ready for representa
## tive democracy but he wanted at least the appearance of one even if that
## meant that the regime occasionally yielded to the opposition sO
## In July 1973 at the midpoint of what COS Polgar retrospectively
## called the prestorm calm Graham Martin arrived as US Ambassador to
## Saigon He had already served as Ambassador in Thailand and Italy
## when they arrived in Saigon he and Mrs Martin had already lost a son in
## combat in Vietnam Although vastly different in style from Bunker
## whom Polgar described as considerate hospitable and in every way a
## gentleman Martin seems not to have greatly changed the Mission s
## approach to matters of substance Polgar survived the initial period dur
## ing which Martin drove his new Deputy Chief of Mission into requesting
## a transfer and within months by his own account was clearly the
## Ambassador s closest confidante sic Their relationship prospered
## despite Polgar s active cultivation of American journalists which Martin
## disl iked but for some reason tolerated Polgar recalled that his role
##
## Saigon 6540018 June 1173
## Saigon 65783 27 June J973L
##
##
##
##
## 137
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## expanded to helping Martin select a new deputy and later to reviewing
## with him the evaluations of senior Embassy officers I
##
##
##
## The new Ambassador used the Station as an information and influ
## ence channel to the generals much as Bunker had done As DCOS
## LaGueux saw it one reason for this was the secretive Martin s confidence
## in Station discretion Another was the access to Thieu enjoyed by certain
## Station contacts especially Khiem and Quang and also occasionally
## Nguyen Khac Binh National Police and CIO chief all three were some
## times willing to push American policy positions with Thieu Protocol
## accounted for two other factors the new DCOM Wolfgang Lehmann
## did not hold the personal rank of ambassador that his predecessor
## Ambassador Whitehouse had enjoyed and this limited his acceptability
## to President Thieu as an official interlocutor And the Station maintained
## the informal contact with Khiem at least partly as Polgar recalled it
## because Foreign Minister Tran Van Lam would have objected to a regular
## Embassy liaison with the Prime Minister that bypassed his Ministry 7D
## Responding to ambassadorial and Washington requirements the
## Station now used these contacts as it had those in the legislature for pur
## poses that included the cosmetic Conrad LaGueux who conducted the
## liaison with Binh recalled that a recurring theme was the alleged political
## prisoners whose treatment had provoked public controversy in the
## United States Persuaded that they were the common criminals the Viet
## namese claimed them to be LaGueux could not see what Thieu had to
## gain by jailing anyone in what then passed for a non Communist opposi
## tion he persuaded Binh to release information on them and to ensure
## that they got unexceptionable treatment As the Watergate scandal
## eroded the Nixon administration s ability to support Thieu the issue esca
## lated in September 1973 and both Martin dealing with Thieu and Pol
## gar addressing Khiem pushed for the release of a non Communist
## woman dissidenf I
## named Ngo Ba Thanh 48 0
## Polgar interview 29 30 July 1993 1
##
## I
## I I
## I II IX interview23 November 1992Polgar interview29 30 July 1993 Manin s auitudc to
## lVard Slat Ill also have contributed to this relationship A protege of Averell Harriman he had
## entered the Forcigu Service at a senior level and as Polgar saw him hated only the Communists
## more than he hated the Departme1llD
## 1 11 inlerview 23 November 1992 Saigon 69580 lJ September 19731 1
## I intervicw by the author LangleyVA 10 November 1994U
##
##
##
## t
## 138
##
## C01268717 et
##
##
## As usual the argument centered on the deleterious effects on the
## prospects for aid legislation if the Vietnamese did not comply Polgar but
## tonholed the often antagonistic Hoang Due Nha on the Ngo Ba Thanh
## case and reminded him that the police aid appropriation was at stake
## With the possible exception of our respective wives Polgar told him
## no woman is worth that much money And it appeared that some genu
## ine political dissidence was involved after all as the government prom
## ised on 18 September that three labor unionists not charged with
## common crimes would be back with their families before the week was
## out Polgar suggested that Headquarters assure labor leader George
## Meany and Congresswoman Bella Abzug that the matter was now in
## hand 49 0
## Thus as summer gave way to fall in 1973 the Americans had pre
## vailed over a stubborn client when they persuaded Thieu to sign the
## cease fire agreement and the June implementation protocol The United
## States had at the same time implicitly committed itself to permanent
## support of the Thieu regime and its style of governing Having aban
## doned political reform the United States now concentrated its attention
## on the fluctuating military fortunes of North and South as they contended
## for territorial control in the countrysideD
##
##
##
##
## I 12 September 1973 and Saigon 69843 18 Septernberj
## I Saigon 69650 1
##
##
##
##
## SeClo f
## 139
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Chapter 7
##
##
## Trying To Preserve the Status Quo D
## In the next year and a half from fall 1973 to late winter 1974 the
## Station watched as Hanoi played cat and mouse with its adversaries in
## Saigon During this period the Station s government liaison took on
## added importance as Ambassador Graham Martin failed to reestablish
## the rapport with President Thieu that Ellsworth Bunker had enjoyed In
## late 1974 Station intelligence reporting began to predict another Com
## munist offensive This broke out at the end of the year and the first pro
## vincial capital fell on 6 January 1975 By late February further defeats
## threatened thesurvival of the Saigon government D
## Senate hearings on Henry Kissinger s nomination as Secretary of
## State took place in September 1973 Kissinger told the Senate that the
## Vietnam war is behind us and in so doing provoked COS Tom Polgar
## into vigorous dissent Fighting continued he told Headquarters the Com
## munists had not complied with the terms of the January agreement and
## the war was definitely not over In mid October Headquarters took much
## the same view revising a National Intelligence Estimate to predict a
## sharp expansion of Communist and South Vietnamese military activity
## in the next few weeks To Polgar such a prediction invalidated the
## assumptions on which Station staffing was based some components
## would have to be reinforced in order to cover a heightened level of com
## bat Headquarters acknowledged a persisting difference of opinion in the
## Intelligence Community regarding Communist intentions but postponed
## further discussion until Polgar should be in Headquarters on a scheduled
## visiL D
## Amid this uncertainty another round of negotiations on cease fire
## implementation took place in Paris in late December Ambassador Gra
## ham Martin attended and upon his return to Saigon on 22 December
##
##
##
## Saigon 6958 1 II September 19731
## ISailon 71674 7 NovTL b el C 1 9 73 andLI
## AIso see I
##
## d
##
## 141
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## enlisted Polgar in a Kissinger mandated effort to reap some propaganda
## benefit from the session Kissinger wanted Thieu to declare a unilateral
## cease fire and to propose consolidating it by demarcation of the ground
## held by each side an exchange of civilian prisoners was also to be pro
## posed As the Secretary of State envisioned it the Communists antici
## pated violation of the cease fire and their rejection of demarcation would
## earn the Saigon government a substantial propaganda windfall Polgar told
## Martin that Kissinger would not get his way The ploy depended on the
## cooperation of the Iranian official whose chairmanship of the ICCS ended
## on 31 December and Thieu would never move that fast Polgar also
## doubted that Thieu shared the American confidence in the way the Com
## munists would react But the COS did his best supplementing Martin s
## jawboning of Thieu with two sessions with General Quang D
## At the second of these a dinner meeting on 27 December Quang
## said that Thien was amenable to a prisoner exchange but no more Polgar
## had anticipated this and proceeded to rehearse line by line the terms
## of the Iranian initiative inspired by Kissinger Quang for his part reiter
## ated Thieu s objections one of them was the claimed impossibility of
## acting within the 31 December deadline to explain cease fire procedures
## to field commandersl
##
##
##
##
## Polgar now went to work on a yearend assessment which he sent 111
## the operational channel to FE Division of South Vietnam s position with
## respect to the North Phrased more optimistically than Quang s bleak
## description of US Vietnamese relations it saw 1973 as a relatively good
## year for Saigon certainly better than 1972 and as having seen an
## erosion of VC influence Communist discomfort as the result of continu
## ing ARVN pressure and economic difficulties in North Vietnam The
## COS saw no possibility that Saigon could regain the military initiative
## but he thought Hanoi genuinely interested in stabilizing the cease fire
## agreement and more concerned to preserve Communist assets in South
## Vietnam than to try now to overthrow Thieu or to achieve political con
## trol in Saigon by other means The Saigon government for its part was
## constrained by Nixon s debility in Washington economic problems
##
## Saigoll 7 4H 2RDecember 1973
## llidD J
##
##
##
##
##
## 142
##
## C01268717
## t
##
## and a manpower shortage it too might welcome a respite from the very
## heavy burden of continuing fighting The bottom line for Polgar was that
## decisive changes in the military and geographic control are going to be
## minimal from here on a coexistence must develop peaceful or other
## wise· ·D
## There certainly were no decisive changes in the first months of
## 1974 and Thieu took the opportunity to amend the Constitution in Janu
##
##
## I
## I
## ary and reorganize his cabinet in February Of these events the second
## more directly affected Station interests as
## Iin the cabinet were fired I Nguyen Van Ngai
## I
##
## had been Minister for Rural Development but found himself demoted to
## a functionary s role in Thieu s Democracy Party He might stilI retain
## some useful access the Station thought but it saw dimmer ros ects for
## Pham Van Dong the retired general who
## had heen serving as Veterans Affairs Minister
## The consequences of Dong s fall from political grace were aggra
## vated when the tenants of a house he owned in Saigon were arrested in
## mid February on charges of running an illegal gamhling operation
## Dong s reaction like that of other Station contacts who had found them
## selves in distress was to advertise his CIA affiliation as a buffer against
## prosecution His faith in our loyalty is touching the Station reported
## but there is nothing explicit or implicit in the relationship which should
## lead him to expect such support He was in fact arrested in April on cor
## ruption charges and jailed until July D
## The loss was mitigated by Thieu s selection of retired general and
## Senator Tran Van Don as Vice Prime Minister for Inspection of Commu
## nity Development and Security I IDon
## had been a sporadic contact since before the coup that toppled Ngo Dinh
## Diem in 1963 He welcomed Agency contact in his new role and gave
## early advice that Ambassador Martin s relationship with Thieu was not
## prospering as well as Bunker s had The Station s liaison with General
## Quang was very good he thought but perhaps not broad gauged
## enough 0
## Meanwhile Khiern and the Station s access to him had survived
## the reshuffle In late February Polgar saw him with an agenda that
## ranged from opposition to a Finance Ministry surtax on police gasoline
## Polgar prevailed to argumentation on Martin s behalf that Saigon
##
##
##
## gon 73875 14January 1974 rn 77rT l
## Saigon Base 75083 19 FehruarJ aigon Base 75005
## 15 February 1974 H1llrl £ a rs im L J l
## Saigon Base 75083
## L 1
##
##
## Secrlt
## 14
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## should stay at an impending Geneva Laws of War Conference even if a
## PRG delegation were seated Khiem asked about prospects for US aid
## and the COS felt comfortable enough with this policy question to reply
## that the Vietnamese should expect no major new package Khiem volun
## teered that President Thieu was serious about fighting corruption but
## indicated no consideration of any punishment more severe than removal
## of the worst offenders beginning with the Director General of Customs
## and a dozen or so province chiefs 8 D
## An odd episode in early 1974 suggests that something of a siege
## mentality had overcome Ambassador Martin and to some degree COS
## Polgar as well In a cable of 28 February Polgar told DCI Colby that
## Martin wanted CIA to know of a continuing exchange between the
## Ambassador and Senator J William Fulbright D AK on press coverage
## of Vietnam In Martin s view a massive deception campaign in the
## United States was seeking to undermine American support to Saigon and
## it threatened the objectives for which we fought in Vietnam and the
## achievement of which is now truly within reach Martin did not specify
## who he thought was directing the campaign naming only The New York
## Times as a witting vehicle in this carefully coordinated effort I
##
##
##
##
## I
## In the context of this incident Polgar predicted that anti Saigon
## propaganda would shortly reach new highs in the United States taking
## advantage of the administration s preoccupation with the Watergate scan
## dal The Agency might be directly affected because of its well known
## support of the National Police which had become a principal bulwark of
## the government and more than a match for the VC infrastructure roD
##
##
## The First Hungarian Approach D
## In late March 1974 Martin enlisted Polgar s support in another
## effort to exploit for public relations purposes a Communist proposal on
## cease lire implementation As usual Thieu was disposed simply to reject
## the offer it looked to him designed simply to obstruct talks already under
## way Also as usual US officials saw in it some propaganda potential
##
## ·SaigoJl75214 22 Pcbruary lY·i4r L L
## Sni l1l75451 28 February 1974
##
## C01268717
##
##
## Martin deputized Polgar to see Khiem and Quang to urge on them a
## quick acceptance of the Communist proposal which included prisoner
## exchange and reduction of forces contingent on Hanoi s paying its ICCS
## bills and permitting full deployment of the inspection teams mandated
## by the Paris agreement of January 1973 11 0
## The absence of further reporting suggests that this ploy had no
## more effect on Thieu than such public relations maneuvers usually did In
## any case the Station role in cease fire implementation took a new direc
## tion less than two weeks later when Col Karoly Gombos I
## I Iapproached Polgar with a message he
## said had been authorized by the Soviets As Gombos told it the USSR
## had already reduced its deliveries of war materiel to North Vietnam and
## would be willing to negotiate further mutual reductions with the United
## States Moscow had no wish to dump Thieu as Hanoi was perpetually
## demanding and would rather see a real cease fire along de facto lines of
## control Headquarters I I
## encouraged Polgar to elicit specific proposals Meetings continued but
## the specifics did not emerge and the issue faded for the time beirig 12 D
## Watching the Paranoia of Isolation D
## If Ambassador Martin suspected a media cabal aimed at sinking
## South Vietnam President Thieu feared a US Government conspiracy to
## do the same thing On 5 June Polgar went to the Palace where he and
## General Quang discussed the meeting of their respective chiefs sched
## uled for the next day just before Martin s departure for consultations in
## Washington Quang began by requesting a Martin assurance to Thieu
## that no official American support was going to such dissident groups as
## the Boa Hao sect or the Catholic Priests Anti Corruption Movement
## Quang described something that Polgar already knew about namely the
## paranoid suspicions harbored by Thieu s nephew and current Informa
## tion Minister the US educated Hoang Due Nha and insisted that any
## lingering doubts which Thieu may have must be dispelled Martin need
## not criticize Nha it would suffice to point out the absurdity of combin
## ing massive US support to the government with simultaneous aid to pid
## dling dissident groups IJD
##
##
##
## Saigon 7639625 March J9741 L
## Saigon 76783 Ii April 1974 al1 I as s lI1Tq Shackley interview
## 16 August t9930
## igol1 78881 6 June 1974IL
##
##
##
##
## 145
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Quang went on to deplore the economic situation and the lack of
## South Vietnamese leadership in this area and he accused the US
## Embassy of aggravating the problem by no longer maintaining a single
## point of reference on economic matters the result was in effect no US
## advice at all as each Vietnamese minister quoted his own American
## guru against all the others Polgar asked about political prisoners and
## I Quang promised that Tran Ngoc Chau the pacification expert and former
## National Assembly Deputy jailed since 1970 would be released before
## Martin s imminent appearance on Capitol Hill 14 D
## The conversation turned as usual to cease fire implementation
## talks and Polgar as usual helped carry the Ambassador s water He
## pointed out the opportunity to exploit recent Southern military gains by
## making at least apparent concessions that would improve Martin s recep
## tion by the Congress where Saigon s intentions tended to be suspect
## Quang responded that a strategy meeting that very morning should give
## shape to Thieu s decision in principle to take such an initiative ISO
## One reason for Quang s importance as a conduit to Thieu became
## clearer after President Nixon s 9 August 1974 resignation when Ambas
## sador Phuong lunched with EA Division Chief Shackley Phuong wor
## ried that Thieu s Vietnamese advisers lacked the fortitude to speak their
## minds with the President He saw only two of them as willing to state
## unpleasant facts one of these was General Quang In any case Phuong
## believed Thien could get a balanced assessment of his problems only
## from Americans and he had just implored Ambassador Martin already
## in Washington to see more of him Martin had made a note of this but
## no commitment Another factor in Quang s prominence was Thien s
## growing isolation from other Station contacts who had once enjoyed
## more or less regular access One example was Lower House Chairman
## Nguyen Ba Can·1
##
## I I
##
## Martin had asked Polgar to send him a threat estimate and the
## COS replied on the day of Nixon s resignation in terms that foreshad
## owed the impending Communist drive to final victory Despite intensi
## fied military action he said Hanoi showed no unambiguous signs of
## intending to lear up the Paris agreement and launch an offensive on the
## scale of 1968 or 1972 To this Polgar added a prescient qualification
## which he must have intended to strengthen Martin s hand on Capitol
##
## Saigon 7H881 The file contains no further reporting 011 thisD
## lbiclD
##
##
##
##
## t
## 146
##
## C01268717
##
##
## Hill Recent intelligence suggests that the decisive blow which they
## have been contemplating may come sooner than later perhaps in the dry
## 0
## season of 1975 17
## The Quang channel brought the COS back into the policy arena
## after a 16 September lunch during which Polgar briefed the general on
## the US political and economic situation and its implications for Vietnam
## aid Quang relayed this to Thieu who reacted by inviting the COS to his
## office the next day Thieu probed for information on Kissinger forcing
## Polgar to deny categorically any and all rumors which Thieu might
## have received about alleged weakening of Kissinger s position lsD
## As always during this period the subject of military aid arose Pol
## gar explained the implications of the approaching midterm elections in
## the United States Concerned about Saigon s public relations problem
## in the United States he urged Thieu to abstain from agitating in Washing
## ton for additional aid Reflecting more understanding of his benefactor
## than he was often credited with Thieu expressed more anxiety about the
## continuing reliability of American military aid than about the precise
## D
## amount 9
## Thieu said the aid issue would top the agenda in his forthcoming
## discussions with Deputy Defense Secretary William Clements and the
## session with Polgar turned to American dealings with the local non
## Communist opposition The COS alluded to rumors of US support not
## ing not for the first time what he called the absurdity of encouraging
## upposition to a recipient of massive US support Thieu disclaimed hav
## ing given any credence to the allegations of support but said he had
## proof of official US contacts Polgar acknowledged buth Embassy and
## Station contacts with groups such as the An Quang Buddhists and dissi
## dent Catholic priests asserting that these served only legitimate informa
## tion purposes Thieu professed to agree but complained that some
## dissidents used their American contacts as proof of US support for their
## respective machinations Polgar cited a case in which information on
## contacts with military dissidents by an American had been turned over to
## General Binh s CIO and Thiel repeated that he gave no credence to the
## mmors 2nD
## That same day 17 September Vice Prime Minister Tran Van Don
## emphasized the government s unease over continuing US associatiun with
## Saigon dissidents He pointedly noted Thieu s awareness of I I
## I Ilegislative and Buddhist contacts but the Station gave him no
##
## 1 1Saigon HOHo I 9 August 19741 L
## Saigoll 8195317 September 1 9r74iTI
## II id·O
## Ibid
##
##
## Se
## tL
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## satisfaction merely repeating the line that Polgar had just given Thieu
## Visiting Washington in early October Don raised the question again with
## Ted Shackley c1aiminf that Buddhist opposition to Thieu was growing
## Shackley asserted that Iwas doing no more than keeping a fin
## ger on the pulse and assured Don of steadfast US support for Thieu
## Shackley also he told the Station made it clear that CIA would choose
## its own contacts 2 l D
## If Thieu followed Polgar s advice to restrain his Washington lobby
## ists he compensated with an orchestated effort to convince Deputy Sec
## retary William Clements of a critical need to restore cuts in military aid
## appropriations
##
## Emphasis on
##
## post cease fire Communist landgrabbmg an on weapons ost by territo
## rial forces reflected Thieu s intention to portray aid cuts as having
## inflicted criQQling reductions in the aQliation of fireQower I
## L
##
##
##
##
## Intimations of a New Communist OffensiveD
##
## After the January 1973 cease fire agreement the traditional role of
## the Vietnam Station as a US channel of influence and information to the
## Saigon generals increasingly involved it in issues like corruption South
## Vietnam s image in the United States and the prospects of continued US
## military aid Official corruption had long counted as one of Saigon s
## more intractable problems Among Station contacts the most controver
## sial ill this respect was Lt Gen Dang Van Quang the portly aide to
## Thieu whom some Americans were inclined to take lightly because of
## his high pitched giggle in moments of tension Sometime in 1974 hoping
## to resolve the issue of Quang s alleged corruption the COS designated
## to do an all source review of
## r I
## Quang s financial probity could find no smoking gun and
##
## Saigon XIY54 17 September 1974 LI L
## I I to HenryA Kissinger PlannedGVN Tacticsto Convince Dep
## I William E ColbyMemorandulll
## uty Secretary or Defense Clements thai the Militury Situation in South Vietnam is Desperate
## I RSeptember l7IJ
##
##
## t
## 148
##
## C01268717
##
##
## did a report whose thrust was if not vindication at worst not moven
##
##
##
##
## Quang s pecumary honesty or lack thereof and the Station s liaison
## role in public relations and military aid matters were in any case periph
## eral to the Agency s main interest The gut issue for the Station now
## centered on the fact that the cease tire agreement had left the Commu
## nists with the military if not in Polgar s view the political initiative
## in the South and the dominant intelligence question was how and when
## they would exercise it The first part of a definitive answer after Polgar s
## tentative rediction of early August came on 8 November 1974 when
## the reported to the Station and the Special Branch
## on t e eso unon or 75 just issued by the Hanoi Communist Party s
## Central Office for South Vietnam 24 D
## According to a preliminary report by the Bien Hoa base the key
## point of Resolution 75 is that the Party is determined to launch an all out
## offensive which may well be more intense than the 1972 offensive The
## VC have weakened the Saigon government to a marked degree using
## less than one third of their available strength against Saigon while the
## latter had to use all of its strength The offensive was to be nationwide
## and was to strike not only the military but also the political and economic
## fronts Orders had already been given the source said to collect rice
## salt and other foodstuffs in preparation for a long offensive In a move
## that recalls Bien Hoa s earlier concern about resource control Party head
## quarters ordered local VC to buy two thirds of the civilian uction
## and let the fanners take the rest to the strategic hamlets SiC 25 U
## As it happened Washington had just asked the Station to comment
## on a draft Intelligence Community consensus judgment that Hanoi prob
## ably will not choose to mount a new 1972 style offensive in the current
## dry season ie between now and June 1975 Polgar had apparently
## drawn back from his August warning of a possible dry season offensive
## for he cautiously replied on 11 November that Washington s prognosis
## had been and still remains Station position as of today But he went on
## to cite the report not yet disseminated and compared it with
## the reporting from the same source that had correctly predicted the timing
##
## I 124August1992 If Quang made any mouey from I limpro
## pncty hc apparently failed to gel it out of Saigon at oue point having finally been accepted into
## the US he was working as a baggage handler at the Los Angeles airport See Polgar interview 29
## 30 July 1 930
## Dictl Hoa 28354 9 November t9741 I
## lJid·D
##
##
##
## 149
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## of what turned into the Easler offensive of 1972 An Embassy report had
## just described a VC threat allegedly conveyed to an intermediary sent to
## them by Buddhist leader Tri Quang to launch a new offensive if Thieu
## remained in power more than another three or four months The Station
## saw a possibility that this and the Ireport represented the begin
## ning of a carefully staged psychological pressure campaign using
## sources perhaps reporting in good faith to erode President Thien s
## control But the track record of thel source required that his
## information be taken seriously and Polgar later remembered having
## urged both Ambassador Martin and police and CIO chief General Binh to
## D
## give it close attention 26
## No single report sufficed to establish Communist intentions and on
## 15 November Polgar reminded Headquarters of another report issued
## about the same time as his August warning of a possible offensive that
## Hanoi really wanted a new round of nerotiations Then after another
## briefing by a province level superior the Ispecified that
## the campaign in 1975 was to set the stage for some sort of grand
## finale in 1976 He outlined Hanoi s plans for division level deploy
## ments saying that concentrations around Saigon would be designed to
## lure an ARVN division from the Mekong Delta where the VC could
## then more easily collect rice from the current harvest Preparations were
## to be complete by the end of December Headquarters continued to doubt
## that Hanoi was planning a major offensive but Polgar now adopted the
## more pessimistic view and complained that Washington s argument arbi
## trarily relied on a repetition of the deployments made by Hanoi before the
## Easter offensive of 1972270
## As signs of plans for a major Communist military initiative accu
## mulated the South Vietnamese economy remained a major anxiety for
## both Saigon and the US Mission On 19 November Thieu made the curi
## ous choice of the Station to communicate to the Americans his concern
## about problems of coordination and leadership in the economic sector
## The desperate state of the economy may have had something to do with
## this departure from protocol the increase in oil prices resulting from the
## Arab export embargo had combined with reduced US economic aid to
## create severe shortages In any case General Binh clearly uncomfort
## able with the subject told DCOS Conrad LaGueux that the President had
## heard of Mission objections to his proposed cabinet reorganization and
##
## Jlpolgar interview
##
##
##
##
##
## 150
##
## C01268717
##
## wanted to clarify these thru intimate friends After a check with the
## Embassy DCOS LaGueux was able to assure him that the thing would be
## taken into regular channels 28 li
##
##
##
##
## Saieoll 83R52 12 November 19931 I
##
##
##
##
## Se f
## l·
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
##
## 152
##
## C01268717 t
##
##
##
##
## The Fall of a Provincial Capital D
## Indeed as 1974 came to a close Khiem and his colleagues had
## more serious challenges I I Just before
## Christmas Khiem told COS Polgar that the new year would be more dif
## ficult than the old in economic as well as military terms He thought the
## Communists certainly smart enough to recognize that the government
## cannot defend equally in all forty four provinces Saigon for its part
## would not fall into the trap of distributing its forces equally throughout
## the country It must hold Pleiku Khiem said but would not be justified in
## sacrificing a division to hold Kontum Then just one week into the New
## Year the Communists captured Phuoc Long Province on the Cambodian
## border north of Saigon 3s D
## On 6 Januarythe day Phuoc Long fell the State Department asked
## Ambassador Martin for a military assessment In response Martin sent a
## Station drafted paper that emphasized Hanoi s ability to expand the South
## ern territory under its control without committing strategic reserves It
## might do so by filling the four divisions just created in the South to
## avoid alarming the Washington Intelligence Community which remains
## mesmerized with the thought that a major offensive could take place only
## with the movement of integral units from North Vietnam a la 1972 But if
## the military situation was grim Saigon faced it with its own political
## house in order Thieu s position was firm and indeed the recent upsurge
## in Communist activity has served to quiet some of Thieu s critics causing
## them to put the national interest above parochial political concerns
## Despite this one perhaps illusory bright spot a continuing high volume of
## Soviet and Chinese aid to the North led Polgar to a somber bottom line
##
##
##
##
## SHlgOIl S4O 20 December 19741 l oIgar interview 29 30
## July 9930 Vietnam lVar Almanac p 5 9r U
##
##
##
##
## 153
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Quoting Thieu he said It looks as though South Vietnam has been
## deceived by the US and the United States has been deceived by the Soviet
## Union 36D
## The US ability to counter aid deliveries to Hanoi with aid deliver
## ies to Saigon was already limited by public and Congressional opposi
## tion and Kissinger called Martin to Washington in late January to help
## lobby for a supplemental appropriation of 700 million While there
## Martin stayed in close touch with Polgar using him as an intermediary
## with the Vietnamese on a range of issues far broader than the Station s
## intelligence and covert action mandate The COS found himself address
## ing problems ranging from the arrest of allegedly pro Communist jour
## nalists to the handling of a Saigon request for help setting up an
## American Vietnamese association in the United States to counter anti
## South Vietnam propaganda Acting on behalf of Charge d Affaires Wolf
## gang Lehmann Polgar also had to straighten out the confusion over
## reports of Western military advice to Thieu to give up his four northern
## provinces to the Communists On this point Khiem acknowledged that
## he was familiar with the idea being promoted by former Australian Brig
## allier and counterinsurgency adviser Ted Serong but that contrary to
## Serong s claims he had rejected it as militarily unsound and politically
## unacceptable 3 D
## President Thieu in any case was optimistic about getting the sup
## plemental appropriation which he thought would guarantee ARVN
## enough fuel and ammunition to cope with the Communist moves pre
## dicted in the COSVN resolution for 1975
##
## he needed the additional aid but without it would
##
## simply make the necessary tactical adaptations In any case he could not
## conceive that the Americans would ahandon him altogether Appar
## ently speaking for himself in a cable devoted to this topic Polgar said
## There is no reason to believe that Hanoi would he willing to make an
## acceptable compromise with a South Vietnam weakened by US inaction
## on the aid question 3s D
##
## Snigon R5162 6 Januury 19751 I CIA and other American
## observers had over the years often invoked usually as a h the politically energizing effect of
## military reverses thaI the Station here announced as a fact U
## Sait HI 73 2 January 1975 Saigon 860824 February 1975Saigon 860554 February 1975
## I 1Matlin was nOI deterred in his use of the CIA channel by
## a 15 January incident in which the visiting Senator Sum Nunn I TN had dismissed him from a
## postlunch discussion at Polgar s house Of that incident Pol ar re oned I have never seen Mar
## lin so workedup Sec Saigon Rrc54 8 8cu16 JanuaIu 1L97 S L l
## Saigon lRJJ 5 February 1975
##
##
##
## t
## 154
##
## C01268717
## t
##
## Later in February the US Mission was preparing a commentary for
## Kissinger on the Administration s proposed three year aid package for
## South Vietnam Martin asked the COS to estimate the effect on Hanoi of
## different hypothetical levels of US aid to South Vietnam Polgar s 26
## February response appealed to the authority of Kissinger s intellectual
## paradigm
##
## Metternich said that politics is the art of the possible This dictum is
## true of military affairs as well as politics and is as relevant to Com
## munist nations as to non Communist ones A substantial infusion
## of US aid to South Vietnam over the next three years would go a
## long way toward modifying Hanoi s view of what is possible and
## what is not both militarily and politically and would accelerate
## policy trends in North Vietnam that could ultimately strengthen the
## force of the Paris accords 39 D
## In any case as Polgar saw it Hanoi s supply of munitions in the
## South perhaps greater than at the launching of the Easter offensive was
## not matched by its ammunition reserves in the North nor by evidence of
## massive Chinese or Soviet deliveries of armor and artillery The COS
## concluded that the Vietnamese Communists are not going to risk that
## which they have in an all or nothing gamble of another general offen
## sive For one thing they had never taken such a high risk even in the
## Easter offensive Hanoi had kept reserve divisions in the North For
## another were they to lose their loss would be final in terms of the exist
## ing Communist equities in the South with the strong possibility of reper
## cussionsalso in the North 4oD
## Indeed the COS believed that increased aid to Saigon now might
## actually end the war Here Polgar reflected perhaps unconsciously the
## optimism of all the US officials who had over the years forecast a limit to
## Hanoi s capacity to absorb punishment He suggested that a clear cut
## major US commitment to South Vietnam would strengthen the
## enough is enough elements in Hanoi These in turn would be encour
## aged by what the COS saw as the Soviets disposition to reduce material
## a
## aid and to accept a divided Vietnam as they accepted divided Germany
## and a divided Korea D
## This optimistic estimate its general thrust widely shared among
## informed US officials did not of course rebut the intelligence re
## on COSVN s Resolution for 1975 According to the
## agent this document explicitly deferred a final can rontation until 1976
##
## Saigon 86693 26 February 19751
## iJid D L
##
## · Iid
##
##
##
## 155
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## In this respect the Communists and the COS seemed to share the judg
## ment that despite reduced US military aid and the absence of American
## combat air support the ARVN s capacity to repel a general offensive had
## not diminished since 1972 But the Communists still aimed at victory
## within a specified period of time while the entirely defensive stance of
## the GVN sought only to defy Hanoi s timetableD
##
##
##
##
##
## 156
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Chapter 8
##
##
## The Fatal MomentD
##
##
## Whatever the validity of the assumptions about ARVN s staying
## power events at the local level were creating some unease in the minds
## of Agency officers manning the Station s outposts Tom Polgar s 26 Feb
## ruary 1975 prognostication of a limited Conununist offensive was fol
## lowed on 10 March by the North Vietnamese capture of Ban Me Thuot
## capital of the highland Province of Darlac Pleiku was also threatened
## and the chief of the Station s detachment there Don Nicol was issuing
## daily reports on what fell during the night On 12 March North Viet
## namese antiaircraft artillery shot down an Air Vietnam DC 4 on the out
## skirts of Pleiku I D
## Nicol had at this point received no Station reaction to his reporting
## about the deteriorating ARVN position around Pleiku no inquiry or
## instructions about possible evacuation and so he asked for consultation
## in Nha Trang with the MR 2 base chief Robert Chin On 13 March his
## flight to Nha Trang scheduled for the next day Nicol convened a meet
## ing of all US officials in Pleiku Everyone saw an immediate danger of
## North Vietnamese attack and they worked out an evacuation protocol
## with air transportation for Vietnamese employees guaranteed only to
## those who risked reprisal at the hands of the Communists 20
## Col Le Khac Ly the ARVN MR 2 Chief of Staff J
## cJ interrupted the meeting with a phone call to Nicol in which he
## noted ARVN s deteriorating position and recommended that the Ameri
## cans pull out Having delivered this advice Ly mentioned that MR 2
##
## I Donald J Nicol interview by the author McLean VA hereafter cited as Nicol interview 26 Feb
##
## mary 19930
## Nicol interview 26 February 1993 Fred Stephens interview by the author Langley VA hereaf
## IeI cited a Stephens interview 10 August J 994 Not all the local employees would accept evac
## uation even if offered Nicol recalled that the ethnic minority Nnng guards at his compound
## explicitly declined to consider any departure arrangements whether by air or on the ground And
## two of those who were evacuated a Vietnamese couple stayed in Nha Trang when it fell on I
## April Nicollcfl for Saigon wondering about their loyaltyO
##
##
## Scc4
## f57
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## commander Gen Pham Van Phu would attend a meeting with President
## Thieu the next day at Cam Ranh Bay He noted that Phu s official itiner
## ary called for him to be in Qui Nhon and assured Nicol he would clarify
## the matter when Phu returned to Pleiku30
## Nicol told Nha Trang Base of the plans for this surreptitious gather
## ing On 14 March as he was preparing to leave Pleiku he got word from
## the Base that the outpost in Qui Nhon had been queried Although its
## people had not actually seen Phu their contacts asserted that he had
## indeed arrived at the divisional headquarters there 0
## Late the same day after Nicol s departure Stephens visited MR 2
## Headquarters in hopes of getting a report on the Cam Ranh meeting He
## found LYI Ihad no time to recount the day s events before
## Phu himself came in Stephens thought he looked shaken but did not
## connect it to the Cam Ranh meeting in Stephens s view a continuing
## string of ARVN reverses had given Phu every reason to look shakensO
## Stephens left emptyhanded but returned the following morning
## noticing as he passed the airfield that the fighter aircraft normally parked
## there were gone He found the headquarters a shambles evidently in the
## middle of aCking up and it took him half an hour to locate COIone1 Ly
## I took him aside and with an urgent request that Stephens con
## ceal the provenance of the information announced that Thieu had just
## ordered Phu to withdraw from Pleiku and Kontum In so doing he had
## explicitly enjoined his commanders to withhold the decision from the
## Americans On leaving Colonel Ly Stephens briefed the US Mission s
## senior provincial representative Earl Thieme who then called on General
## Phu Phu acknowledged the impending relocation of his headquarters but
## not the withdrawal from Pleiku and Kontum He did however repeat
## Ly s earlier suggestion that the Americans leave Pleiku 6 D
## Stephens accompanied his intelligence report with a recommenda
## tion that all Americans be promptly evacuated Polgar was skeptical of
## the report but Chin had already lost two Americans killed in recent
##
## Nicol interview 20 February 1993 Stephens interview lO Au ust 1994 Nicol described Ly s mo
## tivation as a liking for Americans and a craving for Coca Cola
##
##
## •Stephens interview 10 August 1994
## liIi pl Irl 1
## flit Stephens recalled that
## ly said Thien s rationale for concealing the decision included a desire hat Americans be captured
## in the Highlands he hoped that such a provocation would draw the United States back into active
## cuubar Nunc ul the subsequent cables from Nha Trang and Saigon on the Plciku evacuation refers
## 0 his and the intelligence report that conveyed Thieu s decision has not been found Stephens
##
## thoughl he might well have omitted the point from the dissemination as bein too sensational hut
## il is luissiu also from the accompanying operational cableL L
##
##
##
##
##
## 158
##
## C01268717
## t
##
## action in MR 2 and he and the Consul General at Nha Trang Moncrieff
## Spear persuaded Polgar as the Embassy duty officer to authorize the
## immediate departure of all Americans from Kontum and Pleiku Chin
## requisitioned Air America transport planes and the first of these arrived
## at Pleiku not long after noon Stephens and most of his people took this
## plane along with the other Americans but his communicator and the
## National Security Agency man at Pleiku insisted on waiting for the prom
## iscd second aircraft explicitly assigned for their use Everyone got out
## that afternoon and the group arrived in Nha Trang with their weapons
## the unit s cryptographic devices and the clothes they wore That day or
## the next the Station got its own look at the catastrophe when DCOS
## LaGueux went up in a Station aircraft to photograph the chaos on the
## road leading southeast from Pleiku to Phu Bon D
## While Stephens and his people were boarding the airplane at Pleiku
## COS Polgar was reporting on his efforts to confirm Vietnamese intentions
## with respect to the Highlands Liaison contact General Quang I I
## I IGeneral Khang had just denied any knowledge of a decision to
## withdraw although General Quang conceded that evacuation of Kon
## tum was likely Khang said he had seen Joint General Staff chief Gen
## eral Vien that morning and Vien had said nothing of the matter Acting
## Chief of Mission Lehmann had seen President Thieu at 0900 hours that
## morning presumably before the arrival of Stephens s report of the Cam
## Ranh meeting and Thieu had also been mute on the subject I
##
##
##
##
## I
## In the same cable that reported Quang s and Khang s disclaimers
## Polgar speculated that Thieu might have intended no more than to
## approve in principle Phu s plans to concentrate his forces to retake Ban
## Me Thuot by evacuating Pleiku and Kontum In this interpretation Phu
## had misunderstood and had prematurely put the plan into effect As for
##
## Nicol interview 26 February 1993 Polgar interview 29 30 July 1993 Nicol recalled having felt
## some relief when the Embassy duty officer who had to approve the evacuation flight for the Pleiku
## outpost turned out to be the COS Nicol thought that someone else who might have felt obliged
## to consult the Ambassador would have encountered Martin s fear that evacuation of Americans
## would spark Vietnamese panic Stephens remembered that Provincial Representative Thieme got
## a helicopter back to Pleiku on 16 March to rescue his collection of Playboy magazines His arrival
## coincided with that of a transport sent from Saigon to pick up the ARVN radio intercept detachment
## that had worked with the Station and NSA Thieme diverted it to pick up civilian acquaintances of
## his 1lIJ1 the intercept people were left behind to try making their way out overland or to be captured
## Ihc North Vietnamese See Stephens interview 10 August 199410 I
## Saigon H7355 15 March 1975I
## I I L
##
##
##
##
##
## 159
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## t
## the absence of notification to the US Mission Polgar later thought it
## improbable that so many of the Mission s contacts could have skillfully
## feigned ignorance in his view they had in fact not known what Phu had
## set in motion But on 17 March Joint General Staff chief Cao Van Vien
## responded to the Defense Attache s probing by acknowledging that with
## drawal was already under way The attache Maj Gen Homer Smith
## asked why Vien had said nothing about it when they met just after the 14
## March Cam Ranh Bay conference Vien said he d had no choice s Thieu
## had issued a direct order not to reveal the decision D
## The Pleiku withdrawal diverted the Station s attention from devel
## opments farther south On 14 March while Thieu was closeted with his
## generals at Cam Ranh Bay Polgar had been evaluating the fall of Ban Me
## Thuot and growing enemy pressure on Tay Ninh The current crisis was
## the worst since 1965 he told Headquarters now exceeding even the 1972
## Easter offensive Quang had reported Thieu to be unprecedentedly wor
## ried and even depressed and General Binh described the ARVN effort
## to retake Ban Me Thuot as perhaps the decisive battle in terms of the
## future of South Vietnam as we know it In Binh s view the loss of the
## Central Highlands would be psychologically devastating hc doubted that
## Thicu and his government could digest it 1°0
##
##
## Saigon 87355 Polgar interview 29 30 July 1993 Sai on 88853 14 April 1975
## I ISaigon 87372 16 March 1975
## sic R sic Johnson Memorandum to Chicf East Asia D I vT lsT lon lljT o r 7 e n
## er ar n et · t nit h s
## OIn
## I RCpo ll on rhe Las Day of Vietnam 23 September 1975 all Smith repOlt1 I
## led Shackley said he made direct inquiries when he came to Saigon later in the month ask
## ing Generals Quang and Vicn both present at the Nha Trang meeting as well as General Binh Ho
## ang Due Nha and Thieu himself what had happened The consensus as Shackley recalled it was
## that Thieu had announced a pulicy decision to give up the Central Highlands and had directed MR
## 2 cununamlcr Geuerul l hu to begin the planning Shackley said he later reviewed the subject in the
## United Stutes with Khac and Nha and they reaffirmed Phu s blunder See Shackley interview 19
## August 1993 Nothing in the official record other than Polgar s conjecture of 15 March supports
## this interpretation Robert Chin account of the fall of MR 2 categorically states that Thieu or
## dcrcd l hu to abandon Pleiku and Kontum Oue 50 page undated and unsigned review of the
## GVN s collapse apparently prepared at Headquarters says nothing at all about this episode An
## lither such memorandum says that Phu rcturned from the 14 March session with Thieu with orders
## to abandon Pleiku and Kontum between 15 7 March ie• immediatel See Robert Chin Mem
## oraudum Chronology 16 April 1975 he untitled Head
## quarters reviews are in All of this leaves unresolved Polgar s
## and apparently alxlI Shackley s reluctance to accept thai the Vietnamese had withheld a decision to
## launch an inuucdintc evacuation In both Nicol s and Stephens s recollection the initial report from
## Plciku had explicitly referred tll Thien s order to conceal his decision from the Americans The re
## port iIXClf bus no he en fOulldnl O
##
## Saigon X730X 14 March 1973f
##
##
## Set
## 6
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
##
## Fixing the marne for an Accelerating DisasterD
##
## The accelerating ARVN collapse did not result from a North Viet
## namese general offensive but rather invited it as Polgar was later at
## pains to point out With both MR l and MR 2 in enemy hands the COS
## wanted Headquarters to understand that it was Thieu s precipitous deci
## sions and poor execution by his commanders poor leadership poor
## morale indiscipline and selfishness that let the nation down and
## introduced a process of deterioration that led to results far in excess of
## what North Vietnamese military pressure would have been capable of
## during this time frame I D
## Prime Minister Khiem was equally concerned to find a sea e oat
##
## L Jcomplaining about the bastardly attitude of the US
## Congress the more they go on with their current game the more eager
## and aggressive the Communists will get and the more force thev will
## apply
##
##
##
## I
##
## Hanoi is pleased as they can be Why the hell would they even con
## sider negotiations for now As a minimum they would sharply
## increase their demands We are like the farmers and they have just
## raised the interest rates all our mortgage In the meanwhile our
## houses are falling down around us our plow is broken and we still
## have to find the means to prevent foreclosure on our mortgage
##
## I Inoting how things had changed
## since 1972 when the North Vietnamese had been hit by everything from
## 13 52s to naval gunfire Now the North was stronger and the South
## weaker We have moved out of the Kissinger period and into the period
## of the American Congress and there is nothing we can do about it I D
## On 19 March Headquarters told Polgar about an interagency meet
## ing at which both military and State representatives were most apprecia
## tive of Station reporting almost their only source of South Vietnamese
## plans and actions in the last six days Ambassador Martin was again in
## the United States this time for dental surgery and the Department was
## about to instruct Lehmann to go see Thieu Polgar s reply described the
##
## Saigon R8851 14 April 1975
## Saigon 3835 17 March 1975L
##
##
##
## Se
## 1 61·
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## t
## Embassy as a rudderless ship in Martin s absence Lehmann was not a
## leader and senior officers of the Embassy have failed to recognize the
## new situation and its implications As the COS saw it the political offic
## ers reflecting the atmosphere in Washington were still preoccupied
## with the non Communist opposition to the Saigon government But it
## wouldn t matter even if they did change their focus Thieu didn t like to
## deal at the charge d affaires level and the Embassy would get little of
## value from contacts less highly placedYD
## That same day 20 March Headquarters begged for information on
## Thieu s grand design even while it worked to crank up an Asian CA
## program on the refugee situation the fact that people are voting with
## their feet Could the Station get to Thieu or at least to Khiem or
## Quang The Station s reply noted Lehmann s meeting that day with
## Thieu regarding the new enclave strategy and said it had produced little
## not already reported in Agency channels Polgar went on to say that
##
## We wish you luck with the Asian CA program but frankly this is
## not going to make any difference The North Vietnamese tanks can
## not be stopped with sympathy but only by anti tank weapons and
## aircraft The failure of the United States to live up to the one
## for one provisions of the Paris agreement or to hinder North Viet
## nam from undertaking all out military effort will inevitably termi
## nate the existence of an independent non Communist South
## Vietnam and no amount of words will change that
##
## Headquarters acknowledged the point but cited orders from higher
## authority to fix responsibility on the Communists and to generate support
## for the refugees fleeing the Communist advance 14D
## Thc specter of accelerating catastrophe had at this point produced
## some curious reactions also in Saigon Polgar for example had been
## quick 0 see the implications of the Central Highlands disaster But on
## 21 March with ARVN still fleeing toward the coast from Pleiku and
## Konturn the COS saw a modest Embassy proposal to curtail travel to
## Vietnam by Mission family members as ridiculous tantamount to an
## official vote of no confidence in the Saigon government s survival At the
## same time aside from its sensible concern about dependents travel the
## Embassy s dominant reaction to collapse in the north was to try doing
## business as usual Polgar complained of time wasted at Embassy staff
##
##
##
##
## SP
##
##
## C01268717
##
##
## meetings in discussion of improvements to the Mission s Combined Rec
## reation Association facilities and related social events In Washington
## irritation with Thieu for concealing his enclave strategy and with the
## Mission for its poor coverage of the past week was mitigated only by
## general satisfaction with Agency reporting the Station was the only
## Mission component which has come out of events of past week with rep
## utation either intact or enhanced ljD
##
##
## An Attempt To Restore Saigon s MoraleD
##
## Polgar s reporting demonstrated his understanding of sagging Viet
## namese morale His perception of passivity in the Embassy led him to
## take the lead in an effort to reverse this potentially fatal trend He
## launched a vigorous effort to get his Saigon counterparts to identify and
## undertake the organizational psychological and political efforts
## required to salvage what seems to us a rapidly deteriorating situation
## On 19 March he had hosted a working dinner for senior intelligence offi
## cials including Generals Quang and Hinh The next day DCOS Laflueux
## ·1
## went to Binh and I Ito Quang with
## additional briefing material that Quang wanted to include in a presenta
## tion to President Thieu On the 21st Polgar saw both Hoang Due Nha
## quite changed humble and obviously most concerned about the fate of
## the nation and Prime Minister Khiem whom he found in a state of
## mild shock Khiem insisted he had had no idea that the Highlands were
## to be abandoned forthwith and reacted incredulously to Polgar s state
## ment that Thieu had given the Americans no advance notice The Prime
## Minister criticized General Staff chief Cao Van Vien but did not look as
## if he intended to be any more forceful on the political front than Vien was
## on the military The COS discussed with him at some length the con
## cept of a national unity government but came away with the clear feel
## ing that the Prime Minister was not going to move with the flair and
## decisiveness which the situation would seem to demand O
## On 22 March Polgar saw Khiem again this time accompanied by
## the Station s photo interpreter and briefed him on ARVN losses during
## the flight from Pleiku to Phu Bon That afternoon he repeated the briefing
## Saigon 87612 21 March 1975 and I I
## I olgar interview 29 0 July 1993 Lehmann as Polgar saw him lacked the con
## fidcncc even to adapt the Emba ssy staff meeting to changed circumstances with the result that sev
## eral meetings were dominated by the proposed construction of a Regency Hyatt hotel in Saigon
## The Administrative Counselor s problems with overtime pay for local employees also figured
## prominently and the ElIlbassy s two honr Innch break continued
## Saigon 87654 23 March 1975 L
##
##
##
## Sphet
## 7163
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## for General Quang who wanted to borrow the material for use next day
## with Thieu The Defense Attache 0 2 Col William Lcgro and his col
## leagues wcrc engaged in similar efforts Polgar said but while we are
## doing our best to get the top levels of the government to focus on these
## various problems the Station cannot of course fill the vacuum created by
## the absence of the Ambassador during this critical situation The COS
## described all this activity to Headquarters on Sunday 23 March preced
## ing his report with a despairing cable in which he noted North Vietnamese
## successes South Vietnamese blunders and the lack of any effective
## American reaction Hanoi had now committed five divisions from its
## strategic reserve and the COS said he wanted the Secretaries of State and
## Defense advised that he saw South Vietnam going down the drain 17D
## Later on the 23rd Headquarters chose to treat the situation as man
## ageable asking for information on ARVN losses and on Thieu s military
## planning so that Washington could decide what type of equipment
## should be put into the pipeline now Headquarters had accepted that Da
## Nang would probably fall that even Tay Ninh might have to be aban
## doneel but needed to know where Thieu ultimately plans to make a
## stand Replying the next day Polgar could say of Thieu s intentions only
## that he wanted to protect what is essential for the survival of an indepen
## dent South Vietnam Polgar went on to say that the way events are
## moving this is likely to be smaller than anyone would have considered
## possible even two weeks ago A coastal enclave at Da Nang might still
## be possible and another farther south from Qui Nhon to Pharr Thiet but
## such developments would represent not changes in Thieu s strategic
## planning but simply reflections of desperate moves made in the hope of
## conserving ARVN fighting resources for a later decisive battlc IR
## Washington s relative optimism at this point emerged also in an
## exchange with Polgar over evacuation policy Although their respective
## positions would shortly be reversed Headquarters told the COS on 25
## March that every agency we talk to worried about the political signals
## implicit in a conspicuous evacuation of American dependents and their
## household effects Polgar replied in a biting cable pointing out that
## Saigon was teeming with unneeded American refugees from the northern
## provinces and such political signals as we may raise with their evacua
## tion arc inconsequential compared to the extremely negative signals
## being transmitted by the Congress of the United States and current mili
## tury developments in South Vietnam Headquarters hastily backed down
##
##
##
##
## r
## Saigon g75 Saigoll H76653 23 March 1975j
## J land Saigon 87697 24 March 1975
##
##
##
##
## 164
##
## C01268717 et
##
## Although it did not explicitly give Polgar the requested blanket authority
## it approved his list of proposed evacuees and affirmed his authority
## under the regulations to move people out 19 0
## At the strategic level Polgar still saw a leadership vacuum on both
## the US and South Vietnamese sides and he appealed for a visit from
## former MACV commander Gen Fred C Weyand to resume the kind of
## informed and detailed discussion that Weyand and General Abrams had
## once routinely conducted with President Thieu Such a move may already
## have been in train as Headquarters replied the next day 25 March by
## announcing that Weyand would head a mission to Saigon whose Agency
## members included Ted Shackley and George Carver Weyand was even
## then at the White House to get his instructions Headquarters illuminated
## the Washington atmosphere for Polgar by adding that its intelligence cus
## tomers were now mainly concerned to know whether South Vietnam
## retained the will to resist 20 0
## Polgar replied on the 26th that it did in a general way but that the
## trauma of the reverses in Central Vietnam left open the question of effec
## tive resistance at any given point of attack The South Vietnam we have
## known over the years is no more The COS saw the prospect of a rump
## state if Hanoi permitted it but the end will come sooner rather than
## later unless political andor military pressure should dissuade Hanoi from
## pressing its current advantaget That same dap remaining Americans
## were evacuated from Tay Ninh by helicopter 21 U
## Other Station reporting cast some doubt on the survival of even a
## general will to resist I Idepicted JGS Chairman
## Cao Van Vien as personally affected by the defeatist spirit pervading
## large segments of the South Vietnamese people and military I I
## I without B 52 strikes the game was over but
## that it would be over anyway If we don t redeploy our forces we are
## dead and if we do redeploy we are still dead 22D
## In the desperate mood instilled by Communist military advances
## Thieu advisers Quang and Binb I Idiscussing repressive action
## against the radical opposition which included that bitch Ngo Ba
## Thanh and dissident Catholic priests The Station noted that this was
##
##
##
## lOSaigoll 7G97
## Saigon 87820 267 Mat c1 1 t9 77S a nd r r J
## I I
## Saigon 339 25 March 19751
##
##
## r
## t
## 165
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## taking place just as Prime Minister Khiem was sounding out the
## responsible opposition to bring them into a cabinet of national
## union 230
## As this depiction of the Vietnamese mood was going to Henry Kiss
## inger the Weyand mission was in the air headed for Saigon The group
## was to identify and evaluate the Saigon government s military and politi
## cal strategy and determine the aid requirement for a strategy judged to be
## viable If Saigon s planning was inadequate the mission was to talk the
## generals into the necessary changes In Saigon on 28 March Shackley
## reported to DCI Colby that such planning needed to accept that Vietnam
## ese claims about holding Da Nang were hollow that for all practical pur
## D
## poses it was already lost 24
##
##
## The Fall of Da NangD
## I
## I Shackley was probably reacting to a description of accelerating
## chaos in Da Nang sent on 27 March by the Station s MR l Base Chief
## I I Airport security had already broken down and only a
## third of the manifested passengers were among those who jammed onto
## the first of the US evacuation aircraft scheduled for that day The second
## night loaded all its intended passengers but only by wa at the end of
## the runway while they were trucked from the terminal 2S U
## The COS replied the same day that he had already read I I
## report to General Quang who promised an immediate briefing of Presi
## dent Thieu Polgar said he had warned Quang in the strongest terms that
## without the restoration of some semhlance of order US efforts to extri
## cate the maximum number of people from Da Nang would be halted
## Quang said he would take the necessary action acknowledging that Sta
## tion information on the evolving catastrophe in the north was more
## detailed and timely than the reports reaching Thieu through his own
## chanuels D
## Polgar saw no rint in further exposure of Station personnel in Da
## Nang and instructed lto evacuate his staff at the earliest opportu
## nity I am not willing to risk our personnel to obtain continued reporting
## when it appears that neither US nor Vietnamese authorities are capa
## ble of putting that intelligence to any practical use 27D
##
##
##
##
## r r Ialld FVSA 43738 n April J975L J
##
##
##
##
## Sevet
## 6
##
## C01268717 et
##
## At 1640 hours Quang got back to Polgar saying that President
## Thiel wanted Consul General Albert Francis to tell MR l commander
## General Truong that a continuing US airlift depended on Truong s ability
## to restore order at the airfield and to control the roads serving it An hour
## later Quang advised that he had reached Truong himself but recom
## mended having Francis make his representations anyway It was all ill
## vain as military discipline had now simply dissolved A state of even
## wilder chaos the next day 28 March prompted the Consul General to
## cancel the airlift entirely 28 D
## Evacuation by sea using vessels of the US Military Sealift Com
## mand now remained the only possibility I Iand a Consulate
## officer set out to move the 3000 Vietnamese to whom the Mission felt a
## specific obligation Early on 28 March working under cover of darkness
## to avoid the attention of unsponsored refugees they tried to load a barge
## at the river dock in front of the Consulate But the ruse did not succeed
## and as many as 1000 unauthorized refugees forced their way on board
## Some fell into the water in the general crush and were drowned The
## overloaded barge finally had to be towed out with many of its intended
## passengers still on shore 29 D
## cJ and his colleagues tried again the next night but not all the
## promised barges appeared In the confusion and panic those that did
## were towed away only partly loaded again leaving many US sponsored
## refugees behind Fortunately for the few remaining Americans Grealy
## had made arrangements with the captain of an Australian owned tugboat
## the Osceola to pick up the CIA and Consulate staffers still in Da Nang
## With nothing more to be done for the masses of refugees trying to flee
## the Americans boarded on the morning of the 29th taking as many Viet
## namese refugees as they could and moved out into Da Nang harbor JOD
## Once on the water danger came less from the Communist forces
## approaching by land than from armed ARVN deserters At one point a
## sampan carrying Vietnamese Marine deserters approached the Osceola
##
## c
## Ignoring continuous warning fire from the tug they pulled up to the
## Osceola s stern Hank Boothe one of men confronted them
## there and tonguelashed a Marine pointing a pistol at him until appar
## curly confused and frightened the man opened the action to show an
##
##
##
## Saigon 87851 27 March 19751 1FVSA 437380
## FVSA 43738 Will isic R sic Johnson Memorandum to Chief East Asia Division Major
## General HomerSmith s Report on the Last Days of Vietnam 23 September 1975 att Smith re
## purt I
## »tu« Polgar interview 29 30 July 19930
##
##
##
##
## L
## 167
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## unloaded weapon The leader brandishing both an M16 automatic rifle
## and an M 79 grenade launcher then meekly obeyed Boothe s order to
## join the fishing boats already clustered behind the Osceola 3 tO
## From the relative safety of the tug the Americans watched more
## soldiers and refugees putting out into the harbor on barges or in sam
## pans or fishing boats Most uf these vessels could not venture into open
## water without foundering and the ships of the 7th Fleet required to
## remain offshore in international waters could not come close enough to
## pick up refugees By early afternoon thousands of refugees were afloat in
## the harbor caught between the approaching North Vietnamese and the
## rough waters of the South China SeacJsaw the impending disaster
## and suggested that the osceola sSkiiper invike maritime emergency
## practice by sending a distress call over voice link to the Station
## in Saigon By midafternoon the Station had relayed it to the communica
## tions facility inl Iwhich in turn broadcast it on the appropriate fre
## quencies to ships at sea J2 D
## The response was almost immediate as several freighters were
## then passing Da Nang But the rescue effort revealed another threat to
## the refugees survival some of the barges had left the shore at least a
## day earlier and the tugboats and freighters helping with the rescue did
## not carry enough drinking water to supply the parched Vietnamese Try
## ing to ameliorate thiscJ asked for an Air America airdrop which
## the Station promptly furnished The aircraft arrived at dusk but the vari
## ous containers hastily collected for the effort all broke one of them hit
## the Osceola s antennas interrupting communications until I Icom
## municator could improvise a repaircJwas trying to arrange a para
## chute drop for 30 March when a heavy rain postponed the problem long
## enough for the rescue operation to be completed D
## The four CIA men and their Consulate colleagues spent the night of
## 29 March on the Osceola At 1030 hours on the 30th they were still on
## the tug and the Station was hoping to see them evacuated before the end
## of the day But transfer to a sengoing vessel turned out to be fully as risky
## as cruising a Da Nang harbor full of armed Vietnamese deserters The
## Osceola approached the freighter Pioneer Commander only to discover
## Marine deserters perhaps 500 of them already on board busy robbing
##
## Saigon 8867 10 April 1975 IThis cable is an account of the
## episode voluutccrcd 10 the Station by Robert M Lanigan the USOM officer for Quang Nam Pt OV
## incc who was also on the Osceola He had been eager to ensure that Boothe s heroism was recog
## nizcd·D
## Stigon 87 54 2 March 19751 IPolgar interview 29 30 July
## 1993·0
## FVS 43718 Saigon 87971 30 March 1975 aigon 88676
## 10 April ICn51 olgar interview 29 30 July 1993
##
##
## Sphet
## 768
##
## C01268717 et
##
## the refures alifchtin g from a barge and knifing or shooting those who
## resisted and his party crossed the now empty barge without inci
## dent and boarded without resistance from the Marines They proceeded to
## help the captain organize watch teams guarding the bridge and the engine
## room the only parts of the ship which marauding deserters had not yet
## penetrated During the course of the night the watch successfully fended
## off Marines intent on occupying the bridge but the rapine continued 34 D
## Thanks in large measure to I I
## ingenuity and enter
## prise the Da Nang rescue operation evacuated an estimated 50000 refu
## gees from the doomed city Many of the three to four thousand
## Vietnamese comprising the Consulate and Base local staff and their fami
## lies were unfortunately not among them I I
## subsequent report does
## not address the question whether the Base might have moved its local
## employees at its own discretion It acknowledges the failure to remove
## a very large number of Vietnamese Consulate and Base employees and
## attributes this to the Embassy s failure to provide the airlift it had encour
## aged Consul General Francis to expect This leaves open the question
## why so few of CIA s local staff had been moved out in the twelve days
## after the fall of Pleiku and Kontum and before civil order collapsed in
## Da Nang Also as we have seen an airlift did in fact begin on 27 March
## and ended on Francis s initiative not the Embassy s when General
## Truong failed to restore order at the airport 35 D
## The Trauma of Impending DefeatD
##
## ARVN s collapse at Da Nang contributed to the psychological toll
## that accelerating disaster was already taking in Saigon Shackley remem
## bered trying to brief Ambassador Martin on the Weyand mission s air
## plane about the Communist advance on Da Nang But Martin could not
## or would not absorb the dimensions of the catastrophe and General
## Weyand finally signaled Shackley to give it up Three days later on 30
## March Da Nang fell Shortly afterward Polgar took Vince Daly a Base
## officer recently evacuated in to see Martin The Ambassador refused to
## accept Daly s account of the disaster saying he would fly to Da Nang
##
##
##
##
## FVSi 437380
## l· FVSi 41738 II has not been determined whether the Base was required to tie the evacuation of
## its local employees to that of the Consulate s and if not what rationale it used to delay moving
## thclll·D
##
##
##
## Set
## A69
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## t
## himself to establish the facts Only strenuous argument persuaded him
## that he could not land at an airfield controlled by the North Vietnamese
## Army36D
## Probably reflecting the desperate need for some good news the Sta
## tion s intelligence product now occasionally depicted cvents in more opti
## mistic terms than they merited One I Iremembered
## serious attention in the Station to idle Vietnamese talk about retaking Da
## Nang Another I I
## recalled I I General
## Quang I joked about an incident in Lam Dong Province It
## seemed that a couple of VC sappers had been spotted outside a district
## capital and the panicked local defenders fled toward the province capital
## Finding it abandoned they reversed course and headed back through
## their district town encountering no resistance as they dashed toward Da
## Lat Quang saw the dark humor in this but the Station
## published a report saying that the Regional Forces had launched a coun
## terattack on Di Linh and driven the Communists from the city 0
## The Vietnamese were no less affected The disarray was such that
## on 30 March not one senior officer or official was on duty at the Pal
## ace when the Station called repeatedly to try to coordinate the evacua
## tion of Da Nang Even the President was not entirely in control of
## himself When Shackley and Polgar saw him on 2 April he seemed
## choked up with emotion indeed as Polgar later recalled it he at one
## point broke into tears Shackley perceived that shock waves have gone
## through AVN and South Vietnamese population at large as a result of
## recent military developments in MR 1 and 2 Morale had reached an all
## lillie low and a feeling of abandonment by the United States is grow
## ing among all strata of society President Thieu was invisible to the
## body politic and Prime Minister Khiem busied himself with fruitless
## efforts to reorganize the government The South Vietnamese were unani
## mous on just one thing the need for B 52 bombers to hit the approach
## ing Communists 3R D
## of the Communist advance to engender panic in
## The potential
## Saigon emerges in I I
## retired Gen Pham Van DongcJ
## I I Alarmed by the fall of Da Nang Dong
##
## Shackley interview 19 August 1991Vandeveerinterview3 September 1993Daly recounted the
## Marlin incident to Vanrlaveer some time later
##
##
## Sail n XXOII 31 March 1975 Saigon 88167 2 April
## III Polgar interview 29 30 July 1993 The Shackley
## I olg l lirlai i ig l iiicu represented all unusual concession by Martin who usually insisted on
## hcinj present al any meeting with the Chief of State He made no such concession to Weyand
## cvcn thougl the gcucral a Vietnamese speaker was an old Thien associate sec Polgar interview
## 2IJ olulyI9 1 I·D
##
##
## Sat
## O
##
## C01268717 Secret
##
##
##
## I IAt this session he asserted
## that the US Secretary of Defense had just predicted that the Communists
## would soon attack and capture Saigon Dong begged I Ito
## get his family evacuated He himself would stay for the moment but
## expected Saigon to fall within two weeks 1
##
##
##
## I
## On the substantive level Shackley reported on 31 March that the
## Weyand mission had found it necessary to remind the Vietnamese at all
## levels that their priorities were to stabilize the military situation and to
## provide evidence that the government could still protect its population
## At this point with its resources in the Mekong Delta still devoted to the
## now irrelevant pacification program the government had only the
## vaguest formulation of a strategic plan and of the force structure
## needed to implement it At the CIA briefing on 2 April Thieu seemed
## unaware of the movements of North Vietnamese divisions that Polgar
## described for him He appeared however to comprehend his military
## position and was alert to its political implications and its threat to gen
## eral morale Nevertheless he seemed to Shackley to overestimate the
## time available to deal with his problems 40 D
## Shackley s cables of 31 March and 2 April posed the question of
## Communist intentions He saw two possibilities first Hanoi s exploita
## tion of its military advantage to press for an immediate victory on the
## battlefield and second a political settlement with a coalition government
## that would disguise Saigon s de facto capitulation Neither of these
## messages predicted Hanoi s choice but Shackley later recalled the
## Weyand mission as marking the parting of the interpretative ways
## between Washington and the US Mission in Saigon General Weyand
## and his team had arrived believing that Hanoi would press for military
## victory and nothing they learned in Vietnam persuaded them otherwise
## Thus although Ambassador Martin and COS Polgar continued to find
## credibility in signs of Communist interest in a coalition fig leaf the final
## Weyand report predicted that without accelerated logistic support to
## ARVN and the commitment of US combat air support Saigon would fall
## 0
## 0 a military assault
##
## And in fact the North Vietnamese juggernaut continued to roll into
## the coastal strip of Central Vietnam On April only two days after the
## fall of Da Nang North Vietnamese forces approached Nha Trang just
##
##
## Smgon 8801 Saigon 881670
## CJkXjrVjCIV 19 August 1993 Saigon 88257 4 April 19751
##
##
## S et
## 717 1
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## north of the former US base at Cam Ranh Bay Nha Trang was now the
## headquarters of ARVN s Military Region 2 and the site of a US Consu
## late General and CIA Base At 1030 hours having heard from the Khanh
## Hoa Province Chief that the city was out of control the Consul General
## authorized immediate helicopter evacuation to the airfield The CIA Base
## closed down its communications at 1117 hours and the last of its staff
## with Base Chief Robert Chin took off for Saigon at about noon D
## The Consul General had planned to evacuate local employees by
## sea that day it appears that Chin s Vietnamese were to have been
## included But the departure of the US staffers aborted these preparations
## Chin s subsequent report to Polgar implied that no obligation to these
## employees had gone unfulfilled although as it turned out only 50 per
## cent of our locals showed up in Saigon Perhaps the rest couldn t make it
## On the other hand some might have stayed behind others who had been
## paid off might be on their own somewhere D
## On the same day 1 April the DCI gave Polgar the explicit blanket
## authority to move people and household effects that EA Division had
## denied him a week earlier On the 2nd Headquarters completed its volte
## face on the evacuation question telling Polgar that State would shortly
## require the evacuation of families of US officials and would ask for the
## number of Vietnamese to be evacuated if the Vietnamese were defeated
## The latter category could reach a million Headquarters estimated if all
## were included who might be subject to North Vietnamese retribution 44 D
## Polgar replied cautiously to Washington s call for evacuation prepa
## rations saying that they could in and of themselves set in motion forces
## which will bring about the Saigon government s prompt demise
## George Carver in a separate and less temperate cable called the pro
## posed moves lunatic Yes evacuation was a serious question but
## such blundering steps would precipitate the very crisis they arc suppos
## edly designed to cope with and in the process cause the GVN to topple
## Saying that Shackley as well as Polgar shared this view Carver went on
## to insist there be no visible signs of an impending American exodus
## until we decide to take out everyone left When that moment came it
## would probably take an augmented US airborne division and tactical air
##
##
##
##
## Suigou gg07H I April 19751 I
## Robert Chin Mcmonllldlllll for Clllcf of StatIOn Vlctnam Evacuation of Nha Trang Base
## 17AprillmJ I
##
##
##
## tl
## s4et
## 77
##
## 601268717 Cl
##
##
##
##
## Th CIA ll Qt Nhd TrtJ1l g 968
## p CHlfa J Dwu Al
##
##
##
##
## Rrfuxus nrar Hila Trangfl southward
## support 10 secure the evacuation o f the remaining Am ericans and the
## ma ny Vietnamese with their families whom in good conscien ce we
## simply co uld 1I0t leave behind 10 be slaughtered ·J D
## The Del s CUlt rep ly to Polgar said he had di scu ssed the matt er with
## Assistant Secretary o f Slate Philip Habib and the d ecis ion had been
## mad e 10 evacuate dependent s and thin out remaining prin cipals Dealing
## with Polgar s ex presse d co ncern for the effect of Americ an dep artures on
##
##
##
##
## Saigon R8212 3 April 19751 I
## Sa igon 3850 3 Apri l 1975
## copy retained illlliory Slaff files Shackle interview 19 August 1993 Whether his Sllnee had
## IJIXII inaccurately uuvcyrd by CArVr or whether he WAS simply bowing to Headquan cn insis
## ienc c Sh Ucy laler Mid he hAdwpooucd lhis l leadquar1t rl posi lion whi le still in aigon ll c n ill
## be adnpted au C 1Mllf lhe line tone with PoIar urging him lO make evacuation plansD
##
##
## Sel
## 173
##
##
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## et
## Vietnamese morale Colby paraphrased his own message of the previous
## week suggesting that they be explained to the Vietnamese in terms of
## the staffing surplus created by the fall of Military Regions 1 and 2 46 0
## The question of staybehind operations designed to provide infor
## mation from within South Vietnam even after a Communist victory did
## not involve the same sensitivities Ted Shackley later said he remembered
## that during his visit he urged Tom Polgar to push the recruitment of such
## sources and Polgar assigned Station officer William Johnson to supervise
## the effort Johnson and his colleages gave ita game try as Shackley
## recalled it but none of the agents they deployed ever established commu
## nication It was in any case too late a managerial mindset which rejected
## the prospect of the United States being forced out of Vietnam had found
## timely staybehind preparations no more congenial a task than arranging
## to evacuate the Station s Vietnamese employees 47 0
## On 2 April Thieu described for Shackley and Polgar various Viet
## namese efforts all of them apparently stalled by the politicians mutual
## jealousies to create a government with a base broad enough to interest
## the Communists in a negotiated cease fire The next day Polgar told
## Headquarters that Gen Nguyen Cao Ky and Senate President Tran Van
## Lam had combined to try assembling such a government While Thieu
## might suppress this move it was also possible that the Senate s unani
## mous call for new leadership would contribute to Thieu s departure
## Implying a difference with Martin on this subject Polgar judged Thieu
## insufficiently flexible to deal with the disparate elements of any govern
## ment of national union in any case as long as he stayed the Communists
## could be expected to pursue a military victory DCI Colby reacted appre
## hensively enjoining Polgar not to participate in any move to oust
## Thieu· D
## On the morning of 8 April a defecting South Vietnamese pilot
## bombed Doc Lap Palace the results included severe damage to General
##
## 1
## Quang s office
##
##
##
##
## lac cy C auncc that contrary to the imprcssiou 0 some contemporary witnesses he had not
## though stnybchiml prospects too poor to merit a serious effort The impression derived he thought
## troru his rejection of the Station s proposal to try usingl Ifor this purpose See
## Shackley interview 19 August 19930
## Saigoll 88167 Saigon 88229 3 April 19751 IPolgar inter
## view 29·30 July 19nD
##
##
##
## ret
## 174
##
## C01268717
##
##
## As the Communists pursued their advantage Vietnamese reactions
## and those of some in the US Mission as well evoked the sight of deer
## impaled on the beams of aooroachinz headliahtsl
##
##
##
##
## An Answer From Tay Ninh 0
## On 8 April the agent in Tay Ninh reported that the North Vietnam
## ese had decided to go for broke even if the Thieu government fell or
## received augmented US aid there would be no negotiations no coalition
## government and Communist forces will strike at Saigon at an appro
## priate time Meanwhile Polgar saw the US Mission as still resembling
## a rudderless ship despite Graham Martin s return On 9 April the COS
## bemoaned the need to waste time arguing the validity of the bad news
## pouring in from his intelligence sources and noted that with household
## effects and official cargo piling up on the docks two American ships
## had just sailed empty because the Embassy could not organize itself to
## issue loading instructions The Ambassador was still trying to move
## Washington into increased military and economic aid and in other
##
##
##
## 1
##
##
##
##
## Sertet
## 175
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## respects seeking to maintain a business as usual attitude in the face of a
## clearly worsening situation 51D
## In the same message the COS evaluated current Communist
## attacks on rovincial capitals near Saigon as supporting the previous day s
## report byl I I and Polgar said he therefore anticipated
## a Communist move to occupy Saigon by June He noted that for two
## weeks there had been no functioning cabinet and that Martin had not seen
## Thieu in almost a week The Ambassador now agreed he said that Thieu
## had outstayed his usefulness but would not urge him to leave in the
## absence of a viable alternative Polgar concluded that without decisive
## American moves major and useless bloodshed can be avoided only if
## Thieu steps down and aside and a credible government of national union
## offers to implement the Paris formula on polite surrender terms The
## United States would also have to press for a cease fire with the same
## energy that was used when Israel was advancing in Egypt in 1973 Oth
## erwise the Vietnamese will be defeated in short order and very few
## of the South Vietnamese will be able to escape 5zD
## The only immediate reply to this was an order from DCI Colby to
## get CIA dependents out of Vietnam if other resources were lacking he
## said he would charter the necessary aircraft But Polgar remained uncon
## vinced that such urgency was required I Iremembered a
## dinner at this time for a departing Station officer at which he and D
## I I Chip Schofield asked Polgar what circumstances would
## require evacuating the Mission The COS posited the loss of Bien Hoa
## and interdiction of the highway from Saigon to the port at Vung Tau but
## emphasized the improbability of such an outcome He said he feared that
## any kind of general evacuation announcement would panic the Mission
## and in any case he anticipated a coalition government eventually leading
## to a slightly disguised surrender that would obviate the need for an emer
## gency evacuation 530
## This view stood in apparent contradiction to Polgar s 9 April fore
## cast of a decisive North Vietnamese offensive Perhaps as I I
## later thought possible Polgar had designed the more optimistic prediction
##
##
##
##
## Sret
## iJ6
##
## C01268717
## t
##
## at least partly to prevent working level panic If so he shortly began to
## assign real importance to an effort to negotiate a settlement that would
## allow an orderly withdrawal and perhaps even the survival of a small
## US Mission One reason for this development may have been pessimism
## about the likelihood of successful evacuation under military pressure
## DCOS LaGueux had observed from the air the retreat from the Central
## Highlands and later Da Nang and was horrified by the chaos Polgar
## agreed with his judgment that the orderly evacuation from Saigon of all
## Americans and all compromised Vietnamese was unlikely to succeed in
## anything like similar circumstances and commissioned him to do a
## worst case evacuation scenario for Washington40
##
##
## Conflicting Prognoses and Prescriptions 0
## Polgar s own perceptions continued to lead him to push for a nego
## tiated surrender In a despairing message of 10 April he predicted that
## the US would fail to generate enough pressure on Hanoi to deter it from
## its military course Thieu had lost his credibility with friend and foe
## alike and Prime Minister Khiem was having no luck assembling a gov
## ernment rom which Hanoi might accept a deferred surrender I I
## I INguyen Ba Can would have no better luck than Khiem
## should he be named prime minister The war is lost Polgar said
## acknowledging that as reeently as February he had seen a fair prospect
## for a relatively favorable outcome one that would allow US disengage
## ment undertaken with dignity and honor and the conviction that we are
## leaving South Vietnam in better shape than we found it when we took it
## upon ourselves to interfere with the fate of this smaJI country But the
## events of March which of course germinated in Hanoi and Washington
## a lot earlier have changed all that D
## Polgar saw just four things to be done accelerate American evacua
## tion but short of a level of intensity which would trigger a panic
## launch an intense effort to get the Soviets or French to broker a cease
## fire instigate the replacement of Thieu by a government of national
## unity and arrange the orderly evacuation of those South Vietnamese
## who cannot reasonably be expected to survive under the new regime
## Success with this formula Polgar implied would fulfill minimum US
##
##
##
##
## I linterview 14 September 1993 LaGueux interview 23 NovcllIbel 19920
## Saigon 8RM3 10 Aprill975 LI J
##
## s4ret
## 717
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## obligations while allowing Hanoi to fulfill its hope to remove Thieu
## and the US presence without the spectacle of North Vietnamese tanks
## rumbling through Saigon 56D
## EA Division Chief Shackley responded with a synopsis of the
## Weyand mission s reception in Washington He noted Congressional res
## ervations about additional aid to a Vietnam having at best minimal or
## marginal prospects for surviving as a truncated nation state President
## Gerald Ford had explicitly addressed the evacuation of Americans and
## vulnerable South Vietnamese and Shackley wanted to be sure that Pol
## gar understood Washington s urgent concern about evacuating CIA and
## NSA dependents The COS assured Shackley on 11 April that everything
## was under control that dependents and surplus employees were on their
## way out and nothing further needs to be done from your end 57 0
## The pessimistic evacuation scenario drafted by LaGueux reached
## Headquarters on 12 April For Polgar s 11 April assurances to Shackley
## it substituted the judgment that the orderly evacuation of all Americans
## and their dependents including Vietnamese will not be possible with
## out US military intervention which would itself generate political and
## psychological problems of great magnitude The Station estimated that
## the United States now had a clearly stated moral responsibility for the
## evacuation of a quarter of a million people not counting thousands of
## military officers and professional men and their families who would
## doubtless prefer to escape living under the Communists There is no rea
## son to believe that the North Vietnamese would tolerate such a massive
## exodus INO
## In any case an ARVN collapse on any of the approaches to Saigon
## could produce additional military disentegration as well as instability
## and social unrest in the capital that would make phased or orderly large
## scale evacuation impractical within two or three days Polgar antici
## pared general panic as the result of any effort at large scale evacuation of
## Vietnamese over a million and a half might have some claim to it and
## said he had indications that there are those in the Army who would hold
## the US civilian population hostage to their own safety and to insure sic
## their own cvacuation 59D
##
## llid The cable docs not specify what led Polgar to believe that Hanoi preferred to avoid investing
## Saigon hy forceDI
## I land Saigon 8871911 April 1975IL J
##
## 1 I
## Saigon R87rl2 12 April 1971 I
## lhid Polgar may have had in mind a warning by former police chief Loan on 4 April that ARVN
## troops and Vicuuunesc marines at Tan Son Nhut would unquestionably block any aircraft evacuat
## ing only liS nationals US military intervention would make mutters worse according to Loan as
## these forces would only have more angry Vicmnmescto contend with The Statim reported that
## Ioan scIed U lite s m iathctic to this prospect Sec Saigon 8X283 4 April 19751 I
##
## Sret
## 178
##
## C01268717
##
##
## Even landing a division of Marines would create more problems
## than it solved and the only solution was to proceed with the removal of
## as many Americans and dependents as was inconspicuously possible
## while taking strong measures to facilitate negotiations Years later
## Ted Shackley recalled the message as a good think piece although
## clearly designed to spur Washington into more energetic pursuit of a
## negotiated cease fire In this it did not succeed even though the chaos at
## Da Nang confirmed the high risk of an effort to evacuate Saigon Consen
## sus opinion in Washington as Shackley understood and shared it saw the
## evidence of the battlefield and reporting such as that from the authorita
## tivel Iagent as presaging a military decision From this perspec
## tive evacuation was the only option however risky just as in Polgar s
## view the only reasonable course lay in pursuing a cease fire The result
## was that as of 12 April Headquarters and the Station were pursuing
## incompatible strategies for the liquidation of the CIA commitment in
## Vietnam·6QD
##
##
##
##
## Shackley interview 19 August 1993 Polgar s confidence in a negotiated settlement permitting a
## coalition government permeated Station correspondence at this time The author of a cable on stay
## hehind operations perhaps Bill Johnson assumed that at very worst au interim non Communist
## govcmmcm possibly with some PRG representation would obviate the need for an emergency
## evacuation See Saigon 8888314 April 19751 I
##
## scret
## h79
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Chapter 9
##
##
## Surrender Politics and Evacuation Logistics D
##
##
##
##
## Xuan Loc the nearest provincial capital east of Saigon had become
## the scene of a critical battle on 8 April With the outcome there still unde
## tennined psychological disorientation in Saigon seemed to feed on
## itself Khiem resigned in favor of Nguyen Ba Can and the new Prime
## Minister invited I Ito become his personal adviser for press
## affairs On 11 April the fierce struggle for Xuan Lac still raging they
## seriously discussed ways and means to improve Saigon s image abroad
## JGS Headquarters was equally divorced from reality I heard Gen
## I instructing his airborne commander to avoid partisan polit
## ical activity and to emphasize jump training to reduce the proportion of
## men in his units who were not airborne qualified 1 D
## As of 14 April 1975 the government remained paralyzed and the
## main policy issue facing Station management was that of evacuation On
## this COS Polgar found himself in general agreement with Ambassador
## Martin s approach and still in some contlict with Washington Martin had
## just successfully appealed a State Department order to reduce the Mission
## to 1250 people by 19 April and told Polgar that he now had full author
## ity to determine the size of the establishment he wanted to maintain Mar
## tin proposed to reduce the number of contractors but remained very
## reluctant and I Polgar must admit for good reason to authorize plan
## ning the movement of any South Vietnamese other than American depen
## dents But Polgar did not want the Vietnamese ignored either and
## worried that the Defense Attache Office in charge of evacuation plan
## ning was drifting into a position leaving out of consideration the
## requirement to move any Vietnamese at all This possibility reinforced
##
##
##
##
## s4et
## r
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Polgar s other concerns The more I think about this problem the more
## convinced I become that we must move in the direction of a political
## solution and there is no time to lose 2D
## One factor in Polgar s thinking was the anticipated failure of the
## supplementary military aid package then before the Congress Nobody
## here really believes that Congress will grant President Ford s request and
## the COS had just advised Generals Quang and Binh and the new Informa
## tion Minister to concentrate their internal propaganda on the level of sup
## plies actually arriving rather than on the prospect of an increased
## authorization when the vote came on 19 April But Hanoi could reinforce
## faster than ARVN could either rebuild itself or destroy NVA units The
## main imperative for Polgar remained the ouster of President Thieu and
## the installation of a government that might negotiate a cease fire Martin
## was still resisting the idea of pressuring Thieu to resign but I think I
## have just about brought the Ambassador around to the acceptance of the
## cruel facts of lifc 3D
## Headquarters returned to the evacuation theme and Polgar
## responded to this renewed pressure by advancing the departure of a num
## ber of Vietnamese wives of Station officers The COS also advised that
## he had completed plans to reduce Station staffing to about 270 where he
## expected it to stay Kissinger had just authorized Martin to maintain
## Embassy staffing at 1500 and the Ambassador was not contemplating
## significant additional cuts in Station manpower D
## However close he was to accepting Hanoi s imminent triumph
## Martin had not yet decided to encourage Thieu s departure On 15 April
## Polgar sent him a memorandum from the Station s reports chief that sup
## ported both his own apocalyptic view of the consequences of Thieu s
## remaining in office and his conviction that a national unity government
## must be formed and that the US must announce its interest in negotia
## tions If we do not take this action immediately we face disaster within
## a week or so 5D
## Disaster on a small scale struck immediately North Vietnamese
## forces captured Station contract officer I Iwhen they took
## Phan Rang the new MR 2 headquarters L J had been ordered to
## return to Bien Hoabut confident that no regional headquarters would be
## overrun decided to stay there with his counterpart General Nghi Both
## wound up in the hands of the Communists Worse I I I
## claimed Oil I i April that it no longer mattered what Saigon did He
##
## Saigoll XXH52 14 April 19751 7 c r l
## SlIig01l88909 15 April 1975 15 April 1975 L J
##
## ·bid·D
## Saigoll 883815 April I975 l 1
##
##
##
## Seret
## 118 2
##
## C01268717
##
##
## reported a Communist intention to fight on until total victory regardless
## of whether the Nguyen Van Thieu government falls or the US decides to
## give aid to Vietnam There will be no negotiations and no tripartite gov
## ernment The report went on to assert that the North would rather sacri
## fice troops in a final drive than waste time trying to achieve victory
## through a coalition government The Communists now plan to cele
## brate 19 May Ho Chi Minh s birthday in Saigon 6D
##
##
## Polgars Campaign for a Negotiated SurrenderD
##
## Despite the accumulating evidence of Hanoi s intention to destroy
## the Republic of South Vietnam with military force Polgar refused to
## abandon hope for a negotiated cease fire On 17 April he reacted pas
## sionately to a reported administration statement that the United States
## was engaged in no diplomatic process aimed at a cease fire and political
## settlement If this were true he wrote The paralysis of the American
## executive in face of the continuing North Vietnamese military drive and
## in face of the imminent danger of extinction of South Vietnam seems to
## me astonishing The COS sought to enlist DCI Colby in his crusade for
## a diplomatic strategy It seems to us that as the nation s chief intelli
## gence officer he has the justification and perhaps the obligation to
## present to the administration and to Congress the predictable conse
## quences of the current policies Polgar ended his appeal by insisting
## that the failure of the United States to take the diplomatic steps which
## might we repeat only might prevent or at least delay the ultimate catas
## trophe would pin on us a responsibility for blood which the rains of
## future years cannot wash away D
## On the 18th the COS reacted with almost equal emotion to a
## shocking report that Assistant Secretary of State Philip Habib had told
## US news organizations worried about their Vietnamese employees that
## the US Government had no plans to evacuate its own local employees
## This announcement if true and circulated in Saigon would as a matter
## of absolute certainty spark panic in South Vietnam The Ambassador had
## just authorized the surreptitious evacuation of some 350 of the press peo
## ple and General Quang reacting to a Polgar query intimated that the gov
## ernment would not oppose it Ending this message in a more matter of fact
##
##
##
## I olgur interview 29 30 July 1993 Shackley interview 19 August J9930 Polgar mernoran
## dUIII Washington Post Article Din the context of Snepp s later accusation that Polgar
## had ignored this information tile former COS noted thal the report was indeed disseminated and
## received the highest possible Headguarters evalulitiQnDI
## Saigon Ri078 17 April 1975C
## L S 7et
## 1 83
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## t
## tone the COS said the Station continues to proceed on the assumption
## that there will be evacuation of key indigenous persons and their fami
## lies aD
## Polgar thus believed that depending on circumstances the United
## States would provoke panic if it evacuated its Vietnamese collaborators
## and if it did not In any case the Embassy had now set up assembly line
## procedures with the Interior Ministry and any relative or dependent of
## an American could leave within a matter of hours In this way the Ameri
## can community was declining Polgar reported by several hundred each
## day thstem was running very smoothly without any trace of
## panie 9U
## Polgar saw no reason at this time to treat the evacuation of the Sta
## tion s Vietnamese with the same urgency that he had brought to moving
## the press people One reason was his relatively optimistic forecast of
## Hanoi s intentions and of the prospects for installing a unity government
## On 18 April he wrote that our perception of the timing of possible sus
## tained NVA assaults on Saigon may be a few weeks beyond the date that
## some elements in Washington are currently contemplating Acknowl
## edging that one could push Mission evacuation at an even faster pace it
## is our best judgment that we have as a minimum several weeks before
## things may start getting tight around here Meanwhile although not at
## liberty to provide details Polgar wanted Headquarters to know that
## Ambassador Martin and French Ambassador Merillon are about to take
## important initiatives vis a vis sic President Thicu it appeared that he
## would be pressed to resign IOn
## On the same day 18 April a Hungarian colonel named Janos G
## Ioth came to see the COS As Chief of Staff of the Hungarian ICCS rep
## resentation I
## I To t 7 h I Ja d r eg L ll a r d e al j ng s w i th Cth e N o r th Vi e tn a m e s e de l eg a
## tion at Tan Son Nhu airport At his meeting with Polgar he alluded to
## their social encounter of a week earlier at which the Hungarians present
## argued that on the basis of socialist logic the North Vietnamese must
## prefer strangulation tactics to a full scale assault on Saigon In the days
## following Toth said remarks to him and other Hungarians by their Hanoi
## colleagues had led to several conclusions 11 D
## The first of these saw the North Vietnamese as determined to force a
## military decision in the absence of negotiations begun promptly and on
## Hanoi s terms Second the North was in fact ready to resume negotiations
## provided thai Nguyen Van Thieu gave up the Presidency A successor
##
## saigoll X i IX i priI1975 1
## Saigoll
## lhirln R i140 IX iprilI975 1
##
## lISaigJ70 1 1 April 1 i751 l
##
##
##
## et
## 184
##
## C01268717
##
##
## government would have to be willing to stop the war in concrete terms
## and the US Embassy would have to restrict itself to normal traditional
## diplomatic activity The Hungarians thought only a few days remained to
## set up such talks but that the North was genuinely not interested in
## humiliating the United States Toth thought it silly on the other hand to
## talk about US military aid to Saigon The North Vietnamese will cer
## tainly not wait until the new materiel arrives and the South Vietnamese
## divisions are reformed 12 D
## Toth specified that by humiliation he meant something like the
## ignominious helicopter evacuation of the US Mission in Phnom Penh
## which had just taken place In his opinion the North saw a large scale
## reprise of that event in Saigon as provoking US action against the best
## interests of all concerned and wanted to avoid it Polgar asked about the
## Hungarian interest in all of this and Toth asserted there was none that
## Hungary just wanted to see the end of unnecessary bloodshed Also As
## a country which has lost many wars it has a certain sympathy for the
## losing side The South had now lost and the only question was whether
## the political consequences took effect under civilized circumstances
## like those facilitated by the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1918 or
## only after destruction of the capital city as in Berlin in 1945 3 D
## Although they still differed apparently on the question of Thieu s
## continued tenure Martin and Polgar shared an intense commitment to
## the pursuit of negotiations The Ambassador seized on Polgar s talk with
## Colonel Toth telling Kissinger still on 19 April that Toth reflected
## Hanoi s desiderata much more accurately than the intentions you ve
## been getting recently from Hanoi s exhortations to its cadre Having thus
## dismissed the reporting from Iand elsewhere Martin said that
## unless instructed to the contrary by the next day he would instruct Pol
## gar to explore the matter further The Ambassador went on to summarize
## a discussion with visiting US military commanders of helicopter lift
## capabilities He had determined that a one cycle lift could remove
## J600 people in addition to the Marine security force two cycles would
## allow 3200 In any case although he accepted a worst case estimate of
## ten days until the end Martin expected another three weeks in which to
## continue the evacuation D
## Martin showed Polgar his cable with its startlingly bitter complaint
## As it now stands it seems everyone has completed the CYA operation in
## Washington The Intelligence Community has drawn the absolutely worst
## IliJidn
## Ibid mh ended the meeting by suggesting that in view of Saigon s uncertain future it might be
## useful to set up a radio link between his delegation and the US EmbassyD
## Polgar interview 29 30 July 1993n David Butler The Fall ofSaigon London Sphere Books
## 19X6 PI 304 3051l l
## Srhet
## 185
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## t
## case which is unrealistic but which ·protects them You have given
## me a directive which it is almost impossible for me to fulfill without
## destroying the fragile fabric which still exists The only one whose
## ass is not covered is me There is no way I can come out of this with
## out criticism no matter how unjustified it may be Next morning Martin
## showed Polgar Kissinger s reply My ass is not covered I can assure
## you that I will be hanging several yards higher than you when this is all
## over But the Secretary of State went on to tell Martin that we have this
## morning made an approach to the Soviet Union ISD
## Polgar adopted Martin s point of view in a cable that day to Head
## quarters in which he accused Kissinger of a CYA play on a grand
## scale Kissinger directs the Ambassador to do something which would
## produce effects which Kissinger in other traffic says he does not want
## Furthermore The National Security Council cover themselves by
## assembling ships and planes for which there are no passengers and
## which could be HUed only at the risk of pulling the rug from under the
## Saigon government while it is proclaimed that we want to stabilize the
## situation As for the reported southward movement of surface to air
## missiles the COS thought this designed not to interdict Tan Son Nhut air
## port already vulnerable to smaller weaponry but to protect NVA com
## mand posts then being set up within range of South Vietnamese combat
## aircraft Nevertheless both the COS and the Ambassador had by now
## greatly scaled down their projections for Embassy and Station staffing
## Kissinger had approved only a one cycle plan for helicopter lift and
## Polgar was now reducing to a hard core of some ninety people and zero
## dependents other than working wives 16 0
## More Atteution to Evacuation D
## Meanwhile both Kissinger and some at the working level in
## Saigon found themselves reluctant to trust the fate of Vietnamese depen
## dents to the workings of the system still being developed with the Viet
## namese Kissinger cabled Polgar on 19 April asking for help with the
## relatives of two National Security Council staffers The COS complied
## sending Chip Schofield proficient in both Vietnamese and Cantonese to
## neighboring Cholon to find the Sino Vietnamese in laws of NSC official
## Ken Quinn Schofield was at that point getting anxious about his wife s
## Vietnamese family and having receivecl no assurances from the Station
##
##
## HUlkt I1w Fal f Sgr J05·306 Polgar said that the Butler quotations accord with his
## uwnmemory of lite cable
## SaIgon Bntl21 i AI 1I1 1975 ButlerThe Fall ofSaigon
## pJ06D
## St et
## 1 8
##
## C01268717
##
##
## he asked Polgar to send them on the C 130 transport dedicated to the
## Kissinger party Having sharply inquired as to their number Polgar con
## sented Ihad the same sense of being
## on his own but found a different solution when he took his relatives to
## the informal Defense Attache center for evacuation on one of the supply
## aircraft returning to Clark Air Force Base in the Philippines 17 0
## Late in the evening of 19 April Polgar summarized the North Viet
## namese troop movements that threatened Saigon Hanoi could readily
## reinforce while ARVN reserves were nonexistent or already committed
## But Thieu was heartened a Vietnamese military contact had told the Sta
## tion by a report that the US Congress was about to approve 350 million
## in military aid As a result the President was preparing a defiant speech
## sure to irritate the domestic opposition and provoke the North Vietnam
## ese into intensified military pressure But if Thieu was defiant Ambassa
## dor Martin had finally come to see his departure as indispensable Just
## what he would do and when Polgar did not know but the COS under
## stood that Martin and Kissinger had just exchanged several messages on
## the subject And the Ambassador had just made an urgent request to see
## President Thieu 18 0
## Acting on his assurance to Kissinger Martin had also instructed
## Polgar to contact Colonel Toth At this point the COS was simply to ask
## Toth to clarify his allusion to a Communist demand for an American
## statement regarding the future of an American Embassy in Saigon But
## Polgar noted to Shackley that the PRG spokesman at that day s Tan Son
## Nhut press briefing had restated a willingness to begin negotiations
## which tended to confirm that Toth had indeed talked to them and accu
## rately conveyed to Polgar what they said There was one hitch a new
## PRG precondition that Ambassador Martin be recalled for allegedly hav
## ing functioned as a military adviser In the context of these developments
## and in particular that of Thien s proposed departure Polgar assured
## Shackley that neither he nor anyone else in the Station was engaged in
## political action to bring about a change of government in Saigon All of
## our senior officers understand fully the need to avoid any semblance of a
## repetition of the events of 1963 and none of them aspires to be Lou
## Conciu s successor 9D
##
##
##
## Saigon 89202 Schofield interview 3 September 19921 linterview 24 August 1992
## Neither Martin nor Polgar opposed the informal DAOairlift or any ofthc other de facto evacuation
## schemes thaI emerged after the fall of the Highlands Their objection seems rather to have involved
## any US policy declaration that in their view would implicitly abandon the Saigon governmentD
## Saigon 89215 19 April 19751 I
## Saigon 89215 The message to which Polgar was presumably responding has not been foundD
##
##
## Soet
## 187
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Washington s alarm about evacuation preparations did not ensure
## and may even have hindered the dispatch of precise instructions to
## Saigon Shackley advised Polgar that a meeting of the interagency Wash
## ington Special Action Group on 19 April had discussed President Ford s
## order to reduce the American presence in Vietnam The deadline was
## unequivocally 22 April but the ceiling was either 1700 or 1400 people
## the numbers had been used interchangeably Washington still intended
## a single airlift operation for Americans it would now accommodate
## 1700 people but Shackley noted that a 13 hour operation would permit
## the evacuation of 7100 Vietnamese in addition to the Americans Mean
## while the Embassy could call for additional military air transport and at
## least one mission by a Boeing 747 In this context Shackley advised that
## the WSAG meeting had seen no impediment other than the need to avoid
## triggering panic to selective evacuation of Vietnamese on the Station s
## list of 3000 key indigenous personnel the KIP list He wanted to know
## which of these Polgar was planning to get out on commercial flights
## now ancl who might be moved black that is without documentation
## via military aircraft to Clark Field or other destinations 2 °D
## As Shackley later recalled it Polgar responded to this by moving a
## number of KIP dependents But again in Shackley s recollection the rate
## of evacuation suffered from Kissinger s decision to let Graham Martin
## set the pace while the Ambassador and Polgar as well were giving nego
## tiatious and their place in them more attention than they were to evacua
## tion logistics There was also Polgar s demancl for an aircraft dedicated
## to Station use for KIP evacuation but this would have required ambassa
## dorial clearance something that Shackley saw the COS as reluctant to
## press Martin to give him As it happened Kissinger was just about to
## reinforce Polgar s ancl Martin s hopes for negotiations Polgar later
## recalled that on the 20th or 21st of April Kissinger cabled the Ambassa
## dor saying that Soviet Communist Party First Secretary Leonid Brezhnev
## had relayed word from Hanoi that it sought a political goal and did not
## seek to humiliate the United States D
## Meanwhile the evacuation procedures that Polgar had reported as
## working smoothly now needed some refinement and the Station directed
## I Ito get Prime Minister Nguyen Ba Can to
## approve an agreement negotiated by the Embassy with the Interior Min
## istry to simplify granting exit visas The problem was to find him 19
## April was a Saturday and the Prime Minister s office was closed with
## not even a duty officer to consult about Can s whereaboutscJ per
## sisted and finally found the Prime Minister on Sunday Can s first action
##
##
## Shackley interview 19 August 1993 Polgar interview 29 30 July 1993
##
## St
##
##
## C01268717 Sjret
##
##
## the next day was to endorse the agreement with the Interior Ministry
## J subsequently heard that the rate of visa issuance had risen tenfold
## but confusion still prevailed even Pham Van
## Dong believed as late as 24 April that a ban on exit permits still
## D
## obtained 22
##
##
## Preparing the Liquidation of the Regime D
## I IPrime Minister Can thrust upon the
## Station the burden of preserving continuity in the South Vietnamese gov
## ernment Canl I
## wanted to stay long enough to transfer
## his office to his appointed successor but feared this would provoke his
## assassination by extremist elements of the internal opposition I I
## branch chief told him it was absolutely necessary that Can remain in
## office but as Gen Duong Van Minh emerged as Thieu s likely replace
## ment Can s fears grew that handing his office over to a Minh nominee
## I
## would gCI hhn arrestcd ond executed by the onti Commuoist hannne 1
##
##
##
##
## The Station labored that weekend not only to keep the Prime Minis
## ter in office but also to help persuade President Thieu to leave it On Satur
## day Ambassador Martin had recognized the inevitability of Thieu s
## departure and deputized the Station s retired Major General Timmes to pre
## pare the ground Timmes managed to see Thieu late that evening and on
## Sunday morning while cJ was looking for Nguyen Ba Can Martin
## was closeted with Thieu The Ambassador insisted to the President that he
## was not soliciting his resignation But Martin noted that there was very lit
## tle time to avoid an attack on Saigon if Thieu did not step down his gen
## erals would probably ask him to do so Thieu listened carefully and
##
##
##
##
## sdret
## 189
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## dispassiunately and as they parted thanked Martin for his
## frankness say
## ing I will of course do what is best for my country Martin replied I
## know that yuu shall 24 0
## Headquarters was now looking for refuge for the 3000 Vietnamese
## on the KIP list With State Department concurrence Shackley cabled
## Bangkok proposing the Thai military facility at Nam Phong Those with
## proper documentation were leaving on US military flights to Clark Field
## he said and others were to be sent to Phu Quoc Island in the Gulf of
## Thailand for subsequent pickup by ship but this left a group that would
## have to be exfiltrated black Shackley instructed Bangkok to get Thai
## agreement and report back for the opening of business in Washington the
## next day Monday 21 AprilD
## Now displaying a greater sense of urgency Polgar had already told
## Bangkok that the Clark Field route was heavily cluttered and that in
## any case it lacked the reliability and security that we must have To the
## KIP s who were Shackley s concern Polgar added Vietnamese wives
## children fiancees and in laws of Agency staff and contract personnel
## Documentation of these people was going as fast as possible but time
## may run out on us 2 D
## On Sunday afternoon 20 April Shackley described to Polgar that
## morning s WSAG meeting The Attorney General had not yet finished the
## immigration paperwork needed to grant parole status tu Vietnamese refu
## gees hut the clear intent of the meeting Shackley said was to move them
## anyway to transit points such as Thailand the Philippines and Guam
## Thc meeting had also reaffirmed CIA s authority to move KIP list Viet
## namese whose departure now would not contribute to panic Shackley
## said that Phu Quoc was already beginning to look less desirable as a
## pickup point and told Polgar to anticipate Thailand as an intermediate
## destination Shackley summarized the discussion of a final helicopter
## evacuation saying that planning now called for a 13 hour operation
## allowing some Vietnamese to he included Finallyhe expressed the hope
## that the Station could discreetly check on plans at the Palace to destroy its
## tiles and could ensure that arrangements were made to destroy anything
## whose capture by Hanoi would embarrass the United States 26 D
## On Monday morning 21 April Polgar contacted Colonel Toth with
## a request for clarification of whatever demand for a public US declaration
## they might make He also asked Toth to try to determine when and
## where negotations might begin Toth wanted to know if Polgar spoke
##
## LaGII lIx interview 23 November 19920 Butler llle Fall ofSaigon pp 308 309
## i I
## lalld Saigon 89239 20 ApnI1975LI J
## I
## zj
##
## 8·4
## 9
##
## C01268717
## oret
## with the Ambassador s authority and being reassured on that point said
## he would immediately report to his own Ambassador Late that afternoon
## Toth said that Polgar s questions had been passed to the PRG representa
## tion and he would immediately relay any reply Martin s meeting with
## Thieu had apparently had the desired effect as I I
## informed the Station of Thieu s decision to resign With ambassadorial
## approval Polgar took the opportunity to give the Hungarians advance
## notice of this pointing out that it would represent compliance with the
## Communists first prerequisite for negotiations D
## Just hours after Polgar s advisory to the Hungarians Nguyen Van
## Thieu resigned blaming Henry Kissinger for having led the South Viet
## namese people to death Thieu s Vice President the feeble septuagenar
## ian Tran Van Huong replaced him As a lifelong anti Communist he
## stood no more chance than Thieu that Hanoi would deal with him and
## the question of a national unity government one that could negotiate a
## surrender remained open However momentous the occasion it did not
## preempt CIA s attention that day as the logistics of evacuation com
## manded management s attention both at Headquarters and in SaigonaD
## Polgar began with a complaint that Headquarters bookkeeping
## errors he was being asked to account for people who had never been in
## Vietnam and its insistence on using the privacy channel for this corre
## spondence distracted him from more important activity But the message
## had come through loud and clear that we should draw down and we are
## so doing a head count of dependents and their travel schedule would·
## leave the Station by the end of the day He defended the retention of
## locally employed wives of Station personnel an essential employee was
## an essential employee and being also a wife seemed irrelevant Neverthe
## less Polgar understood that the policy is to reduce the essential personnel
## and we are following this conscientiously At the same time he contin
## ued to feel that the sense of panic is greater in Washington than here
## which is not to say that we arc not seized with a sense of urgeney 29D
##
##
##
## Saigon 19265 21 Apl iI1975 and Saigon 89315 21 April1975j I
## I AsSouth Vietnam disintegrated before their eyes
## the American principals took encouragement wherever they could find it The second of the two
## Polgar cables cited as one of few optimistic signs coming our way these days a Polish invitation
## to a cocktail party for the arrivingMinister of the Polish Delegation to the ICCS Two days earlier
## Martin had closed his eYA eomf 3int to Kissinger with what he called a morale hooster O
## I Up to eighty percent of the Sixth Company has conjunctivitis
## and it could spread through the entire battalion Suggest a medic be sent down for immediate treat
## mcnt See Butler The Fall ofSaigon p 306c J
## Stanley Karnow Vietnam A History Penguin Books 1983 pp 668 669 Butler The Fall of
## Saigon p 1170
## Saigon 89266 21 April 1975 I
## t
## 191
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## t
## The COS saw administrative inefficiencies in the Defense Attache
## Office and the limitations of available aircraft the C 141 could carry
## only some 70 passengers as aggravated by the ever expanding concept
## of family relationship The Station is gaining dependents daily as new
## marriages are contracted or old ones surfaced or fiancees are acquired
## formally or otherwise But the Station quota of Kissinger s llOO per
## son Embassy staffing limit would be reached the next day Fortunately
## the Saigon public seemed not to expect anything much from Congress in
## the way of military aid Thieu had just acknowledged this prospect by
## resigning and Polgar anticipated no increased hazard to US personnel
## from a negative voteoD
## The COS remained adamant on the requirement for a separate desti
## nation for KIP principals and their families Clark Field will be so
## crowded that it would be best to forget about it He disliked the Nam
## Phong idea and urged Headquarters to try to get Takhli another base in
## Thailand or Grande Island in Subic Bay Ambassador Martin had agreed
## 0 assign the Station an entire ship which could handle the entire contin
## gent but this seemed to Polgar academic without agreement on a destina
## tion Concluding with a change of subject the COS sourly dismissed
## Headquarters request of the day before for information on sensitive
## American correspondence held at the Palace he knew nothing about it
## and had no leverage to apply He did not even know what to look for and
## he speculated that given the US failure to support South Vietnam even
## within the terms of the Paris agreement Thieu and his cohorts will not
## go out of their way to avoid embarrassment to the US and may even
## decide to publish what they interpret were US commitments made in
## 1972 and 1973 10
## Shackley apologized for his inability to take evacuation correspon
## dence out of the restricted channel saying that WSAG deliberations and
## decisions were allowed only limited distribution He sympathized with
## the need for working wives but expressed some frustration with the
## absence of hard numbers for dependents as a group he hoped the prom
## ised accounting from Saigon would lay that issue to rest Five hours later
## Shackley cabled his summary of that day s WSAG meeting He antici
## pated that Washington would require a reduction below the 1100 ceiling
## hy Saigon s close of business on 22 April and described some tentative
## changes in the format of the helicopter lift The meeting had discussed
## prospects for some negotiated basis on which selected Vietnamese could
## be withdrawn and in this regard Shackley wanted Polgar to know that
##
##
## Saigoll X I112 21 April 1975 LI J
## lllhid·D
##
##
##
## t
## 192
##
## C01268717
##
##
## Kissinger had been briefed heforehand on the COS s latest talk with
## Colonel Toth But whatever these prospects might turn out to be It
## remains clear that trend line in decision making process is for evacuation
## of more people sooner rather than later 3iD
##
##
## Disagreement Over Withdrawal Thctics D
## Polgar objected strenuously to Washington s focus on the evacua
## tion process and made more explicit than ever before his conviction that
## only a negotiated surrender could avert catastrophe The picture which
## you present is certainly not flattering to the American policy makers
## WSAG appears to be preoccupied with the mechanics of evacuation
## which could safely be left to the professionals on the ground and is not
## concentrating sufficiently on the policies and political ramifications inher
## ent in the problem Overlooking the possibility that his and Martin s
## absorption with a negotiated solution might account in part for Washing
## ton s involvement in evacuation mechanics Polgar went on to say that
## evacuation goals were being met But this was only by exporting a very
## large number of Vietnamese to Clark Field whose subsequent resettle
## mcnt is going to create major problems The COS made it clear that his
## Vietnamese were not among those being exported I have held the line
## on Station indigenous employees exiting through that process 33D
## Polgar saw Thieu s resignation of the previous evening as creating
## a real possibility for negotiated settlement provided that Saigon
## moves with the requisite speed in conveying clear signs to the other
## side Repeating his antipathy to an emergency evacuation Polgar said he
## thought Washington s emphasis on it increased the likelihood of its being
## required Frankly even Dr Kissinger s approach to the Soviets was
## evacuation oriented and not very practical The upshot was that the
## only elements of the US Government currently trying to promote a
## negotiated political solution are Ambassador Martin and myself 34D
## Polgar was certainly right about the object of Kissinger s appeal to
## the Soviets he may at that point already have seen the Secretary of
## State s message to Martin saying the Soviets had just replied and it
## appeared that we will be permitted to continue our evacuation includ
## ing the evacuation of Vietnamese unimpeded But Kissinger also
##
##
##
## I 19751 IPolgar acknowledged that
## I Saigon 8937322 April
## he had not been able 10 hold the line with respect to Vietnamese dependents a number of our
## staff uud contract employees did utilize DAO processing facilities D
## Saigon Sl7D
##
## S4ret
## 7 13
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## encouraged Martin s hopes for a negotiated formula and not merely for
## North Vietnamese restraint on the battlefield I take the response to indi
## cate that the PRG is prepared to undertake negotiations in the tripartite
## Saigon PRG Hanoi formulation 35D
## It appears that Kissinger had told Martin more about this than he
## shared with CIA Headquarters Shackley who was then working closely
## with Assistant Secretary Habib later recalled that evacuation was indeed
## the only thing on the WSAG agenda and his reply to Polgar specified
## that the committee had been excluded from the policy arena Shackley
## wanted to rebut the Station s argument that it lacked a destination for
## Vietnamese evacuees accordingly his message urged Po to make
## more liberal use of the Defense Attache evacuation flights 36U
## Intelligence now indicated that Tan Son Nhut might come under
## artillery fire and Shackley advised Saigon that Washington was anticipat
## ing a substantial helicopter lift from the Embassy using both the parking
## lot and the Chancery roof With respect to Vietnamese evacuees the
## Administration had just won Congressional approval to parole 50000
## into the United States and in so doing solved the question of a final desti
## nation for refugees in the Defense Attache channel This was not the
## only possible evacuation route and State was about to ask Martin s views
## on the use of ships already at Saigon and two more headed in that direc
## tion Polgar still had confidence that something may be worked out
## along political lines and Shackley s reassurance about a destination did
## not entirely dissolve his reluctance to dump people into Clark Field He
## was starting he said to use the Defense Attache channel for indigenous
## employees but with respect to potential KIP evacuees wanted to wait for
## the opening of a Thai facility from which if things do not turn out too
## badly here we can bring most of them back to Vietnam 37D
## Aside from the improbability of any such accommodation by Hanoi
## the immediate prospect was for things to get worse The government was
## already crumbling and American facilities outside Saigon were con
## corned solely to avoid being overrun On the Vietnamese side for exam
## ple General Quang was discussing a proposed cabinet session
## at which the members of the government would reassure the country on
## television that the government was still functioning Quang observed that
## this had been abandoned when a head count revealed how many ministers
##
##
## nUIIr 11 Fnil ofSoigo» J 324
## ShilCkle y inl l IiiCW 19 Angust 1993
##
##
##
##
## JI
## lal1d Saigon 89410 23 April 19751
##
##
##
##
## 194
## J
##
## C01268717 et
##
##
## I had already fled1
## The US Mission had its own problems one of them reported by
## Polgar s MR 3 chiet I from Bien Hoa on 23 April Accord
## ing tol I the Consul General there alarmed by the dire prognosis
## given him by the corrupt and unreliable rOVinCej chief Luu Yem had
## begged Yem for a guarantee of protection feared that the oppor
## tunistic and unprincipled Yem would use this to extort favors endanger
## ing the American staff and saw no alternative but to close down the
## Consulate Already dissatisfied with the Consul General s performance
## Martin promptly tookl ladvice In the few days that remained for
## Americans in Vietnam Base officers commuted to Bien Hoa from
## Saigon J9D
## Clearing the Way for the SuccessionD
##
## Meanwhile in the prevailing political vacuum Martin and Polgar
## worried about a report from French Ambassador Jean Marie Merillon
## that Duong Van Minh feared violent action by northern born generals to
## block his accession to the presidency The COS dispatched General
## Timmes to confront his old friend Nguyen Cao Ky with the allegation
## Ky and two associates who arrived after Timmes argued persuasively that
## they had no such thing in mind The Station duly relayed this to Minh
## who then complained that he felt powerless as long as President Huong
## and his predecessor Thieu remained influential·oD
## The Station s longtime relationships with senior Vietnamese put it
## in the middle of the elaborate procedural maneuvers intended to clear the
## way for Big Minh Deputy Prime Minister Tran Van Don reported to
## both the Station and to Martin about the developing Vietnamese consen
## sus in favor of Big Minh and it was to the Station that Prime Minister
## Nguyen Ba Can reported his intention the evening of 22 April to offer
## his resignation the following day At Martin s behest the Station per
## suaded him to make the offer in principle and to keep it secret until a new
## cabinet could be proposed Martin hoped by this ploy to avoid a danger
## ous additional loss of negotiating momenturn · D
##
##
## Schofield inter vie 3 Seotember 19921
## 1 and Saigon 89409 23 April 19751
## 1 l
## Saigon 89429 23 April 1975J
## Saigon 89432 23 April J975j
##
##
##
## t
## 195
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## t
## Polgar went on to urge on Shackley the absolute need to resist any
## idea of sending in a Marine battalion to protect the evacuation It would
## be useless at best but would also provoke the North Vietnamese who had
## been quiet for the last 48 hours The COS closed with an angry outburst
## at the White House and Kissinger they were being most unhelpful
## unimaginative and completely devoid of any constructive suggestion
## Kissinger had done nothing but make a ridiculous request to the Soviets
## for a two week cease fire otherwise all the action is here and with the
## French Government in Paris and Hanoi 42D
## Headquarters replied in a more even tone judging it safe to say
## that only Ambassador Martin the COS and to a lesser extent Dr Kiss
## inger believed anything of value would come from current Vietnamese
## maneuvering While this minority of three may be proven by history to
## be correct the DCI is not willing to gamble lives of CIA KIPs on this
## possibility In view of this he has directed that you proceed without fur
## ther delay to move selected KIPs out of Vietnam Shackley reminded
## Polgar that he already had the needed authority and resources in the form
## of commercial air and the military flights then going to Guam He urged
## greater efforts to put KIPs in the military pipeline adding that he needed
## without fail answers to questions which we have repeatedly put to you
## on the numbers of KIPs slated for evacuation to the various possible des
## D
## tinatiom 4J
## Shackley acknowledged the crushing pressures on the COS but
## insisted that hc comply with Headquarters demands on the KIP issue
## These are trying times and the Station s total effort is superb We do
## have some differences in perspective on movement of CIA KIPs and
## this must be resolved as outlined above Other than that we are all in
## tune Good luek D
## On the same day Shackley exhorted Bangkok to get immediate
## approval from reluctant Thai officials to fly KIP list personnel to Nam
## Phong That list had grown by two thirds since Polgar s last message on
## the subject and on 24 April numbered some 5000 people The COS said
## he was still keeping needed local employees and productive agents and
## was not yet ready to move ARVN and police officers But we do n to
## evacuate the greater part of the 5000 group in the near future 45U
## Tom Polgar now found himself at odds both with Headquarters
## over the prospects for a negotiated surrender and with Martin over the
## menus of installing a Minh government in Saigon As we have seen
##
##
##
##
## t
## 196
##
## C01268717
##
## Headquarters and Washington policymakers in general with the possi
## ble exception of Kissinger anticipated a North Vietnamese military drive
## to end the war Meanwhile Polgar and Martin saw real if conditional
## Hanoi interest in a coalition government that would postpone the out
## come and perhaps even allow a continued US presence in Saigon Now
## with Thieu out of office though still in Saigon the practical problem
## D
## was to find an interlocutor acceptable to the North 46
## With North Vietnamese forces closing the noose around Saigon
## the Ambassador and the COS disagreed on how best to do this On 24
## April Polgar reported that Minh refused to serve as Prime Minister under
## President Huong Meanwhile the Communists had declared the Huong
## regime unacceptable as a negotiating partner which rendered that ques
## tion moot Minh now called Timmes to advise that he would see Huang
## at 1100 hours in an effort to get him to step down Reporting this to
## Headquarters Polgar said he thought the ARVN generals to be unani
## mous that Minh represented the only hope for a negotiated settlement
## and that they would remove Huong decisively and quickly if he
## refused to resign Minh was also sending two associates to Paris presum
## ably to contact the Hanoi delegation there and the Station advanced him
## D
## a thousand dollars for their expenses 47
## In the context of these developments Polgar reported differences
## with Martin over the time remaining to get negotiations started over the
## need to respect constitutional forms while doing this and over the desir
## ability of symbolic concessions in the absence of any sign from the
## other side I was strongly in favor of such concessions The COS also
## found himself on the other side of the argument from Kissinger whose
## message that morning had reproached us presumably Martin and Pol
## gar about the complications with the Soviets provoked by Thieu s pre
## cipitous resignation Kissinger wanted thc Mission to prop up the Huong
## government while concentrating on the evacuation of deserving Vietnam
## esc Polgar reacted to this by saying that there was nothing that could
## prop up the Huang government short of B 52s over Hanoi 4 D
## As Polgar saw it there was no time for anxiety about constitutional
## process and US rigidity was by default transferring the intiative to the
## French who will reap great eredit if they can put this thing together
## Developments in Saigon were taking place without any participation by
## Martin the Station however is in contact with all the key players and
## we are keeping the Ambassador informed 49D
##
## Saigon 89479 24 April 19751
## IhidO l
##
## Ibid
## Ibid
##
##
## Sp4t
## 79
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## t
##
## On Thursday evening 24 April Huong was still President and no
## one had worked out a formula to transfer power to Big Minh Huong
## had called in Martin to say that his effort to make Nguyen Ngoc Huy the
## new Prime Minister had attracted no support and he wanted advice on
## the way to get Minh to take over The Ambassador demurred saying he
## had insufficient information and Huong went on to complain that the
## continued presence of Thieu and Khiem created such difficulties that he
## was about to ask them especially Thieu to leave Lending support to
## Polgar s view of the growing French role Huong added that he intended
## to see Ambassador Merillon later that evening The Station meanwhile
## reported that it would shortly be seeing Big Minh and Deputy Prime
## Minister Tran Van Don for updated reporting Polgar also chose this
## moment to attempt a direct sounding of Communist interest in a negoti
## ated settlement 11 0
##
##
##
##
## Saigoll 89501 21 April 19751 INguyen Ngoe Huy had been
## all iurcnuiueut Station contact fur years and had served as the Station s link to the civilian partici
## panls in the mutiny against Ngo Dinh Diem in November 1960 see CIA and the House of Ngo
## Chapll rJO·D
##
##
##
##
## 198
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Chapter 10
##
##
## A Military Decision D
##
## In the 24 April 1975 message that described the standoff between
## Tran Van Huon and Duon Van Minh COS Pol ar re orted havin sug
## gested to an
## acquaintance from their days in tiat he exrore Commu
## nist reaction to a possible Minh government with sources
## around Minh as good as ours debriefed his Saigon contacts and then
## called Colonel Giang who represented the Communists Provisional
## Revolutionary Government on the four power commission at Tan Son
## NhuL D
## Professing interest in what he said was new infonnatioT Giang I
## hoped to comment on it in the next hour At Polgar s request
## had mentioned that a Communist radiobroadcast at noon that day called
## for Martin s departure and the removal of US Navy ships in Vietnamese
## waters but said nothing about evacuating the Embassy Could it be con
## cluded that the PRG had no problem with the continuing presence of an
## American Embassy in Saigon provided that it refrained from military
## intervention Giang answered that it could 20
## Polgar rushed this information to the Ambassador The COS saw it
## he told Headquarters as suggesting that the PRO anticipated a continuing
## US presence in Saigon and therefore at least the facade of an indepen
## dent South Vietnam and that there will be no North Vietnamese occupa
## tion or attack on Saigon Linking Hanoi s military moves to Saigon s
## political maneuvering Polgar saw the future as still ominous and obvi
## ously full of problems The South Vietnamese seemed unable to move
## with any speed regardless of the nature of the emergency and the threat
## to Saigon in terms of enemy capabilities continues to increase Inten
## tions are of course far more difficult to judge and that is where the politi
## cal events may have a very significant impact For this reason I
##
## Saigo1l89504 24 April 1975 LI l
## 2lbid·D
##
##
##
## 199
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## consider the political theater at the moment as taking priority over the
## military one Well aware of Washington s preoccupations Polgar ended
## by assuring Headquarters that the Station had that day moved an unspeci
## fied large number of KIPs3D
## The perceptual differences between tile COS and Headquarters
## came into sharp relief in Shackley s comment on these developments
## Giang s comments were intriguing but far from definitive or what one
## could call hard intelligence Polgar s inferences from them might be on
## the mark but nevertheless constituted a thin reed on which to base pol
## icy judgments on evacuation criteria The COS should therefore con
## tinue to reduce all categories of personnel while focusing collection on
## the political theater which does indeed have near term priority
## With respect to Polgar s hopes for a Minh government as interlocutor
## with the Communists Shackley said he wanted only to note that Minh
## was always exasperatingly slow to move The prospect of parlaying
## him into anything but disaster he thought was minima14 D
## Polgar disagreed His optimistic cable of the 24th had just left when
## a new PRG statement that evening clearly reaffirmed the Communists
## interest in a political rather than a totally military solution That the
## Communists now explicitly demanded withdrawal of US intelligence per
## sonnel and a prohibition on efforts at political influence seemed to Polgar
## clearly if implicitly to allow for a continuing US presence and for the
## delivery of humanitarian aid Accordingly the COS reported he had
## once again enlisted to make soundings at Tan Son Nhut
## Giang responded to hone call by saying that it was too early to
## comment but he invited to stay after the rigUlar STurday press
## conference two days hence for further discussion asked if the
## scheduling of that session was firm and Giang replied Of course why
## not To Polgar this represented a pretty good indication that no
## attack on Tan Son Nhut is imminent The COS noted in this context
## that the military lull following Thieu s resignation had continued unbro
## ken and that the Polish Ambassador was hosting a party on Friday
## evening which the North Vietnamese and PRG representatives were
## expected to attend sO
## Polgar also took issue with Shackley s pessimism about Minh
## reporting on Friday 25 April that he General Timmes and two of his
## case officers had been working to smooth the way toward a political
## solution At the suggestion of ex Prime Minister Khiem the COS had
## met that morning with a principal adviser to President Huong pointing
##
## lJirCI
## LI J J
## Suigoll X J52X 25 April 1975 1 1
##
##
##
## 200
##
## Sueret
## C01268717
##
## out the probable limits of Communist patience and urging a solution
## which both preserved Huong s dignity and accommodated Minh s
## refusal to accept appointment from him Polgar proposed a convocation
## of military political and religious institutions at which Huang would
## call for the nomination of someone to accept plenary powers and begin
## negotiations Minh s would be the name proposed The adviser former
## Interior Minister Le Cong Chat promised to convey Polgar s idea to
## Huong at once 6 0
## Complementing Station efforts to get negotiations started General
## Minh was still trying to send a small delegation to Hanoi and the Com
## munists in a break with precedent were allowing a special liaison flight
## to Hanoi the next day in order to accommodate this All these political
## efforts viewed against the background of the continuing lull in military
## activity suggested to Polgar that significant and dramatic developments
## should be expected within the next 48 hours And he was not alone he
## said Kissinger had vitally important information bearing on the evolu
## tion of the situation here Despite these expectations evacuation was
## proceeding and the COS reported having moved surplus Vietnamese per
## sonnel and a number of KIPs and their families He was also reducing
## Station personnel to a hard core if only because it is certain that under
## the changed circumstances of a new government the size of the Station
## will have 0 be commensurate with the reduced importance of Vietnam
## in tenus of the United States policy interest D
## At this point Polgar got some qualified support from DCI Colby
## who said he and he alone had information which he did not specify rele
## vant to the developments predicted by the COS But the focus was still
## on evacuation and Colby wanted the Station s closest attention to any
## military action around Saigon the scale of which would determine
## whether to persist with the Minh negotiations or launch an emergency
## airlift The Director closed with congratulations on the additional Distin
## guished Intelligence Medal which I hereby award you sD
## Unwilling to wait another day for the next contact with PRG
## Colonel Giang Polgar gavel Jsome Foreign Broadcast
## Information Service material on recent Communist statements along
##
## Ibid Saigon 89531 25 April 19751 Of his suggestion for
## the mechanics of Minh s accession Polgar added Readers of history will recognize that a similar
## scenario was implemented by Bismarck in the proclamation of the German Empire in the Hall of
## Mirrors at Versailles in 1871 0
## Saigon 89528 Polgar could not recall 18 years later just what information he was attributing to
## Kissinger bUI believed that it must have concerned Kissinger s expectation that with Brezhnev s
## help hc would pull thc rabbit from thc hat vic revent the North Vietnamese from entering
## Sai on Sec Pol ar interview 29 30 Jul 1993
##
##
##
##
##
## 201
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## with an analysis of their apparent import I obtained an appoint
## ment for that Friday afternoon 25 April and drove to Tan Son Nhut
## presentinf the corcusions as his own he asked for comments Giang
## said that was correct to infer that progress toward a political
## solution would avert an assault on Saigon that Big Minh would be
## acceptable as head of government and that the PRG did not object to
## the continued presence of an American Embassy The PRG was most
## interested lin POliti1cal developments in Saigon according to Giang
## who asked to keep him informed I Ileft
## with the impression that the Communists had set no deadline for the
## creation of a new Saigon government9D
## Whilel was on his way to Tan Son Nhut Hungarian Colonel
## Toth came to see the COS at home With regard to procedure he said the
## COS should know that all his messages had been promptly relayed to
## the other side as well as to Budapest and Toth presumed also to other
## places Regarding his own role Toth disclaimed any status as an official
## spokesman for the DRVIPRG but said he could convey substantive
## guidance originating with the other side Like Giang he specified Gen
## eral Minh as an acceptable candidate to lead the Saigon government and
## went all to identify several other Saigon politicians whom the Commu
## nists would like to see in a new cabinet The PRO Toth said remained
## particularly interested in a US declaration of noninvolvement in domes
## tic Vietnamese affairs including an end to military aid and was amena
## hie to a cease fire in the context of political progress in Saigon D
## loth relayed two questions to Polgar both having to do with the
## presence and intentions of US military forces in the South China Sea
## Polgar gave assurances that they were deployed solely to assist an emer
## gency evacuation and turned the conversation to the problem of law and
## order in Saigon Worried about violence by armed elements hostile to a
## negotiated settlement he asked Toth to counsel the Vietnamese Commu
## nists against moves that might spark foolhardy individual acts We don t
## want any F 5 pilots bombing the Palace to protest the sellout of the
## nationalist cause nor do we want a collapse of law and order in Saigon
## Chaos in this large city would not do either side any good Polgar said
##
## Saigon 895544 25 April 19751 IWith respect tol I
## bona fides with Giang it seems likely that the stated concern for the survival of a US Embassy if
## nothing else would have suggested to Giang that lapproach had official sponsorshipD
## Saigon H9553 25 April 19751 I Different intermcdiaries
## used different labels for the Communist political authority here the PRG elsewhere the Hanoi
## lcadcrsh p There is no evidence that the control of Communist policy was anything but unitary
## and Communist references to the PRG were presumably intended to help preserve the fiction that
## it and its dominant People s Revolutionary Communist Party were autonomous Southern based
## institntions·D
##
##
##
##
## 202
##
## C01268717
##
## he could not predict just when a new government might take office but
## assured Toth that the Huong government would shortly indicate clearly
## that national reconciliation is the order of the day II D
## This brought Polgar to the American situation in Saigon He told
## Toth that the US stood ready to work out an appropriate formula in
## private and not on the front pages of the newspapers He had Martin s
## approval he said to propose discussions on an official but informabasis
## with the representatives of the other side Toth left to deliver Polgar s
## message while the COS returned to the Embassy to brief the Ambassa
## dor· D
##
##
## Nguyen Van Thieu s FareweUD
##
## Ambassador Martin had taken to heart President Huang s com
## plaint about the difficulty of governing with his predecessor still in
## Saigon and told Thieu he thought it best for him to leave Thieu accepted
## the inevitable and Martin charged Polgar with the arrangements for a
## departure conducted with utmost secrecy As it happened the aircraft
## that President Johnson had put at Ambassador Bunker s disposal for vis
## its to his wife the US Ambassador to Kathmandu had not been with
## drawn after Bunker s departure Inquiring about it Polgar learned that it
## could be made ready in a matter of hours and that its range would take it
## to Taipei Thieu designated Khiem to handle the arrangements for the
## Vietnamese side and preparations began to evacuate a group of four
## teen 3D
## Recognizing that some disgruntled subordinate might try to prevent
## or punish Thien s departure the Station undertook to conceal it from all
## hut the CIA people involved Accordingly it instructed Khiem to have
## the passengers make their way to the General Staff compound near Tan
## SOIl Nhut on Friday afternoon 25 April Limited to one piece of hand
## luggage each they assembled at Khiem s residence there Thieu waited
## until after dark before walking from his own house in the compound
## even as Polgar and ere exploring the latest bid for negotiations
## After finishing with Polgar joined General Timmes at Khiem s
##
## Saigon 895530
## Ibic One or the differences between Headquarters and the Station at this time concerned Toth s
## hona fides Polgar said he thought loth was acting in good faith in carrying messages to me from
## what he considered authoritative Vietnamese communist circles Shackley thought it more likely
## thatthe Hungarian initiative represented part of a concerted Communist effort to deceive the US
## about North Vietnamese intentions and thus to deter it from using its combat forces to prevent the
## rail or Saigon Sec Polgar interview 29·30 July 1993 and Shackley interview 19 August 1993
##
## Qlgar interview 29 30 July 19930
##
##
## 203
##
## I
## C0126871 7
##
##
##
##
## Figure 22 Saigon and Vicinity May 1975
##
##
##
## r
## Tan Son Nhut
##
## I
##
## I
## I
## • MACV Headquarters
##
##
##
##
## IS Embassy
##
## Pmsidnoo Majestic
## tel
## PBIBce f°
## Gia Long
##
##
##
##
## 74 3 70 3 9 ·97
##
## house where they used the grand piano as a de k on which to fill out
## parole documents for a group that in the end numbered twelve 0
## Polgar saw the General Staff compound gate and the police check
## point at 1 1n Son hut airport as the danger points He therefore set out to
## avert any inquiry or inspection by using Ambassador Martin s official
## vehicle supplemented by three black Station sedans with diplomatic
##
##
## Sail OIl H 3 21 April I975 1L JI Polgar interview 29 30 July
## 130
##
## 204
##
## C01268717
##
## license plates to create the impression of a high level US convoy The
## ploy worked and the guards waved the convoy through to the parking
## area reserved for Air America Ambassador Martin was there to bid fare
## well to the ex President and Polgar also boarded the old C 1l8 to brief
## the pilot on the formalities to expect in Taipei With the aircraft disap
## pearing into the evening sky Polgar radioed the Station to flashllits
## estimated arrival time To Headquarters he wrote Wish to aavrse you
## that by direction of highest authority Station has successfully evacuated
## former President Nguyen Van Thieu former Prime Minister Tran Thien
## Khiem and ten others with wheels up at 2120 hours local 25 April
## Returning to Saigon the Ambassador and COS sought to present a busi
## ISO
## ness as usual air by dropping in at the party at the Polish Mission
## Thieu s departure may have facilitated the subsequent transfer of
## power from Tran Van Huong to General Minh but the next day brought
## only intensified anxiety over other aspects of the Saigon and US positions
## with respect to Hanoi For one thing the North Vietnamese chose 26
## April to renew both psychological and military pressure with strident
## media attacks and stepped up military activity around Saigon that forced
## the closing of Bien Hoa Air Base In addition the evacuation problem
## remained unsolved The Thais had already expressed their reluctance to
## harbor large number of Vietnamese refugees and now Manila reported
## that Ambassador William H Sullivan had just promised President Mar
## cos to allow no politically sensitive Vietnamese that is KIPs into the
## Philippines And the I Iechoed Polgar s own
## fears when he blamed Saigon s paralysis for a perceived decline in the
## prospects for negotiationsIn
## But the Station persistea1n its uphill struggle to get a Saigon go v
## crnment capable of avoiding military occupation by negotiating a politi
## cal surrender The Station discussed with General Minh the candidates
## for office Colonel Toth had listed for the COS These included the
## woman activist Ngo Ba Thanh whom Generals Quang and Binh had
## exactly a month earlier contemplated arresting Minh said she would get
## a senior position But he would have no Catholic priests in key posi
## tions especially the irresponsible liar Father Chan Tinh proposed by
## the Communists nO
## While Polgar struggled to help prevent a Communist assault of
## Saigon his reservations about full scale evacuation preparations encour
## aged something of a business as usual spirit at the working level As one
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## of the surplus officers from Central Vietnam Fred Stephens went to the
## personnel office to arrange transportation He was startled to find people
## haggling over their itineraries most wanted to go through Europe and
## one married couple was trying to talk a harried personnel officer into
## arranging separate itineraries for them after the first stop Stephens
## wound up with a seat on what he understood was the last Pan American
## flight out of Saigon a few days before the end At that point there was so
## little sense of urgency in Saigon that only some 30 people boarded the
## planeIRO
## At this point some of the remaining support staff had indeed been
## pushed to the limit The Station physician Charles Saunders complained
## to Polgar on 25 April that he had seen several people in a state of total
## physical exhaustion This could not go on he said everyone should get
## Saturday afternoon off and all of Sunday Polgar was unsympathetic
## telling Headquarters that most people were working 14 hours a day 7
## days a week because we have to do what must be done Anyone who
## couldn t cut the mustard would be shipped out Later Polgar said he
## would identify those who can take the pressure and perform at peak
## capacity over extended periods and those who CaIlIlOt 9 0
## Meanwhile as the Station dickered with General Minh over the
## composition of a new government a leaked Station report and a Kiss
## inger rebuke to Polgar cast doubt on the future of CIA efforts to broker a
## transfer of power in Saigon The leak had appeared in the 24 April New
## York Times and quoted verbatim from Polgar s account sent to Head
## quarters only of Toth s 19 April initiative regarding negotiations Having
## now on 26 April seen the story in Saigon Polgar attributed it to some
## one close to Kissinger if not Kissinger himself and said he feared it
## could damage his dialog with the Hungarians The COS made it clear that
## a pretty sharply worded messsage from Kissinger accounted for this
## suspicion the Secretary of State had just reminded him that he Kiss
## inger conducted negotiations for the United States and that these would
## take place in Paris Shackley also sent a reminder at this time he later
## recalled it as a blunt message telling the COS that whatever might be
## transpiring in other channels the Station s job was to evacuate agents and
## dependents destroy files and dispose of confidential funds D
## Stephens interview 10 AlIglls t 9 9 4 LO l
## Saigon R9700 2R April 1975j
## Saigon R05 26 April I9751 BJind memorandum for the
## record Rccupitulutiun of Eyes Only Traffic between CIA and COS Vietnam relating to the Plan
## ning lIldAction Phascs of the Evacuation of the Vietnam Station and the US Mission in Vietnam
## nd1 Potgar interview 29 30 July 1993 Shackley interview
## 19 Anrnst I93 Polgar said I did not think that was among Kissinger s beuer moments· O
##
##
##
##
##
## 206
##
## C01268717
##
## Perhaps Kissinger feared that parallel efforts might derail what he
## saw as the hright prospects of his own work with the Soviets for along
## with his admonition to Polgar came an upbeat message to Martin My
## thinking is that following the formation of a Minh government there
## will be negotiations leading to agreement on a tripartite government
## Kissinger then discussed the future of the Embassy in terms reflecting
## his assumption that it would be up to the United States to decide whether
## to keep it open 21 D
## The Evaporation of the Government in Saigon D
## Nguyen Ba Can still nominally the Prime Minister of South Wet
## nam had so far honored his promise to stay but the prospect of Minh as
## new head of government or chief of state provoked more jitters and on
## that same Saturday 26 April he appealed ror evacua
## tion No one cared anymore about his longevity in office and Marlin
## approved the Station evacuated him the next day The much maligned
## General Quang displayed substantially more grit telling the Station on
## the 27th that although pleased to have his wife safely out of the country
## he would not leave while on active duty He had submitted a request for
## reassignment after Thieu s resignation and was waiting for General
## Vien s replynO
## For five days after Thieu s resignation Ambassador Martin had
## insisted that new President Tran Van Huong remain in office at least
## until replaced by a process that respected constitutional forms With
## Can preparing to leave and the Saigon government more than ever para
## lyzed the Ambassador reluctantly gave up his resistance At 2200 hours
## on 26 April Polgar reported that he expected Huong to convey the presi
## dency to Minh the next day following a procedure similar to the one the
## COS had recommended a few days earlier 23 D
## Events of Sunday 27 April fulfilled Polgar s prediction Minh was
## voted full powers and the Station expected that the sweating in cere
## mony would draw political and religious groups who have never before
## been seen in Saigon s Presidential Palace The question remained the
## Station said whether the change had come in time to divert the Commu
## nists from pursuing the military decision of which they were now fully
## capable The near collapse of the government forces in the Saigon area
##
## BUller The Fall uSaigoll p 3840
##
## r
## Saigon 89625 26 April 1975
##
##
##
##
## 207
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## compounded both by the efforts of the hardline General Ky to sabotage
## the new Minh regime and by renewed factionalism in the National
## Assembly could only reinforce such doubts Prospects for successful
## evacuation also dimmed with the news that the Communists had cut the
## road from Saigon to the port at Vung Tau and that the Thai Government
## had just refused permission to use the Nam Phong camp as a refugee
## camp Martin at least was undaunted cabling Kissinger about midnight
## that while rockets might continue to fall and roads to be interdicted it
## was the unanimous opinion of the senior personnel here that there will
## be no direct or serious attack on Saigon 21D
## Whether or not there were grounds for such optimism renewed mil
## itary pressure around the capital created a demand for information on
## what remained under government control The Bien Hoa sector was espe
## cially critical and at one point probahly on the 28th the COS resorted
## to sending out his own reconnaissance patrol Analyst Frank Snepp and
## one or two others drove northward a prudent distance trying to find the
## ARVN pcrimeter2SD
## Meanwhile Ambassador Martin and Adm Noel Gayler Com
## mander in Chief of Pacific forces found themselves increasingly at odds
## with regard to the pace of evacuation preparations at the Embassy This
## conflict between the military s concern to be ready for the end and Mar
## tin s fear of creating panic came to be symbolized by the fate of a giant
## llame tree in the Embassy parking lot Chip Schofield came to work the
## morning of 28 April and noticed an ax lying next to the tree and a few
## chunks out of the bark Upon inquiring he learned that the 7th Fleet had
## ordered the tree cut down but Martin had noticed the first blows and
## overruled it Someone probably in the Defense Attache Office resumed
## chopping and Martin once again vetoed it 26 D
##
##
##
##
## BUller The Fall of
## Saigall p 392T Polgar never forgave Martin for the Amhassadm s performance during this
## fateful week filmy view the paralysis of the Huoug Government between 21 and 28 April aided
## and ahcttedby Ambassador Martin was II major contributor to the conditions which ered the
## events Oil April 29 our lust day in Sn See Polgar interview 29 30 July 1993U
## Polgar interview 29 30 July 1993U
## Ihid Schofield iUlerview 3 September 1992·0
## I I
##
##
## 208
##
## C01268717
##
## One item of good news arrived in the form of a flash cable from
## Bangkok the Thai Government had relented and the United States
## could use Nam Phong The question now was how much longer the
## United States could use Tan Son Nhut airport the North Vietnamese had
## just bombed it with captured aircraft and Admiral Gayler worried
## about an intelligence report predicting that the airfield would soon
## come under artillery fire But evacuation flights continued on the 28th
## and one C 130 transport carried out Nguyen Ba Can s family as well as
## National Police and CIO chief Nguyen Khac Binh and other police
## D
## officers 28
## Flights from Tan Son Nhut were continuing when just after 1700
## hours on Monday 28 April Duong Van Minh became the last President
## of the Republic of South Vietnam To the Station he looked amenable to
## further evacuation of Vietnamese as well as Americans the principal
## question now was that of negotiations with the Communists The Station
## reported that it knew nothing of Minh s specific intentions but noted his
## stated preference for talks in the context of the Paris agreemenl Polgar
## surmised in a cable to Headquarters that contacts would begin in Paris
## moving eventually to some mutually acceptable site in South Vietnam
## He followed with an exhaustive survey of candidates for ministerial
## posts and offered the wan hope that despite sniping from Ky supporters
## Minh would display new determination and toughness by sticking to
## the list he had discussed earlier in the month with General Timmes D
## Beginning the Last Day D
## Polgar and his staff went home about 2100 hours that Monday
## evening the COS later thought that none of them realized the night of 28
## April would be their last in Saigon There was not to be much sleep that
## night Polgar awoke about 0400 hours to the thump of incoming artillery
## and his duty officer reported by phone that Marines on the Embassy roof
## could see flames and explosions at Tan Son Nhut The COS gave instruc
## tions to begin the preparation of emergency fund envelopes for Station
## employees a thousand dollars plus a few small bills in Thai and Hong
## Kong currencies and hurried to the Embassy whence he could see for
## himself the explosions at the airport these had reportedly already
## heavily damaged the runways and several Air America helicopters 30 D
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Waiting for Polgar when he got to his cable traffic was a Shackley
## message dealing with the 28 April WSAG meeting It acknowledged Pol
## gar s report of Minh s inauguration but otherwise pointedly ignored the
## event and the Station s speculation about cabinet organization and negoti
## ating procedure Dealing exclusively with the evacuation issue Shackley
## acknowledged Martin s relatively optimistic estimate of two to three
## weeks while Minh negotiated with the Communists He also pointed out
## Hanoi s clear capability to take the airport under fire whenever it chose
## Uncertain about Communist intentions Washington had authorized Gen
## Homer Smith the Defense Attache to decide when to suspend C 130
## flights under artillery or rocket fire Regarding the Station s Vietnamese
## Shackley advised that the WSAG endorsed CIA use of Nam Phong and
## Taipei as it wished he was at the moment trying to obtain C 130 trans
## ports for the Station s usellD
## Martin was ill the subsequent diagnosis was bronchial pneumo
## nia but Polgar thought his presence at the Embassy essential and called
## In insist that he come in The Ambassador did so about 0600 hours but
## until his medication took effect he lacked the strength even to make him
## self heard on the telephone Polgar had to relay his instructions to the
## Defense Attache people at the airport and his reporting to Admiral Gayler
## and the Secretary of State In these early morning hours Polgar s reports
## staff was busy keeping Headquarters informed of the destruction at Tan
## Son Nhut No one however had yet proposed the so called Phase Four
## evacuation procedure that prescribed an emergency helicopter lift to
## replace the C 130 shuttlenO
## About 0800 hours Martin received a formal request from President
## Minh for the departure within 24 hours of all Defense Attache personnel
## The Ambassador promised to comply and asked Minh to ensure their
## orderly and safe departure Polgar took Minh s request as confirmation
## that the Embassy would continue to function But whether the airport
## would coutinue to function was now in dispute between General Smith
## at Tan Son Nhut and Ambassador Martin at the Embassy Martin refused
## to accept Smith s judgment that the runways were now unusable and
## insisted against staff advice on driving to the airport for a personal
## inspection What he saw there convinced him that a helicopter lift was in
## fact now indispensable and about an hour later or around 1100 hours
## Admiral Gayler at ClNCPAC in Honolulu ordered Martin s recommenda
## tion put into effect 33D
##
## I
## 0
## Polgar interview 29 30 July 1993
## nu Hutler 11w Fall of Saigon p 4200
##
## Soetoet
## 210
##
## C01268717
##
##
## On returning to the Embassy at about 1030 hours Martin allowed
## the controversial tree in the parking lot to be cut down With respect to
## staffing he now instructed Polgar to draw up plans for a 50 person CIA
## Station including sufficient communications personnel to service an
## approximately 200 strong American Embassy This in Polgar s words
## effectively sidelined the COS and several of his senior assistants and
## diverted their attention from the immediate priorities of the evacuation
## which in any case he understood was proceeding according to plan The
## result of these deliberations was a staffing plan I
##
##
##
##
## At about 1130 hours Martin told Polgar that Washington where
## the military s view of the Tan Son Nhut situation now evidently prevailed
## had just put the Phase Four helicopter lift into effect and we are all
## going There was no general announcement of this as Polgar recalled it
## during the next hour the Embassy s senior officers heard separately from
## Martin or his deputy that the signal had changed The timing of this deci
## sion struck Polgar as unfortunate we lost precious daylight hours
## but he had not at any time in the course of the morning considered enter
## ing the debate himself with an appeal to Headquarters it would have been
## unthinkable for him to inject himself into this policy matter In any
## case he later saw an important distinction in the fact that the launching of
## Phase Four did not in itself mean total evacuation of the Mission this
## decision did not come until the late afternoon 3l D
## The End of the Political GambitD
##
## Although Martin was still resisting the inevitable asking Presi
## dent Ford to let him stay with a skeleton staff Polgar now recognized
## Ihat the end was near Colonel Toth paid a call in midmorning he said
## he had concluded that our efforts have failed and that the North Viet
## namese will press for raj military solution Toth insisted that this came
##
## Polgnr interview 29·30 July 19931 I
## Polgar interview 29 30 July 1993 This has an air of rationalization as the COS had overcome any
## inhibitions about entering the policy arena when he urged Washington to emphasize a political set
## tlcmcnt and when he complained about Kissinger s handling of negotiations through the SovieLD
##
##
##
##
## 211
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## as a surprise just two days ago he said PRG General Thuan at Tan
## Son Nhut said he was awaiting clearance to enter into direct discussion
## with the Americans Polgar saw that it no longer mattered as of 1100
## hours he said the thrust of Communist media pronouncements and cur
## rent intelligence left little doubt that this is it closing the Embassy
## and Station was now a matter of time perhaps only hours l 6 D
## An hour later Polgar explicitly acknowledged that Station sources
## like the IVC penetration had been right He reported that all
## files and sensitive equipment are being destroyed We have started
## to lift surplus personnel from Embassy rooftop to warships off coast
## The Minh government was moving with excruciating slowness Bien
## Hoa had fallen and there was no sign of any effective resistance now
## north of Saigon Neither ARVN nor the Air Force was disposed to put up
## a Stalingrad type defense The end is at hand Polgar now recom
## mended in the absence of any political developments to move all
## Americans out of Saigon We tried to avert this kind of exit to the bitter
## end but we lost As crowds of nervous Vietnamese gathered outside the
## Embassy Polgar left the office to check the security of the compound
## He spotted General Quang in his customary blue suit pressed against the
## gate and managed to get it opened far enh for the former Presidential
## aide to squeeze himself inside to safety U
## Whatever the causes management preoccupation with negotia
## tions confidence in the prospect of a more orderly withdrawal the sud
## denness of the Saigon government s collapse inertia or some
## combination of these the Station and the Mission found themselves on
## 29 April ill prepared for the denouement DCOS LaGueux discovered to
## his dismay that millions of dollars in currency still reposed in the Sta
## tion s vault and he had to arrange atl emergency helicopter run to get it
## out to the USS Blue Ridge offshore in the South China Sea Starting in
## thc late afternoon each of four officers carried an eighty pound duffel
## bag of currency and financial records to his assigned helicopter Not all
##
##
##
##
## Saigon 89746 29 April 1975 and Saigoll8975l 29 April 19751 I
## I Ilf Toth had advance warning of the bombardment of Tan Son Nhut he had concealed it
## by leaving his delegation in its quarters there on tile night of 28 29 April Only the following morn
## ing did he ask Polgar for help the COS delegated Bill Johnson former Saigon Base Chief now
## responsible for staybchind activity to form convoy and escort the Hungarians to the relative safe
## ty of the Majestic Hotel in downtown Sai on See Pol ar intervicw 29 30 July 1993·0
## Saigon 9750 29 ipril1975 Saigon 89751 Polgar inter
## view 2 301993·0
##
##
##
##
##
## 212
##
## C01268717
##
##
## such oversights could be remedied LaGueux also learned that the staff
## in charge of the Station s Vietnamese translators had simply walked
## away from them and now there was nothing to be done for them 3s D
## It was chaotic everywhere in the Mission as Chip Schofield learned
## when as a Vietnamese speaker he volunteered to help man the Embassy
## switchboard The economic aid office had assembled all its Vietnamese
## employees and their families at its separate compound to await the prom
## ised evacuation convoy and the American staffers then proceeded to the
## Chancery But no convoy appeared and no American returned to the
## compound Schofield at the telephone began getting anguished appeals
## for instructions from the frightened Vietnamese still waiting there He
## had none to give except at the end when it was clear that the people
## there would be left behind A woman asked what to do with the AID
## greenbacks in her custody he told her to keep them 39 D
## By early afternoon of 29 April the last Agency outpost in the coun
## tryside had gone out of existence Jim Delaney the Base Chief at Can
## Tho in the Mekong Delta had wanted to begin moving his local employ
## ees by 26 April But Consul General Francis McNamara grounded the
## four Air America helicopters asssigned to Can Tho arguing that to evac
## uate Delaney s locals would spark panic Delaney s heated argument
## including references to personal and professional contacts the CG had
## already sent out only provoked McNamara into threatening to have him
## relieved Delaney appealed to Saigon which the next day overruled the
## CG and authorized the Base Chief to proceed A chastened McNamara
## apologized to Delaney and offered to give the Agency KIPs priority over
## his oWIl 4 °D
## But two days later when the Ambassador s evacuation coordinator
## George Jacobson ordered Can Tho to evacuate many of the Base s
## locals were still awaiting transportation to safety Jacobson s instruc
## tions received at 1030 hours on the 29th recalled Can Tho s four Air
## America helicopters to Saigon to make up some of the losses suffered
## earlier that morning when the North Vietnamese shelled Tan Son Nhut
## Thc US Navy had declined to commit any helicopter lift to Can Tho and
## this left the American and local employees of the Consulate to make their
## way by boat down the Mekong River to the South China Sea At noon
##
##
## LaGuclx interview 23 November 19921 IMemorandum to the Director of Central
## Intelligence Funds Abandoned at Saigon Station 1 I July 1975 IThe title of
## the memorandum implies that not all the Station s funds were saved but the amount lost is not
## knownD
## Schofield interview 3 September 19920
## Jamcs Delancy Memorandum for the Chief of Station Vietnam The Final Evacuation of Can
## Tim Hasc Personnel in MR 4 2 May I97
## Call Tho Base Personnel 27 May 1975
## C Y Memorandum for the Rec ord• Evacuation of
## I
##
## 213
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Delaney discovered that McNamara and his party had just left on the
## Consulate s Navy landing craft Then at 1320 hours two Air America
## helicopters suddenly appeared their pilots had not received Jacobson s
## order Delaney radioed McNarnara suggesting a rendezvous with the air
## craft but McNamara replied that he preferred to continue by boat 41D
## Delaney loaded the aircraft with his Americans and a few of his Fil
## ipino and Vietnamese employees and they flew out to the USS Barbour
## County in the South China Sea But most of the local staff could not be
## accommodated and some one hundred employees and family members
## were left behind 42 0
## Like his colleagues in the other military regions Delaney had been
## left to his own devices in the matter of evacuation preparations and deci
## sions Polgar later said he did not recall issuing any specific instructions to
## his offices in the four Military Regions The Base Chiefs were all experi
## enced senior officers I could rely on them to do the right thing 43D
##
##
## The Due HotelD
##
## While Delaney and his group were flying out to the Barbour
## County accelerating chaos in Saigon nullified many evacuation prepara
## tions Of particular concern was the Due Hotel several blocks from the
## Embassy which housed many Station employees After the air attack on
## Tan Son Nhut on the 28th the Station had sent contract employee Joe
## Hartmann to the Due to set up communications and transportation proce
## dures The communications worked but transportation fell victim to the
## loss of Air America helicopters during the airport bombardment at dawn
## on the 29th As the morning wore on Hartmann s repeated requests to the
## Embassy s Evacuation Control Center brought no helicopters to the Due
## By 1430 hours he was reporting a nearly continuous clatter of small
## arms fire from ARVN soldiers in the neighborhood The buses ordered to
## evacuate the Filipino and Vietnamese employees had not appeared and
## Robert Cantwell Polgar s Chief of Support decided to wait for them no
## longer Accordingly he instructed Hartmann to move the 33 Americans
## out by helicopter I4D
##
##
##
##
## 1Id·O
## I
## l ol II mlervicw 29 30 July 19930
## Thomas Polgar Memorandum for Chicf East Asia Division Evacuation of Station Planning
## uud Evenls 31 May 9751 I
##
##
## 214
##
## C01268717
##
##
## But Cantwell could not supply the airlift and Hartmann had to
## improvise He climbed to the hotel roof where he ignited smoke gre
## nades in hopes of attracting the attention of Air America pilots flying in
## the vicinity The second grenade drew a helicopter to the rooftop landing
## zone It would take two trips to move all the Americans the pilot said
## and he was too Iowan fuel to make two round trips to the Embassy
## before heading out to sea for refueling by the Navy So half the group
## flew to the Embassy and the remainder preoccupied during their wait
## with keeping the local employees from joining them on the roof flew
## directly to a Navy vessel in the South China Sea D
## Because of their exposed position at Tan Son Nhut the Defense
## Attache personnel there got first priority when the 7th Fleet standing
## offshore launched the helicopter lift at just after 1500 hours While the
## C 53 helicopters shuttled between the airfield and the fleet the limited
## Embassy airlift made only slow progress moving the hundreds of Ameri
## cans and Vietnamese inside the compound Meanwhile the thousands of
## frightened Vietnamese outside the perimeter threatened to flood through
## the gates and fences To leave the compound was now impossible and
## the only thing the Station and Mission could do was to post officers at
## the gates to identify Vietnamese contacts who managed to get close
## enough to be lifted bodily over the wall 46 0
## Polgar and some of his people were there looking for familiar
## faces One of them spotted an ARVN colonel a contact in the psycholog
## ical warfare unit and told him to form human wedges of the people he
## wanted to get inside Those whom he managed to get to the wall were
## allowed to throw one bag over before being hoisted to safety In the con
## fusion US Marine guards unaware of this arrangement threw some of
## the baggage back over the wall Their evident purpose was to protect
## against explosives but the result was to deprive some evacuees of irre
## placeable identity papers 47 D
## The acting chief of the Station s Air Branch O B Harnage con
## stituted Polgar s only resource to rescue both his own Vietnamese con
## tacts and other KIPs stranded at various US facilities scattered across
## Saigon Harnage requisitioned an Air America helicopter and survived
## an afternoon of wild confusion tracking down refugees and plucking
## them from rooftops and parking lots Polgar worried particularly about
## the apartment house at 22 Gia Long Street the site of DCOS LaGueux s
##
##
##
## lbid·D
## Butler Fall ofSaigon Pl 445 477 4791 1Polgar interview 29 30 July 993D
## Polgar interview 29 30 July 1993 Some probably lost substantial material assets as wenD
##
##
##
## 215
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## apartment where notables including Tran Van Don and General Binh s
## principal aide had been instructed to assemble As of 1630 hours Polgar
## D
## feared he would not be able to get them out 4s
## The COS now asserted that The die is cast We are leaving That
## means everybody including Ambassador Martin At this point all
## Station personnel in Embassy or en route to ships by chopper Some of
## the Marine helicopters serving the lift from Tan Son Nhut were taking
## fire apparently from disgruntled ARVN personnel and the Embassy was
## now a beleaguered fortress with an uncontrollable crowd of Vietnam
## ese blocking all entrances The end ·has come too fast and there is no
## D
## pretty ending to this 49
## Harnage finally reached the group at 22 Gia Long but there were
## more potential evacuees there than he could handle The Station could not
## get a helicopter into thc Agency logistics compound and the Vietnamese
## there were left behind Reporting at 1820 hours Polgar was nevertheless
## encouraged by the smooth functioning of the lift from the Embassy He
## took time to tell Headquarters that Ted Shackley s former driver had
## become one of the heroes of the day Ut had left the Embassy going over
## the wall and forcing his way through the mob to the Lee Hotel another
## assembly point where he correctly identified the Station s KIPs and
## escorted them to a safer location from which they were eventually
## 0
## ex tractcd
## One much larger group of evacuees also enjoyed good luck A large
## radio propaganda operation aimed at North Vietnam employed four
## Agency case officers and nearly a thousand Vietnamese Well before
## Communist fire closed the Saigon airport the Station flew them all to
## Phu Quoc Island in the Gulf of Thailand Communications with them
## then failed and some anxious hours followed before Headquarters
## arranged with CINCPAC to direct an American freighter to rescue the
## entire group D
## Late afternoon saw a continuous shuttle of C 46 helicopters at the
## Embassy while the larger C 53s worked to rescue a large American con
## tingcnt at the Defense Attache compound at Tan Son Nhut By this time
## North Vietnamese artillery located cast of Saigon was launching shells
## over the city to strike the airport On their own authority I
## I Idcstrayed their equipment Having no other duties they then
## joined a group of Station employees in Polgar s outer office on the top
## floor Marine emerged from the elevator saying he needed l7 people
##
## Saigon H97 29 April 1971 olgar interview 29 30 July
## 11l In
## Saigm RIJ755·D
## · lhlnuIJlhcrcdSaigon cablcc r J
## Polgar interview 29 30 July 1993·U
##
##
##
## 1l
##
## C01268717
##
##
## for the next shuttle from the parking lot I Iand Schofield
## looked at each other wondering if they ought to seek instructions There
## seemed to be no point in it and they and fifteen others followed the
## D
## Marine downstairs l 2
##
##
## The End of the EnterpriseD
##
## Weakened by illness Ambassador Martin struggled to extend the
## helicopter lift urging Kissinger CINCPAC and the White House to
## keep the C 53s coming Confusion and the infiltration of new refugees
## had required a continuously revised estimate of the numbers remaining
## and Washington finally lost patience and declared finis early in the
## evening between 1900 and 2000 hours a presidential message
## instructed Martin that the evacuation would cease at 0345 hours the next
## morning Apprised of the deadline Polgar cabled that this will be
## final message from Saigon Station It will take us about twenty minutes
## to destroy equipment AccordinglYRproximately 0320 hours we must
## terminate classified transmission
## It has been a long and hard fight and we have lost Polgar wrote
## Reflecting his conviction that the fault lay in Washington he continued
##
## The severity of the defeat and circumstances of it however
## would seem to call for a reassessment of the policies of niggardly
## half measures which have characterized much of our participation
## here despite the commitment of manpower and resources which
## were certainly generous Those who fail to learn from history are
## forced to repeat it Let us hope that we will not have another
## Saigon experience and that we have learned our lesson Saigon
## D
## signing off 54
##
## But there remained several hours before communications equip
## ment would have to be destroyed and Polgar came back on the air at
## 2100 hours He reported that the Station would be down to eight people
## after the next helicopter departed The commander of the 7th Fleet was
## urging the Ambassador to end the evacuation within the next two hours
## but the COS judged this impossible the lift was going well but
##
##
##
##
## jn r T r Â
## Unnumbered Saigon cable1
## 1
## IJdO L
##
##
##
##
##
## 217
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## despite best efforts Marines there has been steady infiltration into
## Embassy compound all day At times as many were coming in as going
## out by helicopter D
## At exactly 2300 hours Polgar responded by flash precedence to
## another exhortation from Headquarters to get all Americans out of
## Saigon He thought the injunction unnecessary he said noting that while
## only a few officials remained there were still a good many US nationals
## with Vietnamese relatives Thirty more sorties by the big C 53 helicop
## ters had been promised and with a little luck we should be able to clear
## up compound I doubt Ambassador will want to leave on any but last
## chopper or perhaps on last one but for Marines There was at the
## moment no sign of major enemy activity but there was also no question
## that could open up just as they did last night 6D
## DCI Colby had just sent his own last message to Saigon praising
## the Station s display over the years and in the last few weeks of
##
## courage integrity dedication and high competence Thou
## sands of Vietnamese owe their lives and future hopes to your
## efforts your government has profited immensely from the accuracy
## and breadth of your reporting and your country will one day learn
## with admiration of the way you represented its best instincts and
## ideals Good luck and many thanks
##
## Polgar responded with his own thanks regretting that only he
## DCOS LaGueux and four communicators remained to receive and cher
## ish the message I cannot match your eloquence but my conscience
## tells me that it was not for lack of our effort or understanding of the situa
## ion that we failed 570
## The Vietnam Station s final word at 0120 hours on 30 April
## described the evacuation as having slowed to a glacial pace Darkness
## was impeding the lise of the poorly lit Embassy parking lot and most of
## the large helicopters were servicing the Defense Attache compound at
## Tan Son Nhut where other Americans waited for evacuation Polgar
## wrote that Saigon was relatively quiet but that experience suggested a
## resumption of enemy fire after 0400 hours he hoped he would still be
## there at that time to file a last report RD
##
##
##
##
## r r l J unnumbered Saigon cable
##
##
##
##
## 218
##
## C01268717
##
##
## But this was not to be At just about 0400 hours a Marine major
## marched up to Ambassador Martin and announced that if he did not
## immediately board the waiting helicopter the major would carry him to
## it Martin finally accepted the inevitable Polgar LaGueux and evacua
## tion coordinator Jacobson were among those who boarded the aircraft
## with him They flew east to the USS Blue Ridge where they joined ear
## lier evacuees for the voyage to Subic Bay 59D
##
##
##
##
## · Polgar interview 29 30 July 19930
##
##
##
##
## 219
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Epilogue U
## T
##
##
## Polgar proceeded from Subic Bay I IThere he begged for
## Headquarters permission to visit Station employees and people on the
## KIP list among the Vietnamese refugees at Guam Headquarters worried
## about possible press attention but Polgar felt a strong moral obligation
## to demonstrate Agency interest and concern As for publicity he pro
## posed to keep a low profile In any case he argued possible later
## charges that the Agency had abandoned its own Vietnamese presented a
## greater risk than media attention to his proposed visit to those who had
## made it out Headquarters bowed to this appeal and the COS prepared to
## depart for Guam
## I Polgar drafted a review of the Station s per
## formance since mid March which implicitly defended his reluctance to
## emphasize evacuation preparations He noted that he had correctly pre
## dicted imminent defeat after ARVN abandoned the Central Highlands
## seeing it now as probably hastened by the American sponsored mass
## evacuation which took away any remaining will to fight He defended
## his efforts to promote the negotiated surrender that would have obviated
## an emergency evacuation saying that Communist overtures had sug
## gested a glimmer of hope which absent a better alternative had to be
## pursued Even after military pressure on Saigon resumed on 26 April he
## said Communist demands permitted the inference that Hanoi expected
## a continuing US presence in Saigon But the South Vietnamese had dith
## ered after Thieu s resignation and by the time of General Minh s acces
## sion on 28 April it was probably too late even had Minh avoided the
## fatal mistake of a vigorously anti Communist inaugural speech Estab
## lishing that he had not been alone in holding out hope for negotiations
## Polgar went on to note the interdiction of the port of Vung Tau on the
## 27th as a violation of an apparent understanding between the Soviets
## and high level Washington ie Henry Kissinger2 D
## I landl l I
## The glimmer of hope formulation considerably understates the degree of confi
## dence in a negotiated settlement which Polgar had earlier conveyed to the members of his Station
## and to Headql1anersD
##
##
##
## 221
##
## I
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Ambauador Graham
## M aT1in Oft board USS Blue
## Ridge J or 2 Iell 9 75
##
##
##
##
## Sm h Vi t tlU1mt f Navy vesset in distress Sfmth China Sea May 1975
## PlIf O b T lrmNlU roigar t I I et
##
## 222
##
## L
## C01268 71 7
##
##
##
##
## Th USS HIm RjJr
## 1 1 1 p t1r J of TIr tlf IlflQT
##
##
## Refu t t arriving at Guam
## M ay IlJ75
##
##
##
##
## hill b r l1wnuu III 0T
##
## 223
##
## I
## C0 1268 7 1 7
##
##
##
##
## Reju Rt f 5 arriving at Gumn
## May 9 75
##
##
##
##
## PJralo by ThUl Ixar
##
##
##
## Polgar criticized Washington s policy guidance to the Embassy dur
## ing the last week as frequently contradictory and at times unrea listic
## when viewed aga inst developments in Vietnam If he had been viewed as
## mov ing too fur anti lou fast on various fronts he wrote the North
## Vietnamese were moving a great deal faster And he had coordinated
## every one of his moves with Ambassador Ma rtin But all of this had co me
## 10 naught and 011 29 Ap ril with Tan So n Nhut under fire T he Ame rican
## Embassy W IS not in an evacuation posture Polgar implicitly acknowl
## edged that the Station had not been far ahead of the Emb assy in thi s
## respect lIe and Latlueux had spent an hour that morn ing responding 10
## Martin s requirement for I hard core Station of 50 peop le that time
## s hould have been spent in moving indigenous personnel into the
## Emha ssy compound Thu s while the total numh er of Vietnamese CV3C
## uuicd looks impressive the percen tage of KIP s and others o f direct inter
## est to the US Governme nt will turn o ut to be disappointi ngl y sm3 11 1
##
## IIid I ct gar docs flOC menlioCi he re the co nvicuon he and LaGlIt Uli dre w from the n Nan g e lpc
## nC11IX IIMI 11 uulelly lrulli l evactlalion from Saigon would be Impossi ble Thi s mUit he ve bee n
## lIt·1 llhc k lhc 11I lc 111051 compelliug mhibuor of lund and energelic cvacuation p1 lU1ni n No
## II liIl have I CII lUlld h lf the nUllihers of KfPs evacuated or the proportion of the lotallhcsc 1C f J
## I C It ll ie tl
##
##
##
## 224
##
## C01268717
##
##
## Apparently still persuaded that an earlier and more active approach
## to evacuation would have backfired the COS nevertheless courageously
## included himself when he said that the delay by Embassy and Station to
## move with greater decisiveness toward total evacuation between 0400
## and 1100 hours of 29 April was a major error of judgment Neverthe
## less if he and the Station could have done better and if Martin finally
## awakened to the crisis deserved credit for his devotion to moving the
## greatest possible number of Vietnamese Polgar put final blame on the
## Ambassador for the Mission s unpreparedness Martin simply could not
## bring himself to override organizational boundaries and to use available
## personnel as a team His failure to delegate authority and his continu
## ing concern to win points in debate over policy with Washington
## deprived the Mission of the leadership without which a hierarchic organi
## zation cannot function Polgar concluded in painfully ambivalent fash
## ion While we regret and feel guilty about those we could not take with
## us there was was reason for pride and satisfaction in the numbers suc
## cessfully evacuated We believe that within the perimeters sic of the
## physical means available to us we did the best we could D
## DCl Colby had the last conflicted word in a cable that reflected his
## anguish over the outcome in a place to which he had dedicated so much
## time and energy and to which he had developed an intense personal
## commitment Sent to Polgar on Guam it assured the COS of the DCl s
## total confidence that you were acting in every way in full step with pol
## icy Your reporting was the basis on which we here were able to press
## certain actions which I believe had some beneficial effect in terms of
## people evacuated Colby continued in an elegiac tone his stilted lan
## guage revealing the strain of the effort to praise the Station s perfor
## mance during the final catastrophe Except for the lament for allies left
## behind he might have been proposing an epitaph not just for the work of
## the final weeks but for all of the Agency s endeavors in Vietnam since
## 1954
##
## It is all too easy to think about the might have beens which
## would have made the solution ideal In fact however I think you
## should rest in very good conscience at having done a superlative
## job and accomplished much more than many of us might have
## feared It is important now not to nit and pick over the details of
## that performance but to focus on the fact that in the large it was
## successful and achieved a high percentage of what anyone might
## have hoped I know this is no solace to those of us who think in
##
##
##
##
## SI cPf 1
## 225
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## terms of individual people left behind but I think it is an important
## attitude to take with respect to the dignity of our country and our
## AgencysO
##
##
## The Inhibitions of the Anti Communist MindO
##
## This story of the role of the Vietnam Station in the American strug
## gle to make military government successful in South Vietnam omits the
## military and economic and even some of the political developments that
## would be included in any comprehensive account of the enterprise But
## an account from the CIA perspective is not as constricting as might at
## first glance appear To begin with the Station s intelligence mission made
## CIA management in Saigon an informed observer of all significant devel
## opments in South Vietnam Perhaps more important the Station was inti
## mutely involved in the continuous effort to stabilize and liberalize the
## succession of military or military dominated regimes that arose in late
## 1963 And finally the Station Jed the effort never completely successful
## to develop an integrated rural pacification program 6 0
## The record of the CIA experience in Vietnam thus provides the
## material for some judgments about the outcome there and about the qual
## ity of the Agency s participation There is ample room for different inter
## pretations but for the author one inference is inescapable This is that
## entirely aside from the quality of the Agency s or indeed America s effort
## to save South Vietnam the perennial weakness of the Saigon government
## and the implacable will of its Viet Cong and North Vietnamese adversaries
## are what determined the outcome The withdrawal of US ground forces
## beginning in 1969 and later of combat air support certainly affected the
##
##
##
##
## j I I
## The air wur against the North was to be sure quite another matter and President Johnson s per
## sonal attention to the selection of bombing targets became legendary But with respect to the South
## thc onlyserious Washington effort to shape American thinking cvcn about strategy let alone tac
## lies came from Walt Rostow at the White House As National Security Adviser Rostow had been
## a vocal proponent of air bombardment of the North for more than a year before the Administration
## adopted that course But his cerebrations about insurgency as a byproduct of the economic mud
## crnizurion process overlooked the anticolonial origins ancltherefore the essentially political nature
## or the Vietnam n O
##
##
##
##
##
## 226
##
## C01268717
##
## timing of the GVN s collapse but a massive American military presence
## could not permanently substitute for the psychical mobilization of the
## South that always eluded Saigon s leadership7U
## But despite the pessimism of some Agency analysts it was hardly
## self evident immediately after the fall of Ngo Dinh Diem that the gener
## als would not succeed where Diem had failed The Station and the rest of
## the US Government hoped that however politically untutored the gener
## als would share the widespread American conviction that their principal
## order of business was to inspire active loyalty in the GVN s urban and
## especially its rural constituenciesD
## The CIA s initial reaction to the challenge in Vietnam had reflected
## not just the spirit of the times but more specifically the activist spirit
## inherited from the ass and encouraged during Dwight Eisenhower s
## presidency The Agency s support of Ngo Dinh Diem beginning in
## 1954 reflected the confidence of an organization which took credit for
## the recent defeat of the HMB agrarian revolt in the Philippines The Plans
## Directorate was then basking also in the glow of successful coups d etat
## in Iran and Guatemala This self assurance survived the 1961 Bay of
## Pigs embarrassment and when the moment came in late 1963 to begin
## again in South Vietnam the Station entertained no doubts about its ability
## to meet the challenge To Agency officers in the field the US military
## seemed too uncomprehending and the State Department too passive In
## the eyes of the operations people this left CIA once again to pick up the
## slackO
## What looked like an early opportunity to take the lead role faded
## with Ambassador Lodge s resistance to American participation in GVN
## planning for the post Diem period But the Station would have been con
## fronted with a very tall order even had it acquired the role the Vietnam
## ese generals implicitly requested for it in late 1963 There is little reason
## to believe that CIA could have succeeded where the rest of the US Gov
## ernment ultimately failed in the effort to make leaders out of the politi
## cally myopic and mostly self interested ARVN officer corps In the event
## the Station turned its energies toward more ad hoc programs of urban
##
##
##
## That this judgment represents something more than the wisdom of hindsight is suggested by con
## temporary predictions thai even massive US military involvement would fail to prevent a GVN
## defeat An especially poignant example is the Omega war games conducted in early 1963 with
## participants who included Gen Maxwell Taylor then military adviser 10 President Kennedy DCI
## John McCone and Air Force Chief of Staff Gen Curtis leMay Even after assumptions were
## modified 10 meet Air Force objections and the exercise run a second time the GVN and the United
## States went down to decisive defeat See Roger Warner Back Fire Simon and Schuster 1995
## pp 97D
##
##
##
##
## 227
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## organization and rural pacification These initiatives took advantage of
## the Station s many longtime contacts throughout South Vietnamese soci
## ety and reflected the characteristically improvisational CIA styleD
## The activities that evolved after late 1963 displayed both the
## strengths and the weaknesses of the Clandestine Service that created and
## ran them They reflected to begin with the continued recognition that
## despite or even because of military escalation the GVN had to earn the
## active commitment of its people in order to survive In practice the selec
## tion of means to reach this goal relied more on intuitive extemporized
## experimentation than it did on any rigorous analysis of the insurgency
## This approach saved the programs from bureaucratic rigidity but it also
## kept them from systematically addressing the country s structural prob
## lems especially the gulf between city and country and the GVN s politi
## cally crippling colonial styleD
## Indeed the single weakest aspect of covert political organizing in
## Vietnam was precisely the one in which the Agency took the most pride
## William Colby s perennial celebration of CIA political action expertise is
## echoed in much other operational correspondence by recurring refer
## ences to the Agency s unique capabilities in this field But in fact the
## Station s contribution to political mobilization in Vietnam hardly ever
## transcended the logistical In practice CIA furnished money materiel
## and advice on organizational technique while leaving program content to
## its sundry Vietnamese collaborators D
## The tortured history of political organization in Phong Dinh Prov
## ince exemplifies this approach which indeed had its merits when the
## Station s Vietnamese contacts produced workable ideas of their own
## But even at its best it perpetuated the almost schizoid Agency and US
## Government approach to the political aspect of the conflict The GVN
## had to be invigorated and reformed and the peasantry must be won over
## to the government side CIA did indeed recognize the need to develop
## peasant leadership at least at the local level But it never questioned the
## contradictory imperative that this be done without disturbing the social
## and economic structure bequeathed by the French colonial regime D
## No one argued that this structure was free of inequities but it
## seemcd to Agency and other US officials to be positively idyllic com
## pared with the evil of the Communist system that challenged it Ameri
## cans took for granted that not only they but all South Vietnamese saw the
## decisive moral superiority of the Saigon government One result of this
## perception was that CIA saw no need to look much beyond anti Commu
## nism and promises of economic benefits in the design of its political pro
## grams Indeed when it came to the organization of a political front like
## Lien Minh the question of a substantive agendahardly aroseD
##
##
##
##
## 228
##
## C01268717
##
## True a program like Lien Minh had the limited essentially cos
## metic purpose of creating a facade of national unity behind President
## Thieu But it remains that the Agency s covert action managers seldom
## recognized in practice that their political programs assumed a citizenry
## basically disposed both to accept the GVN s legitimacy and to help it
## defeat the Viet Congo That some both urban dwellers and peasants met
## this expectation did not make it a valid universal principle Like the other
## US participants in the drama CIA was caught up in the paradox that
## only a basic transformation in the distribution of power could save a gov
## ernment whose interests and identity lay in preserving the status quo D
## The Actor as ObserverD
##
## Responsibility to help achieve a policy goal inevitably exerts pres
## sure on intellectual objectivity when the actor has to evaluate the pros
## pects and then the results of his own efforts A perfectly banal
## observation but one that takes on real poignancy when an intelligence
## agency whose basic charter calls for disinterested advice to policymak
## ers becomes an interested party by virtue of its commitment to action
## programs D
## It is clear that CIA analysts whether working in Saigon or in Wash
## ington consistently viewed GVN prospects and the merits of all US pro
## grams aimed at improving those prospects more skeptically than did the
## operations managers As had been the case during the Diem period
## Chiefs of Station in Saigon after 1963 sometimes thought they had found
## a formula that promised eventual victory Peer de Silva was the most fer
## vidly optimistic of them but several of his successors also developed a
## personal commitment to the CIA role in assuring the GVN s survival
## This was the case with Theodore Shackley and Thomas Polgar perhaps
## John Hart as well who put their faith not in a pacification scheme as
## de Silva did but in the person of Nguyen Van ThieuD
## The biases of these managers shaped their own interpretations of
## events and certainly had the potential to distort the intelligence process
## In fact they seem not to have affected to any significant degree either
## the thrust of Agency analysis or the content of intelligence reporting from
## Saigon No Chief of Station ever censored the product of his Intelligence
## Directorate analytical unit and the officers staffing the unit seem not to
## have been intimidated by their successive chiefs personal convictions
## On the intelligence collection side many of the working level case offic
## ers reporting on the South Vietnamese political climate dealt with sources
## who were far less sanguine than Station management about the GYN s
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## progress and prospects Pessimistic accounts from these contacts might
## have to meet rigorous dissemination standards but well sourced factual
## reporting did not fail to be distributedD
## Perhaps the single most contentious issue especially in the later
## years was that of corruption in the GVN Shackley and Polgar both of
## whom questioned its very relevance did not encourage reporting on it
## nut their reluctance reflected not only their judgment of its importance
## but also the scarcity of specific verifiable allegations Solid information
## would be disseminated whether it supported managerial proclivities or
## not Only in the area of rural pacification did Station reporting even
## then mostly operational not intelligence reporting sometimes uncriti
## cally echo managerial preference Under de Silva the Station s posses
## sion of a potentially successful pacification formula became an article of
## faith Later under Shackley the Station tacitly ceded the evaluation of
## rural loyalties to the pacification managers at MACV first Robert Komer
## then William Colby Toward the end under Polgar the villagers prefer
## ence for the GVN was simply taken for granted Political allegiance in the
## countryside had then ceased to exist as an intelligence question sO
## A Tough Nut To Crack D
## That the Station s professional objectivity largely survived the pres
## sures of a simultaneous action role allowed it to provide competent intel
## ligence coverage of its Southern ally through the duration of the conflict
## This objectivity did not suffice to ensure equally competent reporting on
## the Communist adversary It is of course never easy to penetrate an
## adversary whose organization enjoys high morale and discipline This
## generic difficulty was compounded in South Vietnam by the inaccessibil
## ity of Communist cadres to direct American manipulation and by the irre
## deemable inefficiency of the GVN s intelligence agencies The most
##
## to
## prolific source of policy level information at any time during the war
## was himself a mere district cadre
## better access eluded CIA to the end
## Ithe creation of
## Jt seems likely that the informal approaches to the NLF that
## began in 1967 actually contributed to the near in vulnerability from an
## intelligence perspective of the Communist leadership in the South It is
##
## Shackley s passivity regarding rural political loyalties may have reflected his knowledge that tbe
## firsl priority otrbc Nixon administration was to find a way to liquidate the US commitment in Viet
## naru the objective had become to escape military defeat As US interest in nation building fad
## ed so did Ihal of the GVN Within a year of Shackley s arrival repression of the Viet Cong rural
## upparatus had become the dominant if not tile exclusive Iocus of the pacification effortD
##
##
##
##
## 230
##
## C01268717
##
##
## difficult to imagine how these overtures could have been received as
## anything but an acknowledgment however reluctant that the United
## States was looking for a way to disengage Seen this way at COSVN
## headquarters and in Hanoi attempts at informal communication could
## only have helped to bolster the Communists conviction that their
## strength of will exceeded that of the Americans This expectation was
## essentially realized a year later when President Johnson proposed offi
## cial talks and abandoned the quest for a second full term D
## At the very least the modest results of strenuous efforts to obtain
## contl OIled· sources on Vietnamese Communist policy and plans suggest
## the limitations of agent operations in such circumstances In Vietnam
## physical inaccessibility and cultural remoteness only compounded the
## already formidable obstacles posed by Communist discipline political
## sophistication and the elan that seems to have arisen from an unshake
## able expectation that the GVN and US resolve would weakenD
## Flawed as they were CIA s action programs including the ones
## described in this volume represented the most nearly coherent compre
## hensive approach to the insurgency taken by any American agency in
## Vietnam That these efforts took place in an ultimately losing cause
## docs not detract from their instructive value Indeed if it is true that fail
## ure is a better teacher than success the Agency s activities in Vietnam
## deserve all the more attention precisely because they were not rewarded
## with victoryD
##
##
##
##
##
## 231
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Note on Sources D
## £
##
##
## Although the author served in Vietnam for two years beginning in
## the spring of 1963 his own experience has contributed in only the most
## fragmentary way to the preparation of this volume Indeed he has been
## chastened while writing this and two companion studies to discover how
## little he then understood of the environment in which he and his col
## leagues were trying to help shore up a tottering South Vietnamese Gov
## ernment Even for the period of his own service therefore the author has
## relied primarily on the operational files of the Directorate of Operations
## and on interviews with CIA veterans of the periodD
## The author s two forthcoming companion pieces complete the
## Agency history of the CIA contribution to US efforts to create a viable
## nation state in South Vietnam
##
## CIA and the House 1fgo Covert Action in South Vietnam 1954
## 1963 CIA History StaffU
##
## The CIA the Viet Cong and the Peasantry Rural Pacification in
## South Vietnam CIA History StaftD
##
##
## Published sources have provided background and supplementary
## detail The most useful of these have been
##
## Butler David The Fall ojSaigon London Sphere Books 19860
##
## Clarke Jeffrey C Advice and Support The Final Years Washing
## ton DC Center of Military History 19880
##
## Colby William E Lost Victory Chicago Contemporary Books
## 1989·0
##
## De Silva Peer Sub Rosa The Uses oj Intelligence New York
## Times Books 19780
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Herring George C America s Longest War The United States and
## Vietnam 1950 1975 New York Alfred A Knopf Second Edition
## 1986·0
## LHI and Vietnam A j2iJJerent Kind of War Austin
## TX The University of Texas Press 1994U
##
## Kahin GeorgeMcT Intervention How America Became Involved
## in Vietnam Garden City New York Anchor Books 19870
##
## Karnow Stanley Vietnam A History Penguin Books 19830
##
## Kissinger Henry A White House Years Boston Little Brown and
## Co 19790
##
## Pentagon Papers Gravel Edition Boston Beacon Press 1971
## 0
## Volumes II and Ill
##
## Race Jeffrey War Comes to Long An Berkeley University of
## California Press 19720
##
## Spector Ronald After Tet The Bloodiest Year in Vietnam New
## York The Free Press 19930
##
## Tang Truong Nhu A Viet Cong Memoir Vintage Books 19860
##
## US Department of Slate Foreign Relations ofthe United States
## 1964 1968 Volume I Vietnam 1964 Washington DC US Government
## Printing Office 19920
##
##
##
##
## Se
## 234
##
## C01268717 SeFet
##
##
##
##
## Index
##
## Symbols 112 118 119 120 122 123
## Wise Men 75 126· 127 128 130 131 133
## young Turks 32 141
## Disenchantment with Khanh 30 Backgroundof 51
## Numerics on Ky s presidential
## 303 Committee 80 85 88 candidacy 53
## Use of Saigon Station 52
## BuuTran Quoc9 7 80 98 137 152
## A
## Abrams Creighton 92 103 112 113 c
## complaints about ARVN 112
## Abzug Bella 139 Cambodia
## Acheson Dean 75 US incursioninto 98
## Air America 168 Can Nguyen Ba 81 121 125 137
## Allen George 75 146 177 181 188189 195
## All Vietnam Bloc 5558 207208
## Army Dean 91 92 Can Lao Labor Party 106
## An Quang Buddhists 38 39 Cantwell Robert 215
## Armed Forces Council 31 32 33 35 Cao Huynh Van 44 137
## Carver George 52 54 73 75 97
## 100165
## B
## Views on evacuation 172
## Catholic Priests Anti Corruption
## Be Nguyen 90
## Movement 145
## Berger Samuel 83 86 99 106
## Catholics Vietnamese 244257
## Binh Nguyen Khac 95108 III 138
## Central Intelligence Agency
## 150 151 160 163 165 175
## Presence in South VietnamS
## 209
## Saigon Station 5
## Boothe Henry 167 168
## Central Intelli£ence Agency CIA
## I I
## I B l t d dii hT js7 30 4 3 10 1 6 1 47
## ts 713
##
## Struggle Movement 42
## Bundy McGeorge 31 77 and Green Beret incident 92
## Bundy William 41 and NationalLiberation Front 41
## 48495062
## Bunker Ellsworth 48 51 52 5455
## Assessment of military situation
## 56 57 58 59 60 62 69 75
## after Paris agreement 141
## 7677787980818485
## 86888992949899 101 Assessments of 1975
## offensive 149
## 102 104 105 J06 108 109
##
##
##
##
##
## 235
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Assessments of ARVN 103 104 Saigon Vietnam Station 5 7 9
## Attitude toward Buddhists 100 10 12 19 20 22 25 34 36
## 101 3847495153 545556
## Contact with NLF 47 58 59 65 69 71 75 76 81
## Contacts with Buddhists 8283 84 8687889192
## and National Liberation 94 95 97 98 99 100 101
## Front 6 102 106 117 132 136 138
## Contacts with Hungarians 132 145148
## 145
## Sources in Dai Viet Party 25
## Contacts with South Vietnam
## Sources in South Vietnam
## dissidents 147 148
## government 125 143 152 153
## Efforts to improve South
## Sources in Viet Cong 118 121
## Vietnams intelligence
## 127
## capability 95
## Sources on Ky 36
## Evacuation policy 172 178 182
## Sources on Thieu 36
## Evaluation of its participation in
## Station s assessments after Paris
## Vietnam War 226 227 228 agreement 136
## 230
## staybehind operations 174
## Evaluation of Station Chiefs 229
## Subsidy to Lien Minh 84 89
## Implementation of 1973 truce 7 Subsidy to NSDF 90
## Intelligence after fall of
## Da Nang 170
## Intelligence on 1975 offensive
## 149150
## Involvement in 1967 presidential ILTe c h ru c a I s u rv e il la n ce o Cf NorthI
## election in South
## Vietnamese 78
## Vietnam 54 58
## Involvement with military
## Leadership 45
## Central Intelligence Organization
## Pacification 21336993
## CIO 123595 111
## IPerception of Ky I26 28 Chat Le Cong 201
## Chau939495146
## Political actionS 51 69 93 97 Chin Robert 157 158 172
## 98 100 101 102 106 114
## Chinh Phan Trong 113
## us 136228
## Propaganda 75
## I I
## CIO see Central Intelligence
## Relations with Buddhists 38 43
## Organization
## Relations with Khanh 20 27
## Clements William 147 148
## Relations with Ky 36
## Clifford Clark 75
## Relations with South Vietnam
## Colby William 11 12 16202227
## government 117
## 43 52 58 73 87 101 114
## Relations with Thieu 84 86 115 116 134 144 172 174
## Reporting on Easter offensive
## 176201218228230
## 107 109 111112 113 114
## Post evacuation assessment 225
##
## C01268717
##
## Concin Lucien 11 16 18 1920 21 F
## 2744
## Dismissal by Taylor 25 Ford Gerald 178
## Constituent Assembly Vietnamese Fortas Abe 75
## 58 Francis Albert 167
## Corruption in South Vietnam 148 149 Free Democratic Force FDF 76 80
## Coup against Khanh 31 33 Fulbright J William 144
##
## D G
## Da Nang 167 168 169 Gayler Noel 208 211
## fall of 166 169
## Giap Vo Nguyen 21
## DaiVietParty 192526304282
## Goldwater Barry 23
## Daly Vince 169
## Gombos Karoly 145
## Dang Trail Bach 58 59 61 62 63
## 106 I J
## Green Beret incident 9192
## De Silva Peer 13 14 IS 16 17 18
## 19 24 3 35 43 101 229 Gregg Donald 103 104
## 230 Gustin Dave 43
## Perceptions of Khanh 24
## Delaney Jim 213 214 H
## Democracy Party 106 143
## Diem Ngo Dinh 128990 101 Habib Philip 4987173 183
## Diem Bui 9 35 Hai Tran Van 81 83
## Dinh Ton That 10 12 182145 Haig Alexander 114 126 127 128
## Don Tran Van 10 II 12 16 17 18 Haldeman H R 131
## 217689 126 143 147 148 Hao Nguyen Van 152 153
## 195216 Harkins Paul 11 17 18
## Dong Pham Van 125 137 143 152 Harnage O B 215 216
## 153170171189 Harriman W Averell 1648120138
## Donohue Thomas 73 94 Hart John 46 48 52 55 56 57 59
## I Dunn Bertram 45 48I 72229
## Opinion of Loan 47
## Dzu Ngo 113
## Becomes COS Saigon 45
## Hartmann Joe 214 215
## E Helms Richard 114152657385
## 92 105107117
## Easter Offensive Hien Tran Ngoc 94
## Assessmcnts of 112 High National Council 28 30
## I 193 194
## IEvacuation 186 188 192 Hilsman Roger 16
## Hoa Hao 145
## 196 205 208 209 210 211 Hoan Nguyen Ton 1921
## 212213214221224225 Humphrey Hubert 4 59 75
##
##
##
##
## Se
## 37
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## Hungarian diplomatic and intelligence Relations with Miller 28
## contacts 130 132 184 185 Resigns as commander of armed
## 187 190 191 202 203 206 forces 31
## 212 Resigns as prime minister 28
## Huang Nguyen Van 82 83 88 89 Khiem Tran Thien 1825273233
## 123 125 126 127 128 197 44 81 98 99 100 105 106
## 198 199203 107 109 118 122 123 126
## Huong Tran Van 28 56 191 205 137 138 143 144 145 152
## 207 153 154 161 163 166 170
## Huy Nguyen Ngoc 152 153 198 175177181
## Khoi Dang Due 76 105
## Kiem Tan Buu 49
## I
## Kim Le Van 12 17 1821
## Iran 142 Kissinger Henry 4 105 117 118
## 119 120 121 126 131 132
## 134 141 142 154 186 187
## J 188 191 194 196 197201
## 207
## Jacobson George 213 219
## Negotiations with Thieu 119120
## Johnson Gordon 32
## Rebukes Polgar 206
## Johnson Lyndon n 3 23 41 4860
## 7583 1 0
## Komer Robert 230
## Selection of new COSSaigon 13
## Kaplowitz Wilfred 76 77
## Johnson U Alexis 29
## Ky Nguyen Cao 61924252628
## Johnson William 174
## 29 30 32 42 43 45 46 50
## Jorgensen Gordon 32 34 35 36 380
## 39444594 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
## 62 63 74 78 79 80 83 86
## 87 101 104 105 128 135
## K 174195208
## and youth organization 30
## Karamcssines Tom 16 102
## Attitude toward CIA 37 38 87
## Katrosh Ralph 80 81 82 83 84 87
## Becomes prime minister 35
## 8995 lJ6 98 125
## Personality of 36
## and Thieu 96
## Presidenti al candidacy 52
## Relations with Thicu and Ky 79
## Relations with Thieu 53
## Katzcnbach Nicholas 74
## Rivalry with Khanh 31
## Khang Le Nguyen 34 87 59
## Khanh Nguyen 11 12 15 16 1718·
## 1920212425262728 L
## 29303132333544
## LaGueux Conrad 135 138 139 150
## Attitude toward Taylor 27 29
## lSI 159 163 176 177 178
## CIA perception of 20
## 212218219224
## Connections with Vietnamese
## Laird Melvin 107
## Communists 35
## Leadership abilities 20 Lam Tran VUl 138 174
## Move against Khiem 27
##
## Sp
## ·8·
##
## C01268717
##
## Lamson 719 Incursion into Laos 196 197 203 205 207 208
## 102103 210 211 212 217 219 224
## Landreth Rodney 125 225
## Lanigan Robert M 168 arid Thieu s resignation 189
## Lansdale Edward 44 45 52 55 115 Attitude toward State
## Lapham Lewis 69 70 71 72 76 77 Department 138
## 788586 Attitude toward Washington
## Layton Gilbert 11 185 186
## Lazarsky Joseph 100 101 103 Controls US access to Thieu 170
## Legro William 164 Leadership shortcomings 176
## Lehmann Wolfgang 138 154 159 Relationship with Thieu 143
## 161 162 163 Suspicion of US press 144
## LeMay Curtis 227 Use of Saigon Station 138
## Views on evacuation 185
## I I Mau Vu Van 101
## Lewis Walt 45
## Lien Minh National Alliance for McCone John 13 14 15 1629227
## Assessment of situation in
## Social Revolution 80 81 84
## Vietnam 15
## 888993228229
## McHugh Patrick 72
## Linh Nguyen Ngoc 76
## McNamara Francis 213 214
## Loan Nguyen Ngoc 45 46505255
## McNamara Robert 13212948
## 5658596061626371
## on dealings with NLF 49
## 81178
## Meany George 139
## CIA subsidy to 45
## US perceptions of 46
## Lodge Henry Cabot 2 5 9101112
## 13 14 161718192122
## 2345484950
##
## Meiggs Dana 91
##
## I
## Merillon Jean Marie 195
## Methven Stuart 34
## Military Directorate Vietnamese 35
## Perception of Buddhist Struggle
## Movement 43 Military Revolutionary Conunittee
## Relations with Saigon MRC12
## Station 1838 Military Revolutionary Council 15 16
## Returns for second tour as Miller Russell 122126272829
## ambassador 38 31 32 46 50 54 55 56 57
## Ly Le Khac 157 158 6061626371798286
## 87
## Minh Duong Van Big Minh 2 9
## M
## 10 n 12 15 16 24 25 28
## Markham James 144 295088 101 102 104 189
## Martin Graham 131 137 138 141 195 197 198 199200 205
## 143 144 145 146 150 151 207209
## 153 154 161 169 171175 Assumes presidency 207
## 176 181 182 185 186 187 Minh Tran Van Little Minh 9 10
## J88 189 190 192194 195 25313334
## Becomes head of armed forces 33
##
##
##
##
##
## 239
##
## Mission Council 90
## North Vietnam
## Agents in South Vietnam 95
## attack on Pleiku lind Kontum 157
## Nunn Sam 154
##
##
## MRC Military Revolutionary
## o
## Committee 12
## Omega war games 227
## Operation Shock 73 74
## N Osceola 167 168
##
## National IntelIigence Coordinating p
## Committee 84
## National Interrogation Center
## Pacification3335 36 373945 72
## NIC 12
## 93 103 171230
## National Liberation Front NLF 35
## Paris peace agreement 127
## 4 48 5 59 6 61 6 63
## Effecl on military situation
## 86 89 93 106 13I
## 130135
## Contacts with US 58
## Modifications to 133
## National Police 81144
## Parispeacetalks118119121
## National Salvation Front NSF 76
## Restrictions on intelligence
## 77 80 89 about 121 122
## National Social Democratic Front Pharn Van Dong 152
## NSDF 89 90 97101 Phat Huynh Tan 35
## Natsios Nick 78 Phat Lam Van 32
## Nelson William 87 98 121 122 Phong Nguyen Xuan 54 55 56 57
## Nes David 17 81
## New York Times 144 Phu Pham Van 158 159
## Ngai Nguyen Van 143 52 Phuong Tran Kim 146
## Ngan Nguyen Van 137
## Pioneer Commander 168
## Nha Trang 172
## Polgar Thomas 107 108 109 Ill
## Nha Hoang Duc 104 119121123 12113 lIS 116 117 118
## J25 134 137 39 145163 119 120 121 122 123 125
## Nhicu Lc Van 35
## 126 127 128 130 131 133
## Nhu Ngo Dinh 1 2 78 79 134 135 136 137 138 139
## Nicol Donald J 157 158
## 141 142 143 144 145 146
## Nitze Paul 74
## 147 148 ISO 153 154 155
## Nixon Richard 4 78 84 85 97 98 157 158 159 160 161 162
## 99 107 18 120 121 123 163 164 166 167 no 171
## 126 127 J30 13 J 133 134 174 175 176 177 181 182
## 146
## 183184185186187188
## Nol Lon 15
## 190 191 192 193 194 195
##
##
##
##
## S pCJIff1
## O
##
## C01268717
##
## 196 197 198 199 200201 Provincial Reconnaissance Units
## 202 203 204 205 206 207 PRUs 93 103
## 208 209 210 211 212 214 Provisional Revolutionary
## 216217218219221224 Government PRG 131
## 229230
## Advocates cease fire 183 Q
## Advocates negotiated
## surrender 177 178 Quang Dang Van 83848695 102
## Assesses Station s performance 108 114 133 134 138 142
## 221224225
## 143 145 146 147 148 149
## Criticizes Martin 225
## 151 152 159 160 163 164
## Assessment of effect of loss of
## 165 166 167 170 174 175
## Central Highlands 165
## 183 194207212
## Assessment of military
## Quang Thich Tri 26
## situation 153155
## Assessment of situation after Quat Phan Huy 30 34 3538
## Paris agreement 135 Quinn Ken 186
## Assessment of South Vietnam
## prospects 142 143 R
## Attitude toward Kissinger 196
## Avocates negotiated Ramsey Douglas 106
## surrender 193
## Changes to Station reporting 136
## I I
## Resor Stanley 92
## Differences with Washington Richardson John 11 13 15
## evacuation 164 Robertson William Rip 42
## Dispute with Colby 114 115 116 Rolling Thunder 31 33
## Perceptions of situation in South Rostow Walter 65 74 88
## Vietnam 109
## Flaws in perception of war 226
## Pushes for Thien s Rowland Robert B 32
## resignation 176 182
## Rusk Dean 24 54
## Relations with Abrams 109
## Re1atiuns with Ambassador
## Martin 131 137 s
## Relations with Bunker 109
## Relations with Kissinger 117 Saunders Charles 206
## Views on evacuation 172 176 Schofield Chip 127 151 176 186
## 178 191 193 213217
## Views 011 North Vietnamese Scowcroft Brent 131
## intentions 184 Scrong Ted 154
## Works for last minute political Sexton John 105 106
## settlement 195 197 198 200 Shackley Theodore 8586888991
## 201 929394979899102104
## Presidential election 105 107 108 136 146 148
## in South Vietnam 160 165 166 169 170 171
##
##
##
##
## Sc
## 1
##
## C01268717
##
##
##
##
## 173174 178 179 190 192 6574 75 76 78 79 80 81
## 194 96200203206210 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
## 229230 90 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
## Biography 85 102 103 104 105 106 112
## Smith David 10 11 12 13 15 1822 113 114 117 118 119 120
## Smith Homer 60210 121 122 123 125 126 127
## Snepp Frank 183 208 128 130 131 133 134 135
## South Vietnam 136 138 139 141 142 143
## 971 presidential election 144 145 146 147 148 150
## 104105 lSI 152 153 154 158 159
## Economic situation 150 160 161 162 163 164 170
## Political conditions in 65 76 174 176 177 182 187 189
## Problems in security services 111 191 192 193
## Spear Moncrieff 59 American perception of 6
## Special Branch South Vietnamese Attitude toward CIA 87
## police 94 103 111 Attitiude toward Ky 57
## Special Forces US 91 92 Attitude toward Nixon 120 131
## Spera AI 16 172735 Attitude toward political
## Stephens Fred 158206 action 97
## Struggle Movement 42 43
## Sullivan William 105 134205
## Suu Pham Khac 32 Attitude toward women 152
## Becomes chief of state 35
## CIA appraisal of 65
## T Concern for son 152
## Coup plots against 174
## Tan Tran Si 114
## Health152
## Taylor Maxwell 23 24 25 27 28
## Leadership failures 161
## 2931323494227
## Leaves South Vietnam 203 205
## Attitude toward CIA 23 Personality of 36
## Relations with Khanh 29 Reaction to Easter offensive 114
## Resigns as ambassador 38
## Reaction to fall of Da Nang 171
## Tct offensive 6 62 69 72 75
## Relations with CIA 96
## Effect on CIA personnel and Relations with Kissinger 119
## facilities 09 71 120 21 122 126 134
## Intelligence failure 72 Relations with Ky 80
## Intelligence on 71
## Resignation 191
## Postmortems on 72 Resistance to political action 99
## Thang Nguyen Due 73 Rift with Prime Minister
## Thanh Ngo Bu DS 139 165205 Khiem 137
## Thao Pham Ngoc 26 32 View on Communist threat 90
## Thi Nguyen Chanh 45 Views on peace agreement 121
## Thieme Earl 151 159 122123 125 126 127
## Thicu Nguyen Van 3 6 192629 128 134
## 3031 133644515354
## 5557 5X 59 60 61 62 63
##
##
##
## 242
## I
##
## C01268717
##
##
## Views on South Vietnamese Vien Linh Quang 44 61
## politics 89 Vien Nguyen Luu 161
## Visits US 130 Viet Cong 15
## Tho Le Due 118 125132134 Attacks 31
## Tho Nguyen Huu 48 49 Attacks against US 34
## Tiuunes Charles J 101 136 189 Vietnamization 4 102 106
## 195200 Vy Nguyen Van 1821
## Tinh Chan 205
## Toan Nguyen Van 113
## Tong Truong Binh 59 61 62 63
## w
## Tonkin Gulf Resolution 3 24 25 Walt Lewis W 42
## Toth Janos G 184 185 190 191 Westmoreland William R 30 32 42
## 202203212 515971
## Tra Tran Van 131 Weyand Fred 106 113 165 169 170
## Tri Quang 38 39 43 88 Weyand mission 166 171 178
## Tri Do Cao 87 Wheeler Earle 74
## Trinh Dinh Chinh 44 Whitehouse Charles Sheldon 133
## Tro IIg Huynh Van 94 95 134 137
## Tung Le Quang 2 11
## IWilson Jasper 17 1832 I
## u
## US Information Service US1S 75
## x
## US Mission Council 90 Xuan Mai Huu 12 17 1821
##
## v y
## Vance Cyrus 87 Yem Luu 195
## Vandaveer Robert 135 136 Yen Pham Thi 50 58
## Vang Mai hi 62
## Valin John Paul 94 113
## Vien Can Van 26 27 63 134 137
## 148159160163165181
##
##
##
##
## sp4
## 24 3#we see too many numbers… too many comma.. too many html tags
pdfDB <- tm_map(pdfDB, removePunctuation)
pdfDB <- tm_map(pdfDB, removeNumbers)
#lets look at the doc again
#R is case Sensitive
pdfDB <- tm_map(pdfDB, content_transformer(tolower))
inspect(pdfDB[[1]])## <<PlainTextDocument>>
## Metadata: 7
## Content: chars: 706723
##
##
## c
## b
## b
##
##
##
##
## national security information
##
##
##
##
## all opinions expressed in this study arc those of the author they do
## not necessarily represent the views of the central intelligence agency
## or any other component of the us intelligence community
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## material on this page
## is unclassified
##
## ii
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## to the memory ofjl
## whose outpost witnessed
## the fatal moment
##
##
##
##
##
## iii
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## acknowledgments d
## i
##
##
## if this account of agency involvement in supporting and influenc
## ing military government in saigon succeeds in conveying any of the
## spirit of the times the credit goes in large part to the officers both
## retired and serving who consented to be interviewed their candor and
## generosity with their time have contributed most of whatever verisimili
## tude this narrative may possess i ilong service in
## saigon and his gift of total recali have been especialiy valuable in this
## regard the author must also be grateful for the uninhibited style of cia
## correspondence during the period of the agency s experience in vietnam
## this also has facilitated the attempt to re create some of the atmosphere in
## which events ran their course
## every member of the history staff reviewed a draft of this study in
## and contributed to whatever merits it may possess special thanks
## go to former cia chief historians kay oliver and j kenneth mcdonald
## for their especially rigorous and insightful critiques jeffrey clarke
## chief historian at the us army center of military history also read a
## draft and made welcome suggestions any errors remaining uncorrected
## d
## are the responsibility of the author
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## contents
## acknowledgments v
##
## foreword ix
##
## introduction
##
## chapter involuntary passivity
##
## chapter preserving a line of communication
##
## chapter looking for a way oul
##
## chapter the tet offensive and political
## vietnamizatlon
##
## chapter distractions and frustrations
##
## chapter squeezing thieu
##
## chapter trying to preserve the status quo
##
## chapter the fatal moment
##
## chapter surrender politics and evacuation logistics
##
## chapter a military decision
##
## epilogue
##
## note on sources
##
## index
##
##
##
##
## vii
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## forewordd
##
##
## this volume is one of three by author thomas ahern on cia activi
## ties in south vietnam ahern s concentration on the actions and opera
## tions of cia officers in the field not cia headquarters makes these
## volumes unique cia and the generals covert support to military gov
## ernment in south vietnam traces the tortuous course of events in saigon
## following the fall of president ngo dinh diem ahern strikingly illus
## trates saigon station efforts to work with and understand the various mili
## tary governments of south vietnam which followed diem and carefully
## details cia attempts to stabilize and urge democratization on the changing
## military regimes in order to save south vietnam from communismd
## the massive american commitment to strengthen the south viet
## namese government saw the station and the field offices not only report
## ing on rapidly fluctuating conditions but also attempting to influence or
## reform the various regimes themselves ahem s study outlines cia pro
## grams from the fall of diem in to the withdrawal of us combat
## forces in and continues through the final south vietnamese col
## lapse in
## based on the massive cia holdings from the period and interviews
## with key cia participants ahem s work breaks new ground and sets a
## high standard cia and the generals clearly shows for example the
## increasing pressure on cia field officers to get will the program and
## devote less attention to reporting on government corruption and the integ
## rity of the south vietnamese political process ahem also reveals the
## sharp splits that often developed between cia officers in the field and
## their counterparts in other agencies especially ambassador henry cabot
## lodge and white house advisers and us military officials over policies
## and operationso
## ahern describes the collapse of the saigon government and the final
## days of cia in country operations in riveting derail though the reader
## knows the unhappy outcome the struggle of cia officers to forestall the
## ultimate fall of south vietnam offers poignant reflections on us actions
## d
##
## ix
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## soon to follow this volume will be ahern s companion works cia
## and the house of ngo covert action and the government of ngo dinh
## diem and the cia and rural pacification in south vietnam read
## together these works provide a comprehensive review of a tragic era in
## american foreign policy and a sharp analytical look at cia programs and
## d
## reporting from the field
##
##
##
##
## gerald k haines
## cia chief historian
## october
##
## ic
##
##
##
##
## figure i north and south vietnam
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## south
## china
## see
##
##
##
##
##
##
## gulf
## of
## t neitend
##
##
##
## national c apital
##
##
## i
## o mil • •
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## xi
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## introduction d
## the rule of the house of ngo ended on november after a
## group of president diem s generals encouraged by the us government
## surrounded the palace with units they brought into saigon from bien hoa
## and the mekong delta the military coup d etat against ngo dinh diem
## and his brother and adviser ngo dinh nhu terminated an american com
## mitment to their regime that had endured since after the french
## defeat at dien bien phil in may of that year the united states invoked
## the domino theory of communist expansionism when it sponsored diem
## as the leader of an effort to create a nation south of the demilitarized zone
## at the th parajlel working mainly through his younger brother nhu
## the cia station in saigon tried for the next nine years to help create
## national political institutions with the special forces of diem s army
## cia also pioneered the rural self defense units that constituted the first
## expression of us counterinsurgency practice in vietnamo
## these efforts especially the self defense units among ethnic and
## religious minority groups enjoyed some local successes but diem
## never placed real importance on winning the voluntary allegiance of the
## peasantry and his own sporadic efforts with nhu to mobilize the popula
## tion against the communists were clumsy and halfhearted instead diem
## had from the beginning relied primarily on the suppression of known and
## suspected communists to contain the insurgent threat this repression
## decimated indeeel by had nearly destroyed the communist
## political organization in the south but the combination of diem s essen
## tial indifference to the conditions of peasant life and his often indiscrimi
## nate campaign against the communists alienated much of the rural
## population when in late hanoi added a military dimension to its
## original strategy of political organization and agitation the burgeoning
## insurgency rapidly weakened diem s hold on the countryside d
## the spreading insurgency prompted an intensified us commitment
## to diem s survival and a concomitant expansion of american military
## and economic aid by the spring of when buddhist inspired popu
## lar unrest signaled the paralysis of the regime s authority the us military
## advisory presence stood at some diem s draconian suppression of
## buddhists dissent offended american standards of religious freedom
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
## coinciding with a sagging campaign against the insurgency it persuaded
## washington to approve in late august ambassador henry cabot
## lodge s proposal to unseat diem
## having taken over the joint general staff headquarters on
## november the rebels arrested and executed col le quang tung the
## diem loyalist and longtime station contact who commanded the special
## forces and called on diem and his brother nhu to surrender under
## cover of darkness the president and nhu slipped through the cordon
## around the palace but the next morning coup leader gen duong van
## minh tracked them to their refuge in a catholic church in the chinese
## quarter earlier american appeals for safe conduct for diem and nhu
## were ignored when one of minh s officers loaded them into an armored
## personnel carrier and there shot them to death d
## seeing the government s failure solely in terms of diem s weak
## nesses as a leader both the americans and the generals had concentrated
## exclusively on the mechanics of the coup giving no attention to the
## structure or policy direction of a successor government indeed the gen
## erals explicitly disclaimed having any plans for this twice telling their
## cia contacts that they wanted american guidance for the postcoup
## period thus when diem fell the organization staffing and policy line
## of the new government all were still undecided the agency had indeed
## secured the generals commitment to an intensified campaign against the
## communists and their agreement to a more active american role in pur
## suing it but no specifics had yet been discussed·d
## no such discussions ever took place and no coherent program was
## ever devised had the effort been made it would have revealed that diem
## and his coterie were only part of the problem an ill led army and a scle
## rotic bureaucracy both still practicing the authoritarian style of their
## decayed dynastic and colonial predecessors presided over a body politic
## divided along religious ethnic and class lines tension persisted
## between a buddhist majority and the heavily catholic government and
## also between buddhist and catholic factions in the military officer corps
## among members of the political and military elites mutual hostility con
## tinued between native southerners and people from the north mutual
## antipathy also divided ethnic vietnamese from minorities such as the eth
## nic cambodians and the mountain tribes finally a rigid social structure
## and espeeially in the mekong delta a regressive land tenure system
##
## most accounts of the second indochina war look at the insurgency from the us gvn perspective
## to understand how the vietnamese communists brought the saigon government to its knees reo
## quires some familiarity with the competition between them for the loyalty of the rural population
## the best account known to the author of this aspect of the inncy is jeffrey race war comes
## to long all berkeley university of california press lj
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
## impeded vertical social mobility for the peasantry leaving the viet cong
## as the main channel for the satisfaction of political goals or personal
## ambition·d
## the military governments that succeeded diem followed a less
## repressive course than the late president but like him failed to gain the
## political or military initiative against the communists by late
## south vietnam was close to collapse having received a congressional
## carte blanche in the august tonkin gulf resolution president lyn
## don johnson responded in march with the introduction of us
## ground combat forces into south vietnam hanoi which until had
## limited its infiltration to individual military and political cadres mostly
## native southerners had already begun sending integral combat units to
## thesouth·d
## by the summer of us ground forces in vietnam numbered
## and were rapidly growing they prevented hanoi from exploit
## ing the weakness of the saigon government and bought time to try to
## build political stability in south vietnam but in the political if not
## the military initiative remained in the hands of the north a growing
## american casualty list and the uncertain prospects of driving hanoi out
## of the war gradually converted the near unanimous approval of the
## tonkin gulf resolution into widespread congressional and popular
## opposition to the war looking for a way out the johnson administration
## responded with new emphasis on the pacification programs designed to
## win peasant loyalty and destroy the viet cong political organization it
## also began looking for informal channels to hanoi that might allow a
## negotiated settlement on politically acceptable terrns d
## one debilitating problem that of revolving door government in
## saigon ended with the election of gen nguyen van thieu as president
## in septemberig then at the beginning of the tet offensive
## resulted in grievous losses to the communist political organization as
## well as to its attacking military forces but saigon s pacification efforts
## also suffered grave setbacks the shock produced by the communists
## ability conduct a coordinated nationwide surprise offensive however
## unsuccessful in military terms drove antiwar sentiment in the us to new
## heights it also drove a president out of office for it was the major cause
## of lyndon johnson s decision announced in late march not to seek a
## second full tcrmd
##
## the johnson administration s conduct of the war is well described in george c herring lbi and
## vietnam a different kind of war austin tx the university of texas press a good gen
## crul account of the vietnam war emphasizing the evolution of us policy is herring s america s
## longest wur the united slates and vielnqi· new york alfred a knopf sccond edi
## tion
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## the search for informal channels to the communists was largely
## supplanted by the opening of preliminary talks with the north vietnam
## ese in paris in may after another communist offensive that month
## the so called mini tet south vietnamese and allied forces regained the
## military initiative bloody ground combat and intensive air bombard
## ment decimated the communists rural organization and by the end of
## the year a renewed pacification drive had brought relatively secure sta
## tus to an unprecedented of the south s population d
## ambiguously phrased claims of pacification results did nothing to
## assuage public opposition to the war in the united states and hubert
## humphrey s close association as vice president with lyndon johnson s
## war policy cost him the election the new president richard m
## nixon did not produce the secret plan for ending the war that he had
## promised during the campaign he did however accelerate what he
## called the vietnamization of the war beefing up south vietnamese
## forces in mid he announced the first us troop withdrawalsd
## for the next three years vietnamization and the formal peace nego
## tiations which got under way in january produced only stalemate
## with washington s support of saigon and continuing chinese soviet aid
## to the north the combatants struggled to extend their territorial reach in
## the south anticipating eventual agreement in paris the communists
## broke the military deadlock with their easter offensive of threaten
## ing saigon s hold on its northern provinces but were finally beaten off by
## a combination of south vietnamese ground forces and american air
## power in october the communists agreed to cease fire terms and on
## the eve of the us presidential election nixon aide henry kissinger
## announced that peace is at hand the proclaimed breakthrough helped
## seal the fate of democrat george mcgovern s candidacy and nixon
## won reelection in a landslide hanoi then balked provoking the christ
## mas bombing of north vietnam that was followed by signature of the
## accords in january d
## american attention then turned to cease fire implementation and an
## effort to make the saigon government militarily self sustaining despite
## the continued presence of north vietnamese divisions in the south
## whatever its potential this undertaking came under intensified political
## auack as the nixon administration fought for its life in the face of the
## watergate scandal when nixon resigned on august to be suc
## ceeded by gerald ford the us mission in saigon was hearing the first
## taint indications of a major communist offensive in the assault
##
## the us mission s pacification figure is given in vietnam a draft chronology u
## cia history staff september hereafter cited as vietnam cbronology o
##
## c
##
## came in january and despite heroic resistance by some south vietnam
## ese units the denouement began with the catastrophic retreat from the
## central highlands in mid march corrununist victories in centtal
## vietnam accelerated into a march on saigon and on april the second
## indochina war ended for the united states when the last evacuation heli
## copter roared off the embassy roof into the predawn darknessd
## the cia station that for its size played such a disproportionately
## large role in the political history of south vietnam was composed of
## some two hundred people when the diem regime was deposed in late
## the operational sections included action components charged with
## rural pacification and intelligence other station elements dealt with both
## recruited and noncontrolled figures in the gvn and in the non commu
## nist opposition using them partly for intelligence and partly in efforts to
## develop democratic institutionsd
## agency programs especially the rural pacification projects
## expanded in response to the growing us commitment by the time the
## communists launched their tet offensive in the cia presence in
## south vietnam had reached about one thousand people including the six
## hundred working in the provinces under four regional chiefs the size of
## the station began to diminish in as cia and the rest of the us
## government gradually withdrew from direct participation in the conflict
## the regional outposts were maintained but from then until the end intel
## ligence and influence rations at the top of the gvn became the heart
## of the station s work u
## this second part of the political history of the cia in south viet
## nam unfolds against the background of a massive but never unconditional
## us effort to prevent hanoi from conquering the south it begins after the
## fall of diem in late when ambassador henry cabot lodge having
## decided that the appearance of an independent saigon government was
## more important to american interests than helping to fill the vietnamese
## leadership vacuum enjoined the station from accepting the generals
## invitation to advise them when the new regime s instability forced
## lodge to modify this injunction the station resnmed close contact with
## several of the generals but only to monitor the series of mutinies and
## coups that began in january d
## the station s stable of unofficial contacts acquired particular impor
## tance during episodes of tension in which formal communication at the
## policy level virtually ceased these links also gradually led to intermit
## tent resumption of the kind of station engagement in political action that
## had largely defined its relationship with the diem regime although the
## agency had now shifted its main covert action emphasis from party orga
## nization to provincial pacification operations it tried also to help stabilize
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## the national political scene through contacts with the dissident buddhist
## leadership as well as with the generals in addition beginning in
## the station began using its informal channels as an instrument of commu
## nication and persuasion as the johnson administration sought thieu s
## cooperation in the effort to contact presumptively moderate elements in
## the national liberation fronvd
## the eight year rule of gen nguyen van thieu began in september
## when he and nguyen cao ky won election on a joint presidential
## ticket during the campaign agency access to ky s and washington s
## anxiety to preserve at least the appearance of an honest electoral process
## had combined to turn the station into a political consultant trying to
## enhance the attractiveness of the thieu ky ticket even as it struggled to
## limit procedural abusesd
## after the election in september thieu began a thorough purge of
## his new vice president s mostly northern supporters in the government
## and the military and the station found itself in a scramble to develop new
## access to the southerners around thieu
##
##
##
##
## the january tet offensive whose scope and precise timing
## the communists managed to conceal from us and south vietnamese
## intelligence plunged the saigon government and its adherents into a
## political malaise that threatened their will to continue this prompted the
## united states to try once more to help build a popular political base in
## the south and the station became the instrument of this final effort to
## create a political organization on the us model in south vietnam but
## president thien s indifference to the american partiality for genuinely
## representative government eventually nullified whatever potential this
## initiative may have hadd
## in any case the growing american perception of thieu as indis
## pensable to political stability in south vietnam gradually reduced the
## pressure on the vietnamese for progress toward authentic democracy as
## early as the american focus shifted to the need to ensure a thieu
## victory in the elections while avoiding the appearance of an elec
## toral process manipulated in his favor again the station became deeply
## involved as it joined in the maneuvers designed to achieve this self con
## rradictory goal d
##
## tlie history of the cia contribution to the pacification programs of the · period is treated
## in a separate forthcoming history staff stodyd
##
## c
##
## the communists largest offensive since tet began on
## march and the station concluded that south vietnamese depen
## dence on us combat air as well as advisory support would continue as
## long as the soviets and the chinese supported hanoi as the offensive
## gradually receded the principal station service to us policy became that
## of supporting american pressure on thieu to accede to the terms bein
## worked out with the north vietnamese in paris
## l c
## the sta
## tion mobilized its agents and other contacts for both intelligence and
## influence purposes d
## president thieu finally approved the cease fire terms in january
## and cia intelligence collection on the saigon government and
## efforts to influence it turned to questions of truce implementation in
## one dramatic episode the station was instrumental in securing saigon s
## adherence to a protocol on the lines of cease fire demarcation between
## the forces of north and south d
## cease fire implementation receded into the background in late
## when the station s most reliable source on communist intentions
## predicted a major offensive for early for the next several months
## the station tracked north vietnamese initiatives and south vietnamese
## reaction in mid march the south vietnamese forces in the central high
## lands collapsed da nang fell shortly thereafter and the chaotic failure
## of the evacuation effort there persuaded the station that no mass evacua
## tion of the government s military and civilian adherents from saigon
## could succeed accordingly the chief of station and the ambassador
## launched fin ultimately desperate effort to help broker a political settle
## ment that would preserve a non communist south vietnam long enough
## to permit orderly evacuation the fate of this effort and its dire effects on
## evacuation planning constitute the final chapter of cia s involvement in
## the politics of tile republic of vietnam d
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## chapter
##
##
## involuntary passivity d
## the generals who overthrew ngo dinh diem lost no time in mak
## ing it known to cia that they had meant what they said as coup planning
## evolved about seeking us guidance in the formation of a successor
## regime ambassador henry cabot lodge moved equally promptly to
## ensure that no such guidance would be given and his moratorium on us
## mission contacts with the new leadership lasted until january even then
## he sharply restricted the range of subjects on which the station could
## advise the vietnamese n
## the day after the aiath of the ngo brothers bui diem a dai viet
## politician well known to the station reaffirmed that the generals would
## count heavily on american advice in deciding how to ensure the constitu
## tionality of their new regime on november gen tran van lit
## tle minh i bemoaned the
## generals inca aeit to meet the challenge of running the country and
## berated for being unable to say what the us government
## wanted
## at the same time little minh exposed the potential for friction
## with the americans when he described big minh s five minute tan
## trum over an embassy request for the release of labor leader tran quoc
## buu who ihad enjoyed close ties to
## both the emassy ancfngouinllnhu minh had exploded in rage at what
## he interpreted as us distrust of him and rejected advice from his prime
## minister nguyen ngoc tho to let the americans have what they wanted
## headquarters reacted to the incident by asking the station to get big
## minh to look at the international ramifications of his jailing a respected
## labor leader d
## ela critic mcssa e no noveillber j isaig novem
## bcr fran van minh was often called little minh to dis
## rica
## i iuguish hull rom t lc p
## saig
## y imposing and professionally more senior duong van minhd
## november
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## the station apparently did not do this indeed having functioned
## as the primary link to the dissident generals while they prepared the coup
## against diem it found itself abruptly divested of any role in helping them
## set up a government immediately after the coup ambassador lodge
## had restricted us mission contact with the generals on the ground that
## they had to be made to look independent of the united states this
## applied as much to discreet cia contacts as to the normally more visible
## relationships with other mission elements the station was thus helpless
## either to respond to appeals like the one from little minh or to
## assuage big minh s fears of us interference with the new regime the
## opportunity to help the new government make the most of its ehance to
## succeed thus slipped away d
## after a request from gen tran van don on november the sta
## tion succeeded in persuading lodge to let it brief big minh on the
## covert programs the station wanted to use this opening to influence the
## vietnamese on a broader range of political and governmental issues but
## lodge imposed a narrow focus limiting the briefing to intelligence and
## security matters acting cos david smith thought this approach wasted
## an opportunity for constructive us influence on the structure and poli
## cies of the new government we were the ones they turned to and
## smith believed they needed and deserved help instead enjoined not to
## become involved the station simply watched the generals as they quar
## reled over responsibility for the bloodshed and looting that accompanied
## the collp and over promotions and cabinet nominations
## the station had of course been reporting from the day after the
## coup on the volatility of the new political climate only duong van minh
## looked like an impressive leader cia in saigon judged him to be per
## haps the only man capable of holding the generals and the civilian politi
## cians together but he was also a reticent soldier whose simple and even
## naive political outlook might qualify him as a vietnamese naguib if
## he is the station presciently wondered who will be his nasser
## while monitorihg the generals efforts to find the right people for
## the new government cia headquarters also worried about fallout from
## its participation in the coup gen ton that dinh had already made a
##
##
## david smith interview by the author silver spring md hereafter cited as smith interview
## october recordings transcripts and notes for the interviews conducted for this study are
## on file in the cia s history staff office smith served as dcos from june to june and
## was acting chief of station between john richardson s departure in early october and peer
## de silva s arrival in december
## saig november and saig november
## smith interview ctobcr i
## undated history ofthc vietnamese generals coup of november ofwluch a vietnam
## desk niccr i noted that sarg of november indicated it had been
## written by station officers john riordan clifford strathern alsocjadded undoubtedly by
## dave smith thc acos o
##
##
##
## c
##
##
## pointed request for the departure of col gilbert layton the station
## officer whose counterpart had been col le quang tung the special
## forces commander shot after his arrest by the coup committee ddp
## richard helms asked if lou conein the station s principal liaison to the
## coup committee should perhaps not go on leave while the dust settled
## but acting cos david smith replied that conein s rapport with the gen
## erals was indispensable and should be fully exploited apparently infer
## ring that helms doubted conein s discretion smith argued that any leaks
## would probably come from other agencies he prevailed and conein
## stayedgo
## fe division chief william colby arrived in saigon on tdy on
## november he made a series of calls on the generals but lou conein
## remained the station s principal contact with the new regime conein s
## effectiveness rested on friendships with the vietnamese that in several
## cases dated back to his service as an ass officer in vietnam in he
## was less strong on political substance and this limited his role essen
## tially to that of intermediary but under the restrictions imposed by
## lodge the personal confidence he enjoyed sufficed to meet the station s
## needs for liaison with the generals colby described the embassy atmo
## sphere in a cable that predicted a lodge effort to arrange the recall of
## gen paul harkins chief of the military assistance commandlvietnam
## macy the ambassador s recent expulsion of cbs john richardson
## was only the overture to the opera colby wrote adding that lodge was
## running very much a vest pocket operation which tolerated only those
## subordinates who could operate on a tactical level rather than as co
## workers in the strategic vineyard the us mission s country team
## would have to learn to adjust to his style or be replaced d
##
##
## the new regime divided against itselfd
##
## two weeks after the coup colby s round of calls took him to see
## gen nguyen khanh at da lat allhough khanh had been the first to
## advise cia of serious planning for a coup he had soon found himself
## replaced as go between with cia by tran van don at the end of janu
## ary khanh would depose the ineffectual big minh now however
## colby found him growing a beard that khanh vowed to keep until he was
## convinced that the new regime was on the right path colby listened to
## a downbeat assessment of the problems facing the generals and later
##
## saki november saig november
## all
## l j and saig november
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## reported that khanh s only question to him had concerned the whereabouts
## of a former cia contact named russ miller colby kept the query in mind
## and miller shortly began a series of tdy visits to saigon that culminated
## in a pcs assignment in december
## meanwhile divested by ambassador lodge of any consultative role
## in shaping the new saigon government the station responded vigorously
## to general don s invitation to discuss the more limited field of intelli
## gence paramilitary and pacification programs with lodge s approval
## acting cos david smith and his colleagues opened the first of several
## meetings with the new vietnamese leadership on november big
## minh attended with the other two principals on the military revolution
## ary committee mrc tran van don and le van kim but minister of
## security ton that dinh curiously failed to appear the other generals
## charged with intelligence and security matters also were absent the sta
## tion described kim as the principal interrogator who had a better
## grasp of the material than his compatriots big minh who seemed to
## rely for advice on don and kim was clearly startled by the scope of the
## programs that the station outlined
## kim was the only mrc member to attend all of the following three
## sessions his incisive questions one of them concerning the net effect of
## raids on north vietnam that fed hanoi s propaganda apparatus while
## inflicting trivial damage won the station s respect he also astutely noted
## the shortage of vietnamese managerial talent and suggested that the sta
## tion s admirable organizational proposals might have to be tailored to the
## strengths and limitations of available personnel kim did not know in
## november that the already limited pool of potential leaders was about to
## lose him along with tran van don and the more easily expendable ton
## that dinh and mai huu xuan when nguyen khanh seized power in late
## january he arrested them and none resumed an active role in the
## government or army after being released d
## subsequent sessions drew working level vietnamese participants
## who relayed the mrc s approval in principle of several station reorgani
## zation proposals and its suggestion for an expanded national interroga
## tion center but it was clear that the vietnamese were concerned at least
## as much with personal rivalries as with flow charts one vietnamese
## counterproposal for example called for removing the key central intelli
## gence organization cio from the control of generals ton that dinh
## and mai huu xuan d
## memorandum of conversation william e colby and nguyen khanh on november
## november l i irussell miller interview by the author washington dc
## hereafter cited as miller interview april ·
## saic i november i
## saki november
## sale november l
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
## the vietnamese generals were still struggling with their new gov
## emmcntal responsibilities and with each other when president john f
## kennedy was assassinated in dallas on november during kennedy s
## time in office the commitment of us military personnel had grown from
## to over and civilian programs including those of the cia had
## grown proportionately against this background new president lyndon
## b johnson sought in the last weeks of to penetrate the many uncer
## tainties about the new regime and its ability to reinvigorate the war
## against the communists to this end he dispatched a factfinding mission
## in late december headed by defense secretary robert s mcnamara and
## including dci john a mccone d
## johnson now displayed his penchant for hands on management by
## also involving himself directly in selecting a new chief for the saigon
## station in office for less than two weeks he found time to write mccone
## on december about a permanent replacement for richardson as cos
## either bring in a top notch man he instructed or promote the man on
## the spot he asserted personal control over the appointment telling
## mccone he awaited a nomination from among the agency s best and
## most experienced mccone s reply testified to david smith s outstand
## in erformancc but named p e silva the new cos i
## de silva was about to leave wash
## mgton or argon w ell he was taken one night to the white house
## there he met president johnson whose only instructions were not to for
## get that they were entering an election year d
## but johnson was well aware of the conflict played out in the press
## between lodge and richardson and wanted no repetition on decem
## ber he cabled lodge with categorical instructions about the relationship
## he expected to obtain between the ambassador and the new chief of
## station
##
## it is of the first importance that there be the most complete under
## standing and cooperation between you and him i am concerned
## not only to sustain effective cooperation but to avoid any mutterings
## in the press i cannot overemphasize the importance which i per
## sonally attach to correcting the situation which has existed in saigon
## in the past and which i saw myself when i was out there
## i vielnhm chronology p n
## illyndon b johnson memomn for director mccone december i d memorandum
## for the president nciboll interview by the
## author langley va herea fer ciicdinterview november de silva later re
## counted the while house incident lol in saigond
## j s eannan inspector general memorandum for the director record on vietnam
## j november history staff filesd
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## figure area under communist control
##
##
##
##
## kontum
##
##
##
##
## areas of communist concentration
## government areas not shown
##
##
##
##
## international boundary
##
## national capita l
##
## d communist
##
##
##
## kilometers
##
##
##
##
## miles
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## the republican ambassador did not take kindly being so
## instructed by his democratic president and responded peevishly to
## mcfunc s subsequent request thai he protect de silva s cover i certainly
## cannot lake responsibility for keeping any man s name oui of the press
## who works for the us government in vietnam it is not clear to me
##
##
##
## c
##
##
## what his cover is in fact the whole arrangement is stili somewhat obscure
## to me indeed it was naive of mccone to think that de silva s
## agency affiliation could be concealed in saigon as the mere fact of his
## succeeding richardson would have sufficed to expose him iso
## unlike the youthful smith who had launched his cia career as a
## nd lieutenant with the lansdale station in de silva was already
## the veteran chief of three major stations i
## c j when he arrived in saigon bornin he graduated from the
## us military academy at west point in and at the end of world war
## ii was serving as chief of security for the manhattan project he joined
## the agency as a us army colonel d
## in december as de silva prepared to leave i i
## agency and other official us observers in saigon were trying to gauge
## the effects of the coup on the war in the countryside while general har
## kins s macv was lowering its estimate of viet cong vc strength
## cia analysts in saigon saw communist forces actually growing after
## arriving with mcnamara on december mccone quickly concluded
## that tension within the military revolutionary council mrc contin
## ued disarray and corruption in the government and what he agreed was
## growing vc strength added up to a doubtful prognosis for the south viet
## namese he noted also that the military revolutionary council mrc
## was starting from a much more unfavorable position than had been rec
## ognized it is abundantly clear that vietnamese statistics received over
## the past year or more on which we gauged the trend of the war were
## grossly in error
## mutiny against the mutilleersd
##
## vc gains if the southern generals recognized them as such did
## nothing to unify the junta or to mobilize the civilian politicians against the
## growing threat in mid december the mrc sent the stili unshaven nguyen
## khanh to da nang the farthest from saigon of the four vietnamese army
## arvn corps commands in early january duong van minh shook
##
## lbirl·o
## dc silva official personnel filc cinterview november
## blincj memorandulli military situation in critical areas of vietnam december d
## i i mccone mcmorandum hi hli hts d cussions in saigon de
## comber december viet cong is a vietnamese
## term adopted early in the diem regime and earing a pejorative connotation for vietnamese com
## munisr both americans who usually abbreviated it to ve and saigon s officials applied it to
## any member of either the military or the political arm of the indigenous though hanoi directed
## communist movement in south vietnam the vc were thus distinguished from the integral units
## of thc north vietnamese army deployed into south vietnam after late
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## up the military hierarchy and took over as commander in chief of the
## armed forces two weeks later the new commander of the vietnamese
## special forces claimed to the station that gen tran van don was discuss
## ing the neutralization of south vietnam with a visiting french official the
## station seems to have enjoyed no other access to these events possibly
## because station officer al spera to whom nguyen khanh had conveyed
## the first news of military coup planning and lou conein both were
## absent bd
## spera was no longer stationed in vietnam during his tour of duty
## he had earned two gvn decorations unprecedented among cia officers
## there but his superiors saw him as abrasive and headstrong and after
## general khanh asked mccone to return him to saigon when the dci
## visited in december colby and assistant ddp tom karamessines com
## bined to block the move
## lou conein having been summoned to see state department offi
## cials averell harriman arid roger i iilsman was in washington conein
## urged them to help the junta s the military revolutionary council
## mrc generate some forward momentum by assigning to each of its
## principal members a known and trusted american adviser working
## directly under the ambassador conein later heard that lodge vetoed the
## idea in any case as it turned out nguyen khanh was already preparing
## replace general minh zoo
## meanwhile new chief of station peer de silva was assiduously
## keeping the generals at arm s length shortly after de silva s arrival in
## late december gen nguyen khanh invited him to visit da nang telling
## smith that the cos could not travel at the whim of every vietnamese
## general de silva declined he sent conein instead who got one of the
## early indications of khanh s dissatisfaction with big minh although
## similar warnings began to come in from other sources lodge thought
## station reporting reflected an obsession with coup plotting if khanh is
## unhappy he instructed the station just tell him to take it easy d
## despite de silva s cool response to his invitation khanh sent a
## messenger to the station again on january asking the cos to see
## him in da nang the next day de silva was now willing but his reply
##
## i
## undated news clipping of reuters dis
## patchi ii i i
## the abbreviation
## arvn pronounced akvcn became the standard american term for the army of the republic
## rvielnam·d
## thomas ii karamcssincs mcmorandum for mr helms mr al spera march
## i i
## lucien conein interview by the author mclean va hereinafter cited as conein interview
## november station officcrl recalled that mccone told colby to nnange i
## spcra s return vietnam but once back in washington colby did not follow through sec
## linlervielv november ·
## th interview october u
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
## coordinated with lodge regretted that he could see khanh no earlier
## than january khanh agreed to meet then in saigon but lodge now
## changed his mind he prohibited the meeting for reasons not recorded
## and de silva cancelled it on the pretext of illness
## khanh then turned to an old friend col jasper wilson of macv
## with his claim that the french were maneuvering with gen mai huu
## xuan who had served them in various internal security organs for the
## neutralization of south vietnam de silva reported on this meeting in his
## own channel adding information from other sources alleging a french
## backed move toward neutralization d
## in saigon on january khauh repeated his allegations to wilson
## he added generals tran van don and le van kim to his list of alleged
## neutralist plotters and hinted that he and his allies would use any neces
## sary force to thwart them according to the ambassador s account of
## this meeting he had wilson reporting directly to him khanh added
## that he wanted to use wilson as his exclusive channel to the embassy
## khanh s absolute refusal to deal with any american other than wilson is
## due to an unfortunate experience with a cia representative named
## spera before the oct sic coup lodge s report transmitted late
## january added that he was keeping de silva and general harkins
## informed d
## lodge may in fact have kept harkins posted but he said nothing to
## de silva until the cos inquired about the matter early that evening
## lodge then acknowledged that wilson had seen khanh he had written a
## telegram he said and the cos would be receiving a copy de silva later
## asked lodge s deputy david nes about his exclusion from the session
## with wilson but nes would say only that his instructions had prevented
## him from informing anyone but general harkins d
## at hours on january the embassy radioed a report from
## wilson at the airborne brigade headquarters that khanh intended to move
## within the hour to secure changes in the composition of the mrc
## minh has been informed of this and agrees the only definite statement
## we have yet is that premier tho must go twenty minutes later nes
##
## ic january retyped and attached to william e colby memorandum for
## direclor of central intelligence inler agency relationships in saigon january j
## l linterview november lodge reported to
## •
## ion on january that khanh had insisted on colonel wilson as his sole link to the embassy in this
## matter see foreign relations of the united states volume i vietnam wash
## ington dc us government printing office j p
## pilus i pi l i
## ·mis icj i t pp earman record on vietnam it is nul known whether
## khanh concealed from wilson his overtures de silva or whether perhaps reacting to a per
## ceived rebuff from the cos he actually intended on january to use wilson as his sole inter
## mediary·d
##
## j
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## summoned de silva to the embassy where the cos learned that khanh
## and associates including gen tran thien khiem were about to depose
## general minh s government the new junta proceeded to arrest five of
## their colleagues on grounds of plotting with the french to neutralize
## south vietnam they spared big minh indeed installed him as figure
## head chief of state but remanded generals don kim dinh xuan and
## nguyen van vy to house arrest in the resort town of da lat d
## lodge s exclusion of de silva during this episode may have
## reflected a suspicion that the new cos had been sent to restore the auton
## omy the ambassador thought the station had enjoyed before richard
## son s dismissal smith interpreted lodge s october request for him to be
## named cos as confirmation that lodge thought he had him and the sta
## tion well under control smith had been content to leave him with this
## impression and had deliberately not corrected lodge s apparent belief
## that after richardson s departure the ambassador sawall station corre
## spondence
## restoration of a limited mandated
##
## whatever the reason for lodge s quarantine of the station it ended
## when conein returned just as the coup ended on january he
## saw khanh who complained of conein s absence during the previous
## five days no longer disposed if he ever had been to make macv his
## sole us interlocutor he now proposed having two us liaison officers
## with conein reporting to ambassador lodge and jasper wilson to
## macv commander general harkins three days later khanh sent a car
## and escort to bring conein to see him but coneindisappointed him when
## he had to advise that he still lacked instructions from lodge on the liai
## soli question nevertheless khanh wanted him continuously available on
##
##
##
##
## i j fvsa i february i conein interview february
## george met ahin intervention how america became iii valved ill vietnam garden city new
## york anchor hooks p neutralist sentiment may well have been growing at this time
## hut neither khanh nor the station ever produced credible evidence of collusion between france and
## the generals to neutralize south vietnam according tol iperhaps the station s
## leading spcrt on south vietnamese politics khiem whs the mastermind of the january coup see
## i memorandum to chief of station thich tri quang august j i
## smith interview october lodge made his altitude toward smith more explicit at a meet
## ing with him and de silva shortly after the new cos s arrival someone mentioned lodge s earlier
## request for smith and the dcos quickly assured lodge he had always expected a more senior re
## placement to which the ambassador sneered do you think i give a damn about you d
##
## c
##
##
## live minutes notice and dismissed conein s protest that all this violated
## diplomatic protocol don t give a damn sd
## as khanh insisted on seeing conein lodge could not very well
## object on february khanh outlined his intentions to conein saying he
## would give the boudoir politicians a week to propose a civilian prime
## minister he said he wanted conein to be his principal adviser on intelli
## gence and security matters but conein let him know that such a role was
## out of the question so instead of organizations and programs they talked
## about khanh plan mreptitiously to record h meetings wjtlllheqtber
## generalsr j
## i i
## it soon became clear to the station that nguyen khanh had no more
## capacity than general minh to unify the officer corps in a new campaign
## to mobilize the country against the viet congo as before the station con
## tinued to cultivate second level officers some of whom made no pre
## tense of unconditional loyalty to khanh one such was col nguyen cao
## ky the flamboyantly charismatic new chief of the vietnamese air force
## in early february ky told russ miller now in vietnam on toy that
## young officers would have to get the command assignments they wanted
## or khanh s regime could meet the same fate as minh s d
## gen nguyen van thieu as khanh s new arvn chief of staff
## comported himself more discreetly in a conversation with dave smith
## insisting that he wanted to use the dai viet and other nationalist parties
## only to help root out the clandestine viet cong organization but other
## sources began as early as february to claim that thieu and the dai viets
## were already plotting against khanhyd
## the station repeated for general khanh the briefing on station pro
## grams it had recently delivered to officers including kim and don who
## were now under detention khanh endorsed the pacification programs
## but temporized on the station s perennial recommendation for central
## ized management of saigon s intelligence collection and analysis khanh
## offered new deputy prime minister nguyen ton hoan a dai viet politi
## cian known to the station since the early s as liaison on pacifica
## tion matters accepting this de silva noted the station s practice of
## maintaining contact with non communist dissidents as well as with local
## officials he assured khanh of his innocuous purpose in this he merely
##
## lucicn colicin memorandum for the record meeting with major general nguyen khanh
## chairman of the military council january conein memorandum for the record
## meeting with general khauh february
## concin mr of february couein intervie w d e c em b c r j
## concin interview december fvs februa
## david smith contact report february and passim l
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## wanted to keep abreast of the various shades of political opinion and
## asked for khanh s forbearance during a typically informal session with
## conein in mid february khanh vilified the french in a way reminiscent
## of ngo dinh nhu and threatened to expel french officials as a warning
## to de gaulle he asked if conein knew five or six bastards he would
## like to have kicked out conein temporized by saying he would see if the
## station had any candidates khanh also asked conein to train his secu
## rity detail and the station arranged this in march no
## despite his longtime contact with cia khanh remained something
## of an enigma a station assessment of early march saw intelli
## gence energy and organization but also a moody loner with an overin
## flated ego whatever his flaws the near vacuum of south vietnamese
## leadership first noted by agency officers in the early s had not been
## filled and there was little to work with in the station s opinion no one
## else civilian or military came close to having khanh s ability but he
## was faced with the traditional fractionalization of vietnamese politics
## first the french and then diem had unified the politicians in opposition
## to them but now as the station saw it the centrifugal forces in viet
## namese politics may become more pronounced than ever like diem
## and then duong van minh khanh would require unqualified us sup
## port without it he would probably disappear in a neutralist putsch d
## operating under the lodge restrictions the station could not even
## try to help khanh grow into his new responsibilities conein supple
## mented embassy efforts to ensure the safety of the so called da lat gen
## erals but his meetings with khanh were devoted mostly to political gossip
## and such trivialities as office logistics and a khanh request that conein
## develop for him a contingency plan for escape from saigon the station
## was as well connected as ever but in its enforced passivity could only lis
## ton while the other generals calumniated khanh and each othcr d
##
##
##
## i i memorandum for the record briefing of general khanh february
## february lucien conein memorandum for cos breakfast with general nguyen
## khanh february j given the agency s well known complicity in
## autircgimc activity as far back as late it is doubtful that khanh took de silva s assurances at
## iacc valuco
## william s read memorandum for cos khanh s leadership and cohesiveness of govern
## u nt o march ikhanh provoked different reactions in different agency
## observers coucin thought him a manipulator and habitual liar while colby saw in him a percep
## tive courageous leader with the potential to control the military and run the counlry see conein
## interview i december william colby lost vici chicago contemporary books j
## ·
## · ollleinlllcnlur liicums of meetings with khanh april and may jl j
## cjvolumc ii pclssim conein interview february ·
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
## the price of disunity
## in the spring of as the government position in the country
## side continued to deteriorate kbanh began urging on ambassador lodge
## a massive us military commitment against the north the purpose would
## be to divert hanoi s resources permitting the south to accelerate the slow
## and painful process of pacification cia headquarters worried that
## kbanh s emphasis on retaliation against hanoi would undermine the
## province by province approach that washington thought essential to
## regain the initiative against the viet cong on the ground lodge sharing
## khanh s anxiety about invasion thought that vo nguyen giap the north
## vietnamese general who defeated the french at dien bien phu might
## now seize the five northern provinces of south vietnam khanh talked in
## less apocalyptic terms than these when defense secretary mcnamara vis
## ited saigon again in mid may but mcblamara nevertheless concluded
## that the government of vietnam gvn had lost some villages
## percent of the total to the viet cong since september
## as spring gave way to summer in the cia acknowledged
## vc gains by devoting increasing resources to the effort in the country
## side it paid pro forma attention to nguyen ton hoan saigon s pacifica
## tion chief but substantive liaison with the vietnamese on the rural
## programs took place mostly at the province chief level and the subject
## intruded relatively little into the management of the station s most senior
## contacts here the main question was still governmental stability
## although professionally more capable than duong van minh khanh
## lacked minh s personal prestige in the officer corps and the intensified
## factionalism predicted by the station quickly surfaced as the summer
## monsoon approached the station was using its agents and personal con
## tacts among the generals to monitor the internecine quarrels that were to
## result in the fall of nguyen khanh in february
## at least partly in response to us pressure khanh released the da
## lat generals don dinh xuan kim and vy at the end of may
## and over lunch conein explored their state of mind tran van don
## insisted that he supported khanh despite his recent incarceration but no
## other point of substance emerged and during the rest of the session
## conein heard only the usual backbiting and recrimination the station s
## access to khanh at this time produced minor ancillary benefits in addition
## to reporting as when russ miller secured the release of a vietnamese
##
##
## flws i chester l cooper memorandum to ule dci
## comments saigon limdis cabic may i
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## special forces officer and station contact who had been languishing in
## jail since his boss colonel tung and diem were assassinated l d
## nevertheless policy level communication took place for the
## moment in policy channels this was as it should be in protocol terms
## butleft open the question of whether active station participation in the
## american dialog with the minh and then the khanh regimes might have
## helped to unify the generals and enlist popular support for the govern
## ment it might have made no difference minh s and khanh s stated
## desire for agency advice may have been pro forma or it might have had
## an effect similar to that of the station s decisive intervention on behalf of
## ngo dinh diem in helping only to postpone a fate that the govern
## ment s weaknesses made inevitable be that as it may david smith had
## a point it was in fact to the cia that the key generals turned in late
## and early for advice oil the way to govern the country but colby
## had been right when he predicted that ambassador lodge would run a
## one man showd
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## chapter
##
##
## preserving a line of communication d
## henry cabot lodge left saigon in june to join barry goldwa
## ter s presidential campaign he took with him the bipartisan protection on
## vietnam policy that john f kennedy had constructed by sending a
## republican to vietnam now his support of the hawkish goldwater
## threatened johnson s campaign strategy of disavowing the prospect of a
## massive or protracted american commitment in vietnam the president
## met this challenge by choosing maxwell taylor as his new ambassador
## to saigon taylor offered not only a distinguished combat record from
## world war ii but also a reputation as the us military s foremost intellec
## tual under kennedy he had become chairman of the joint chiefs of
## staff and a presidential confidant as ambassador both his formidable
## professional qualifications and his links to the martyred kennedy would
## help neutralize republican attacks on johnson s allegedly halfhearted
## response to communist encroachments in vietnam
## arriving in saigon in july taylor faced an enormous challenge
## that of instilling in a dispirited ally the will to pursue the struggle against
## the communists in pursuit of this objective he launched a concerted
## effort to develop personal relationships with important vietnamese both
## ill and outside government his purpose was unfortunately not well
## served by an imperious style that soon alienated most of the vietamese
## military leadership as we shall see the resulting tension soon generated a
## reprise of the station s periodic service as interpreter and intermediary
## between the embassy and the ruling generals taylor displayed no more
## enthusiasm or such an agency role than lodge had done it was forced
## on him by the imperative of continued communication between the
## united states and the various actual and aspirant power centers in the
## vietnamese military
## i kahin intervention p
##
## miller interview aprillj
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## in any case the problem was not just personalities substantive
## issues and the pressures of an american presidential campaign also con
## tributed to the friction with the generals in may as noted earlier khanh
## had urged visiting defense secretary mcnamara to begin air attacks on
## north vietnam washington was already locked in debate on this issue
## and wanted khanh to abstain from any public statement pending a us
## decision the matter was all the more sensitive because of the johnson
## campaign s eagerness to brand goldwater as the proponent of an
## expanded war but khanh went public on july calling for a march to
## the north two days later general ky issued a more explicit call to
## bomb the north taylor protested to khanh this apparent move to force
## the us hand and khanh retorted that the bombing idea had originated
## with the americans there was conflict also over the future of big
## minh to whom khanh and his allies had awarded the ceremonial post of
## chief of state secretary of state dean rusk wanted the generals to
## exploit his prestige and buddhist affiliation to rally popular support for
## tile war but pressure was growing from catholic clements in arvn for
## his rejlovald
## ambassador taylor thought this discord reflected nothing more than
## conflicting american and vietnamese perceptions of how best to combat
## the viet congo de silva by contrast thought he saw in the dispute some
## thing deeper than disagreement over strategy and bilateral protocol
##
## the shakiness of khanh s position the tremors that are running
## through the saigon leadership and the reports of acute war weari
## ness and actions possibly under way to sense out sic the french on
## the subject of negotiations represent not only a maneuver to cat
## alyze usg reactions but also a grave crisis facing khanh and his
## leadership and appear to me to be a crisis possi involving the
## will of the present leadership to continue the war u
##
## whether influenced by saigon s military or simply in response to
## the continuing decline in south vietnamese fortunes the johnson admin
## istration was disposed to reply in kind when on august north viet
## namese pt boats attacked the us destroyer maddox off the coast of
## north vietnam two clays later the us navy reported more attacks and
## president johnson ordered retaliation against hanoi s gunboats and sup
## purling facilities congress backed him on august with near unanimous
## passage of the joint tonkin gulf resolution
## knhin intervention pp i
## harman record vietnam
## vicllhlill chronology pp
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
## although directly responsive to khanh s and ky s urge to take the
## war to the north us air attacks and the tonkin gulf resolution did not
## relieve the friction among the saigon generals they convened in secret
## on august at the resort town of vung tau where ky took advantage
## of minh s absence to urge his removal as chief of state a majority
## agreed and on the th khanh announced the abolition of minh s posi
## tion and his own ascendancy to supreme power n
## this provoked rioting by both buddhists ailcrcatholics and khanh
## resigned he then returned now as the leader of a triumvirate with big
## minh and tran thien khiem that he said would form a civilian govern
## ment within days in the resulting confusion the station used its clan
## destine sources to assess the political balance of power with i i
## i i
## reporting directly on the generals deliberations and on
## a continuing spate of coup rumors a station agent i i
## furnished an authoritative perspective on the northern faction in the mili
## tary and another agent at the field grade level reported on the other main
## faction the one influenced by the southern wing of the dai viet party
## they reported among other things khanh s effort to eliminate the dai
## viet politicians from government and a station contact i i
## i inow warned of an imminent coup by dai viet sympa
## thizers in the military d
## with the generals progressively more divided and khanh s rela
## tionship with taylor increasingly tense the station s window on the plans
## and perceptions of the generals was now clouded by the departure of
## lou conein as conein later recalled it khanh had summoned him to
## dalat for a recitation of his grievances against taylor which he wanted
## conveyed directly to the ambassador cos de silva saw no alternative
## to honoring this request and he and conein later found taylor leaving
## the tennis court the ambassador had no questions or comments about
## their account except at the end when he frostily inquired whether
## conein was sure he understood french the language of the meeting with
## khanh a day or so later on september taylor told de silva that
## conciu s usefulness had come to an end d
##
##
## fvs august fvsa january li jif vsa
## january
## rvsa rvs oicil cc fvsa august
## ifvs august i
## conein interview february eatman record on vielllam o
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## the dai viets against khanh d
## after conein s unceremonious departure the cos tried to pick up
## the slack on september khanh told him that he had a letter from the
## activist monk thich tri quang promising him buddhist support khanh
## also implicitly confirmed the uncertainty of his own position when he
## acknowledged quang s douhtful sincerity meanwhile the station s
## sources in the various factions regaled their case officers with accounts of
## convoluted plotting dai viet officers against khanh and pham ngoc
## thao and general ky with khanh s endorsement against the dai viets
## on september a coalition of southern catholics and dai viets then
## brig gen nguyen van thieu among them fulfilled the prediction of the
## dai viet source bringing troop units toward saigon in a halfhearted coup
## attempt thai ky and his alii quickly squelched khanh seized oÂ
## tunity to effect the bloodless purge of senior dai viet officers that
## q aid he had been preparing since the beginning of september
## y s role in putting down the coup established him as a major
## player in the game of military politics and his subsequent erratic talk
## sparked concern at cia headquarters ky was reported to be threatening
## to defect to hanoi even as he pressed for bombing of the north and
## headquarters asked the station to undertake some intensive cultivation
## of ky to learn his thinking and to influence it the station doubted that
## ky was politically ambitious beyond some muscle flexing as a king
## maker and deprecated his ability he was childish and often irresponsi
## ble not particularly intelligent or sophisticated it might become
## necessary the station thou ht to ut russ miller back in touch with
## him
##
##
## miller arrived on one of his tdy visits at the end of september
## and saw both ky and gen cao van vien chief of the joint gen
## eral staff as the apparently self appointed spokesmen for the military s
## young turks ky affirmed his support of khanh and urged miller to
##
## saigon embassy telegram september lmemorandum
## plalls iii purge the dai victparty military rj seremher j jextract from
## i emhassyrrairgram july fvs september
## he dai viet party arose early in t io t century as a nationalist political party h
## to the french colonia power conspiratorinl in style its membership was drawn mostly from the
## small frcnch educated professional cassn
## salg ho september i a headquar
##
## ters observer thought more highly of kydescribing him at this time as probably one of the most
## eal able and inlluential military lenders in smah vietnam see blind memorandum air com
## modore ngnyen cao ky h september l l
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
## get khanh to risk unpopularity by consolidating his power at the expense
## of the factions vien whom miller regarded as an apolitical military pro
## fessional offered no prescriptions but insisted on the importance of the
## political dimension the battle will not be won militarily until there is
## an improvement in the generals political strength and a corresponding
## reduction in vc political strength d
## fe division chief william colby was also in saigon and he and
## miller visited khanh in dalat on october khanh complained that his
## longtime interlocutors spera and conein were now both gone and the
## timing of conein s departure the day before the aborted september
## coup suggested some ulterior agency motive colby replied vaguely
## that spera s continued presence would have caused certain complica
## tions and that conein s high profile meant that his usefulness had
## passed but he added that khanh s old friend miller would shortly return
## to saigon for a new tour khanh immediately proposed to make miller
## his informal contact with the us mission colby noted the protocol
## anomaly of such an agency relationship with the prime minister and
## suggested that khanh choose an intermediary through whom to maintain
## indirect contact d
## with or without spera and conein it seemed that communication
## between the governments needed improvement khanh s distaste for tay
## lor s authoritarian style had by late september hardened into a distrust of
## the ambassador that colby s deputy at headquarters described as very
## deep and not totally without foundation d
## upheaval on the vietnamese side complicated access to its principal
## actors gen tran thien khiem a longtime miller contact had played a
## leading if ambiguous role in the khanh regime possibly the instigator of
## anti khanh demonstrations during the summer of he was at the
## same time khanh s minister of defense he then joined the triumvirate
## that followed khanh s resignation offer in late august in early october
## khanh moved against khiem sending him to west germany on a con
## trived diplomatic mission in a final session with russ miller khiern
## railed about khanh s indulgence of buddhist dissidence and said that
## only the lack of hard proof of buddhist neutralism and anti americanism
## prevented him from mounting a coup against khanh d
## i ifvs october i i
## unsigned memorandum of conversation among gen nguyen khanh and messrs william colby
## and russ miller october i
## ij fr us · vietnam p robert j myers memorandum for the record
##
## meelin on possible action to su jolt south vietnam september october
##
## o ce of current intelligence intelligence brief tran thien khiem vietnamese ambassador
## designate tothe us december fvs october i i
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## despite the tension between khanh and taylor they consulted in
## october about the composition of the civilian government that khanh had
## pledged would replace his military regime using the miller channel
## khanh worked to sabotage big minh s reputation with taylor by
## accusing him of having negotiated with the french for a neutralist solu
## tion to the war but true to his assurances to taylor and to miller that he
## would step down he relinquished the prime ministry in october turning
## it over to the veteran civilian politician tran van huong he held on
## however to his command of the armed forces meanwhile russ miller
## was keeping an eye on nguyen cao ky the unpredictable air force
## commander now looked more sensitive to broad policy issues worrying
## aloud to miller about possible us disengagement from vietnam after the
## november american presidential elections as headquarters now
## saw him he had outgrown his role as mere spokesman for the young
## turk general officers and as their de facto leader was probably the most
## powerful man in south vietnam ii d
##
## taylor against khanh d
## the cordiality of the station s contact with khanh represented one
## fruit of miller s practice of getting to know anyone who might at some
## point be useful he had contrived an introduction to khanh during his
## first vietnam tour which had ended in they got along well as
## reflected in khanh s inquiry about him almost two years later and when
## miller returned for a new tour of duty in saigon in december he
## and mrs miller were promptly invited to a holiday reception hosted by
## the general arriving at the party the millers found themselves the only
## foreigners in attendance as miller later recalled it while they were talk
## ing to khanh mrs miller winced at some infelicity in her husband s
## french khanh noticed and told her not to worry as he and mr miller
## understood each other very well d
## this empathy characteristic of agency relationships with its viet
## namese contacts probably influenced khanh s choice of miller to inform
## the americans of the military s next move at five in the morning on
## december he called miller in to announce the abolition of the high
## national council which the military had set up in august to give the
##
## i nus i lii«ii i m passim fvs october i
## l a ldblind memorandum air commodore nguyen cao ky
##
## also see saigon embassy airgrarn a
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
## appearance of civilian participation in government khanh justified this
## on the ground that the council had tried to prevent the forced retirement
## of senior officers including duong van big minh worried about armed
## forces unity ambassador taylor had also tried to discourage minh s dis
## missal and khanh s apparent defiance infuriated him he summoned to
## his office four of the young officers involved including ky and thieu
## and accused them of jeopardizing us support for vietnam khanh
## refused to make an appearance at the embassy so taylor went to see
## him at joint general staff headquarters khanh repeated the rationale he
## had given miller for dissolving the council and taylor declared that
## khanh no longer enjoyed his confidence khanh offered to resign his
## command a move which the ambassador encouraged d
## khanh did not follow through on this offer however and in the
## ensuing standoff his intentions remained mysterious looking for clarifi
## cation taylor authorized miller to visit khanh at vung tau on
## december khanh recounted his side of the confrontation with taylor
## with whom he was now at absolute checkmate in what looked to
## miller like a pro forma gesture khanh again offered to resign in the
## interests of an effective war effort he urged miller to try to arrange a
## visit bydefense secretary mcnamara or dci mccone to verify the grav
## ity of the crisis and warned that he or the young turks might soon
## hold a press conference protesting taylor s interference even at the risk
## of provoking anti american demonstrations d
## the press conference seems not to have taken place but some of
## the generals began agitating for taylor s recall on december miller
## drove to khanh s villa the atmosphere was cordial but khanh insisted
## on conversing at the dining room table which miller inferred was
## bugged having had a week to reflect khanh was less adamant about
## taylor s departure but reacted hesitantly to miller s suggestion that he
## invite the ambassador to vung tau for a reconciliation the ambassador
## apprised of miller s proposal was equally noncommittal khanh then
## suddenly adopted the idea and tried to force the issue by inviting miller
## and both taylor and the deputy ambassador u alexis johnson to din
## ner on january taylor and johnson declined and de silva
## explained to headquarters that several noses had to have their joints
## adjusted the station s efforts were finally rewarded january when
##
##
##
##
## frus t vietnam pp fvsa december
## c j unsigned memorandum for the record some thoughts on possible vietnamese reac
## tions to us positions taken since december january i
## fysa ihld
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## the crisis passed with a compromise in which the generals agreed
## through miller to restore civilian government but without reconstituting
## the high national council d
## while the station labored to preserve us communications with
## general khanh its agents reported on the young turks growing influ
## ence in the government and their disenchantment also growing with
## khanh one source reported in early january that the young turks were
## determined to oust khanh as armed forces commander despite the tem
## porary solidarity produced by the ambassador s criticism of the entire
## group one school of station thought doubted this believing that us
## pressure for civilian government accompanied by threats to reduce mili
## tary and economic aid put khanh in a position that no one would covet
## and for the moment the military and the politicians merely continued
## arguing about a new cabinet and about the way to treat dissident bud
## dhists °d
## presumably to mollify the dai viets khanh eventually settled on
## one of their veteran leaders phan huy quat as his new prime minister
## most of the cabinet portfolios went to civilians but khanh also inserted
## two of the young turks nguyen van thieu was promoted to major
## general and became vice prime minister and minister of the armed
## forces on january at the same time air force commander nguyen
## cao ky accepted concurrent appointment as minister of youth and
## sports he launched his tenure according to a station agent i i
## by mandating a youth organization along nazi lines it should have a uni
## form with black tunic boots and armband with a special insignia ky
## thought the west german embassy might have useful literature on the
## subject but someone suggested a briefing by his predecessor before he
## proceeded at this session ky recognized that the real task was to pre
## pare rural youth to defend their hamlets against the viet cong for which
## flashy uniforms would not suffice l d
##
## fys s december and saig january i irussmiller
## memorandum for the record miller meeting with general khanh on dec hours at
## yung tau december j imiller interview april on january meeting
## khauh at yung tau general westmorelandoffered to serve as intermediary with ambassador tay
## lor khanh hnd already mentioned an emissary presumably russ miller sent by taylor and re
## sponilcd wesunorelaud that he wanted to spare me from getting involved in politics see
## willinm e wcsuuorclaud memorandum for the record meeting with general khanh january
## i i iyndon b johnson library westmoreland papers history backup d
## ijlind mcuroruudum upparcntly by station officer harry petersen january i
## l vlfr l ossihlc vietnamese reactions and passim volume iii ivolume passim
## i i
## siig i jalll cu c l mc ii passim fys j
## january aud il u
##
##
##
##
## c
##
## however out of touch he might be with the problems of the civil
## society ky kept a close watch on military politics on february he
## told russ miller that khanh had lost the support of all his colleagues
## and would have to be removed his apparently sarcastic prediction of
## khanh s survival under us protection provoked ambassador taylor to
## send miller back to him with the message that we are in no way prop
## ping up general khanh or backing him in any fashion miller s traf
## ficking with the mutually suspicious generals seems not to have
## damaged his credit with any of them as he simultaneously continued the
## liaison with khanh a task that included setting up a meeting with the
## visiting mcgeorge bundy president johnson s national security
## adviser on february
##
##
## the end of the khanh regimed
##
## bundy was in saigon at the beginning of another round of military
## escalation and political chaos on february the viet cong
## attacked the us airbase at pleiku in the central highlands killing eight
## americans and inflicting serious material damage the same day us
## planes retaliated with bombing raids on north vietnam two weeks later
## after an initially inconclusive military coup nguyen khanh acceded to
## maxwell taylor s desire and resigned i igen tran van lit
## tle minh then became acting commander of the armed forces while
## nguyen van thieu took over the armed forces council from khanh but
## the ante had been raised on both sides the vc followed up their pleiku
## attack by planting a bomb in a us barracks at qui nhon killing more
## americans and on march the us replaced its earlier ad hoc retaliatory
## raids against the north with the sustained bombing campaign known as
## operation rolling thunder d
## this military coup the second since the fall of ngo dinh diem
## began on february when the same dai viet and militantly catholic
## officers responsible for the september attempt against khanh tried
## again again the station served as an embassy link to both the sponsors
## of the coup and its target russ miller arrived home for lunch that day to
## find waiting for him the same army dentist who had provided cover for a
## meeting between loll conein and tran van don during the conspiracy
## against ngo dinh diem captain long fidgeted about refusing even a
##
## isaigon ernbassay telegram february
## lyndon b johnson library national security file vietnam volume xxvii saig
## february i
## vietnam chronology pp
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## soft drink until the stroke of one at that point he opened up listing for
## miller the military commanders supporting the announcement being
## made at that moment by chief of state pharo khac suu that khanh was
## being dismissed ky and his allies immediately repudiated this move
## and the resulting impasse threatened fratricidal violence d
## the young turks objection to the move against khanh concerned
## timing and means not endsand ky explained to miller on february
## that brig gen lam van phat and the other mutineers should have given
## khanh a chance to make good on his earlier expressed willingness to
## resign now personal honor had come into play and khanh was stand
## ing fast on the nd ambassador taylor convened his staff to find a
## solution to the impasse general westmoreland volunteered to chopper
## down there to vung tau to see khanh but taylor vetoed this as impossi
## ble to conceal from american newsmen so miller went instead and lis
## tened to khanh s side of the story back in saigon he described khanh s
## terms for resignation the ambassador then authorized him and deputy
## chief of station gordon jorgensen to convey these to ky and the other
## members of the armed forces council d
## late that night the two drove to vietnamese air force headquar
## ters where an aide ushered them into a housekeeping closet there they
## waited until about midnight when ky joined them on the way in
## miller had seen enough activity to conclude that the entire armed forces
## council must be present he asked why and ky explained that khanh s
## skill at manipulating his colleagues made it imperative to keep everybody
## in sight ky stayed with the visitors until almost dawn they never left
## the utility room while jorgensen pressed for a face saving exit for
## khanh ky seemed amenable to the suggested terms whatever his
## faults miller thought vindictiveness was not among them and the
## americans finally left to report back to the embassy
## embassy airgram a r miller interviews november and february d en
## tugou piilf gravel edition boston beacon press jii p donce the coup attempt
## got under way macv provided another channel to the rebels as the senior adviser to the air
## force brig gen robert b rowland accompanied lam van phat one of the dai viet princi
## pals and communist agent pham ngoc thao representing ambassador to washington tran
## thien khiem to bien hoa airbase to confer with ky see blind memorandum saigon coup
## situation as of est february lyndon r johnson library national security
## file vietnam volume lbo
## fvs february and saig february miller in
## terviews february and april one station cable said that miller went to vung tau
## with col jasper wilson khnnh s fanner adviser in i corps and kahin says there was a ca of
## ticcr accompanying wilson who reported khanh s side of the story in a interview miller
## said he could not rccnll traveling with wilson and that wilson certainly did not attend this meeting
## with khanh see saig february i kahin intervention p miller
## interview february
## · saig miller interviews february and april d
##
##
##
##
##
## c sullpet
##
##
##
## but ky could not deliver at least not immediately for khanh had
## antagonized too many of his afc colleagues with divisive maneuvers
## and an alleged order for an armored attack on key facilities at tan son
## nhut airport and in saigon despite the standoff the station remained
## optimistic about a bloodless outcome telling headquarters that khanh
## may twist and turn a bit more but we believe his shoulders are about to
## be pinned to the mat for good events justified this optimism when on
## february t khanh relinquished command of the armed forces
## accepting exile as a roving ambassador i igen tran
## van minh replaced him nguyen van thieu replaced khanh in his capac
## ity as chairman of the armed forces council
## khanh s departure was the third in little more than a year of a viet
## namese leader whom the us had once held to be irreplaceable and this
## change of command did no more than its predecessors had to end the
## political malaise in saigon the civilian cabinet left behind by khanh
## had little authority and no energy popular enthusiasm for the war contin
## ued to sag and the police broke up a neutralist group s press conference
## which the media described as the first open effort to rally support
## against the war effort the latest change at the top also aggravated the
## perennial management crisis that impaired the station s working level
## intelligence liaison as the chief of the central intelligence organization
## chose to go into exile with khanh d
## further decay in the government s position in the countryside
## accompanied political apathy in saigon pacification languished even in
## the provinces around saigon to which both the us mission and the viet
## namese had given first priority nothing in the record suggests that tran
## van minh provided more effective leadershi of the armed forces than his
## predecessors had
##
## looking for ways to jolt saigon out of its paralysis us officials
## debated whether to try imposing a joint military command on the viet
## namese and then seeding arvn units with american troops these
## ideas gradually gave way to a more direct application of us military
## power the rolling thunder bombing campaign began on march as
##
##
## saig reuters dispatch february ian example of the fluidity of po
## litical fortunes in south vietnam is tran thien khiem at this time still ambassador to washington
## after having been exiled by nguyen khanh reporting on the new alignment nan van minh eval
## uated khiern as militarily and politically dead n later under nguyen van thieu khiem rose
## to hecome interior minister chief of the joint general staff and eventually prime minister see
## i i
## reuters and opi dispatches feblary and fvs february all
## i i
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## already noted and the administration deployed its first integral combat
## ground forces when it landed us marines at da nang on march to
## assure the security of the us airbase there
## the emergence of thieu and kyo
## the air war against the north and the arrival of us ground forces in
## the south represented not merely an expanded american commitment but
## de facto assumption of the burden of fighting the burgeoning insurgency
## and its sponsors in hanoi meanwhile the political disorder that inhib
## ited the south vietnamese war effort once again thrust the station into
## the kind of exercise at which it excelled exploiting its sources on all
## sides of a complicated problem to get a balanced perspective j
## i tran van minh and marine gen le nguyen khang and
## the station s stable of witting contacts included eight more generals
## civilian contacts supplemented these military sources one of these was
## prime minister pilan huy quat long ac uainted with a enc officers
##
## l c
## it
## was a casual contact however an army colonel acquainted with station
## officer stuart methven who offered the personal papers khanh had left
## behind when jjc went into exile i i
## i i
## they turned out to contain no important revela
## tions but one customer for them was ambassador taylor who wanted a
## complete set °
## while the station sorted out the personalities and prospects of the
## new regime the viet cong exploited the vulnerability of the embassy to
## terrorist attack on march a car bomb detonated directly in front
## of the annex adjoining the chancery flying glass killed a station secre
## tary and wounded others including cos de silva who was evacuated
## and replaced by his deputy gordon jorgensen l d
## at jorgensen was five years older than de silva born in japan
## of missionary parents he had served in the pacific as an army intelli
## gence officer ending the war as a lieutenant colonel entering the agency
## ill he went to vientiane in and as chief of station there
##
##
## jclrrcy c clarke advice and support the filial years washington dc center of military
## history pi harry g summers jr vietllam war almanac facts on file publica
## lions h id
## saig mllrchi l fv s a march i
## fvsa
## march passimd
## vie inmn chronology
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c ecler
##
##
##
##
## launched the laotian paramilitary programs he was at headquarters as
## second in command of cta paramilitary operations before coming to
## saigon in late
## jorgensen set out to continue de silva s efforts to build rural paci
## fication programs while helping to shore up the gvn s morale mean
## while headquarters wanted to debrief nguyen khanh on his claimed
## links to the vietnamese communists during an early april visit in
## new york conein asked him about these connections wanting to know
## if they involved hanoi or the national liberation front khanh claimed
## to have good contacts with both some of them handled by col le van
## nhieu the former commissioner of saigon s central intelligence orga
## nization who had accompanied him into exile khanh claimed he could
## reestablish these contacts but would do so only if washington had an
## overall strategic plan involving contact with hanoi and penetration of
## the national liberation front curiously there seems to have been no
## followthrough on this topic khanh s old friend al spera saw colonel
## nhieu during the summer but there is no record that he inquired about
## contacts with hanoi or the nlfjj d
## in mid may prime minister quat sent fellow dai viet and station
## contact bui diem to tell jorgensen about a cache of really black money
## left behind by nguyen khanh quat wanted to surface its existence and
## donate it to some worthy cause but hesitated to do so without the avail
## ability of other resources he could devote to ad hoc political and organi
## zational expenses jorgensen noted for headquarters that this accorded
## with the agency s mandate to help strengthen the quat government but
## nothing appears to have come of it the quat administration survived in
## any case only another month when the generals ended the experiment
## with civilian government they replaced the former armed forces coun
## cil with the military directorate and on june nguyen van
## thieu became its chairman and de facto chief of state with air vice
## marshal nguyen cao ky serving as prime minister jd
## i
## william colby memorandum for the ddp memorandum ou discussions with lt general
##
##
##
## t cii khallh i and april april job r box folder arcd
## passim no evidence has been found support kahin s claim in intervention thai the us
## roveuuncm had information in early on correspondence between khanh and huynh tan
## phat secretary of the nlf central committee that discussed a negotiated settlement kahin seems
## to have relied mainly on khanh s statements and khanh as russ miller saw him was quick to
## sense what an interlocutor wanted to hear see kahin intervention pp and miller inter
## view april the national liberation front for south vietnam usually called the national
## libcratiou frcnt or simply nlp was created by hanoi in december to mobilize both com
## munist and non communistopponents of ngo dinh diem in the armed insurgency launched a year
## carlicrd
## pvsa may igravel ii pp embassy airgrama d
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## with their accession to power the personal and professional styles
## of thieu and ky became of intense interest to us officials thieu s
## reserved personality made him difficult to judge and a valid assessment
## of this enigmatic figure was further complicated for cia by a shortage
## of sources among the southern born officers who surrounded him but
## everyone found him cautious perhaps to a fault some thought him xeno
## phobic and suspicious to the point of paranoia d
## ky represented an entirely different problem he was readily acces
## sible to the station and literally surrounded by ciai contacts
## and the task was to determine what if anything lay behind the flashy
## exterior as of june istation contacts depicted a
## first class pilot and a poor administrator whose genuine charisma had
## given air force morale a dramatic boost when he became its commander
## in late he was also a thrill seeker and risk taker according to d
## iintimates renowned for his drinking gambling and an
## endless succession of girlfriends he also indulged a penchant for insub
## ordination a second c jhad reported after ky s brief arrest for com
## plicity in the february bombing of the palace that he would
## probably support another such venture for the thrill not for political rea
## ns
## ky tackled his new job with characteristically brash energy and
## shortly produced a point agenda for prosecuting the war but there
## were at best no short term prospects that his program could reverse the
## regime s sagging fortunes as the total of american forces in vietnam
## climbed past men in june president johnson authorized the
## commitment of us ground forces to offensive operations in the atmo
## sphere of desperation that prevailed in the us mission in saigon cos
## jorgensen set out to reduce the station s role as a channel to the military
## leadership and to concentrate on trying to help stem vc advances in the
## countryside he saw general ky on june they had not met
## since the utility room conference on february s and briefed him on
## the rural intelligence and pacification programs ky asked if russ miller
## was still around he was but had already begun to withdraw from his
## role as middleman between the embassy and the vietnamese military
## jorgensen told headquarters that while he anticipated future contact
## with ky he thoht the ambassador would prefer that it be confined to
## cia busilessju
##
## j i sim·o
## exlracl from fvs december extract from i report of march
## and pllssim i
## sale june fvsa july j gravel p miller
## interview november
##
##
##
##
##
##
## i
## c
##
## fi r communist and government
## territo rial control in outh vietnam
##
##
##
##
## internation al boundary
##
##
##
##
## d
## national ca pital
##
## communist
##
## government
##
## d n eit her controlled
##
## o
##
##
##
## kilometer
## s o mile
##
##
## ky endo rsed the field programs and accepted an offer to tour the
## station s pacifica tio n train ing ce nter at vung tau but like all his prede
## cess or s he parried an offer of c ia help with the organizatio n an d sta ffing
## o f south vietna me e int ell igence also like his predecessors he worri ed
## abou t the agency s attitude toward potenti al co up sponso rs jorgensen
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## noted that he had given warning information to prime minister quat dur
## ing a brief coup scare in may ky smiled and said he hoped the station
## would do the same for him jorgensen assured him it would jed
## the station and the an quang buddhists d
## quat s civilian government had been popular with the buddhist
## leadership and its demise threatened a return of the buddhist led unrest
## that preceded the fall of ngo dinh diem this would have compounded
## au already desperate military situation and the station tried to help pre
## vent it with token material support for the an quang buddhists led by the
## venerable tri quang mutually hesitant negotiations produced an agree
## ment in august the station would subsidize an quang training
## programs with the understanding that the activity would remain nonpo
## litical quang s suspicion of the new thieu ky regime he was nearly
## paranoid about thieu s alleged catholic and diemist sympathies made
## his relationship with cia an uneasy one and headquarters worried that
## he would use agency money to finance dissident activity but payments
## continued at least through december by which time he had received
## some piasters about
## station officers in touch with other an quang leaders reinforced
## this modest initiative but cos jorgensen otherwise held the line on sta
## tion involvement in policy issues as it happened a change of us ambas
## sadors abetted this preference maxwell taylor burdened by frigid
## relationships with the vietnamese and his antipathy toward the use of us
## ground forces had not been asked to spend a second year in saigon he
## resigned on july president johnson as eager as kennedy had
## been to have a republican on the front lines replaced him with henry
## cabot lodge who returned in august for his second tour as us ambas
## sador to south vietnam io d
## as in late after the coup against diem lodge assigned the
## station no part in the handling of government contacts his characteristic
## passivity with respect to vietnamese internal politics not only elimi
## nated any action role for the station in this area but also quickly brought
##
## vs ihh saig june unsigned memorandum for the record marshall
## nguyen colo ky visit thc cas vung tau training sites ndl i
##
## · fvsi lllil illgut fvsw september
##
## st
## il vsa december attachment to fvsa itu g u c
## c policy authurity fur this came from nsam april a document which pre
## scribed a p illt program the agellcy was can y out in vietnam mainly in the field of rural
## pacirkalioll· i
## kahin intervention p gravel ii p vietnam chronology p ·
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
## him head to head with the dissident buddhists while lodge argued that
## wartime stresses made new elections impracticable the an quang bud
## dhists were insisting on the indispensability of elections to legitimize
## the government the modest station subsidy to tri quang thus continued
## in the shadow of the buddhists distrust of the generals and disagreement
## with the americans d
## during the last months of as the growing us military com
## mitment slowed communist military exploitation of saigon s political
## weakness cos jorgensen accelerated the expansion of the pacification
## programs that he saw as indispensable to the government s recovery in
## the countryside although the cia role was nominally limited to advice
## and support the agency adopted the suggestions of various local viet
## namese officials then furnished the organizational initiative and all the
## resources and exercised de facto control of programs carried out at the
## province level like the us military it had essentially dispensed with the
## faltering vietnamese leadership in saigon and taken charge of its portion
## of the ward
##
##
##
##
## rl d
## m · j nndum to chief of station thich tri quang august
## e interviewby the author newportbeach ca june hereafter
## interview·d
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## chapter
##
##
## looking for away auto
##
##
## the arrival at da nang of the us third marine regiment in early
## march had introduced the first american combat units to vietnam
## and brought the us military presence to men on april presi
## dent johnson authorized the commitment of us forces to offensive
## ground operations in south vietnam in may the us army s rd air
## borne brigade arrived and as its combat forces grew the us started to
## assume the major burden of combat with viet cong and north vietnam
## ese regulars by december us forces numbered and by june
## some
## even before the introduction of us forces burgeoning domestic
## opposition to the war had forced the administration to give at least the
## appearance of openness to a negotiated settlement indeed there was
## some real hope in the state department that the us could find exploitable
## tensions between the nlf and its northern sponsors and in the summer
## of assistant secretary william bundy asked cia to explore this
## possibility dct richard helms thought the idea impractical and very
## risky the agency could not guarantee the discretion of the third country
## contacts through whom it would have to work and if us sponsorship
## were revealed it would suggest to both hanoi ancl saigon that american
## will was flagging the admistration was not deterred but it took another
## year before the agency became actively involved d
##
##
##
## harry g summers jr vietflam ivar almanac pp vietnam chronology p d
## richard helms memorandum for mr william p bundy possible contact with the national lib
## cration front jnly i
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## buddhist alienation d
## in january prime minister ky provoked renewed dissidence
## when he proposed to substitute an appointed committee for the elected
## consitituent assembly that was to write a new constitution and restore
## civilian government the buddhists militant faction in hue launched the
## so called struggle movement which commanded the sympathy of senior
## arvn generals in the northern provinces militant catholics and diem
## loyalists contended against anti diem and pro dai viet elements in the
## military while both these groupings opposed buddhist supported neutral
## ism and there were divisions within these factions the military had its
## buddhist sympathizers and some catholics were hostile to the unrecon
## structed dielllists cia in saigon used its sources i
## i i
## to try to elucidate for its customers this multidi
## mensional conflict while general westmoreland and marine general
## lewis w walt the latter based in da nang dealt with the contending
## generals j d
## as prime minister ky replaced one unsuccessful i corps com
## mander after another and the confrontation hardened people started pre
## paring to blow up each other s bridges in mid may vietnamese
## engineers linked to the struggle movement wired with explosives a key
## bridge and the major munitions depot which it served general walt
## arranged a consultation at the bridge with the arvn officer command
## ing the engineers and while they conferred walt s own engineers surrep
## titiously cut the wires when the us marines advanced the arvn
## officer ordered the charges detonated but it was too late and the ameri
## cans promptly secured the bridge d
## with the gvn still temporizing the us mission worried about dis
## sident arvn forces coming to buddhist aid if violence broke out in da
## nang accordingly agency officers in da nang headed by a renowned
## paramilitary swashbuckler called rip robertson began preparing
## charges with which to blow the bridges these forces would have to use
## at this point on may ky and thieu made their move and before
## struggle movement sympathizers could prevent it the buddhist pagodas
## and military installations occupied by dissidents all had come under
## saigon s control i d
## clarke the final years pi gravel if pp examples of station reporting
##
## numerous reports a
## are rvs january f i n d l ·
##
## clarke th filial years p
## i land
##
##
## ihid gary williams interviewby the author langley va february williams was then
## stationed in da nang and was conscripted to help robertson prepare the chargesd
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
## the successful military move did not end the sectarian dissidence
## the us mission continued to fear the disintegration of the south vietnam
## ese state and even without such a catastrophic outcome the effect on us
## opinion of continued vietnamese squabbling while american troops bore
## the burden of combat in late may the embassy and macv sponsored a
## meeting between ky and his opponents at the us base at chu lai
##
##
##
##
## the struggle movement took on an anti american tinge when dem
## onstrators in hue burned the usis library and sacked the consulate in
## late may ambassador lodge alarmed to the verge of panic by the bud
## dhist threat to a reinvigorated war effort wrote to president johnson that
## the struggle movement was entering its fanatic if not macabre stage
## and cited the plentiful supply of buddhists mystics and mental defec
## tives ready to bum themselves and men ruthless enough to use them
## communist professionals were using the buddhists he maintained and
## the evidence was everywhere d
## in fact no persuasive intelligence reporting supported lodge s
## vision of a communist instigated struggle movement but he was not
## alone in allowing his distaste for the dissident clergy to prevent him
## from considering the implications of buddhist alienation for the gvn s
## standing with its urban constituency in his memoirs peer de silva lam
## pooned the venerable tri quang in terms that recalled world war ii pro
## paganda depicting the japanese as buck toothed rodents william colby
## did likewise if in less scurrilous terms when he dismissed his one cleri
## cal contact as a mindless obstructionist d
## the struggle movement episode came to an end in june when
## troops luyal to ky and thieu suppressed not only the militants of tri
## quang s faction but also the more moderate buddhist institute in the
## overheated atmosphere that accompanied this confrontation no program
## of aid to the buddhists could survive and the station s subsidy to tri
## quang came to a definitive haitd
##
## clarkc the final years pp david gustin interview by the author langley va i july
##
## lintcrview julie eer
## gence times hooks p i
## de silva sub rosa nut
## cia and the uses of intelli
## william e colby lost victory contemporary books
## h p · clarke the piflal ears p nterview june saigon
## g augus
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## the indirect approach to leveraged
##
## against this politically fragile background cos gordon jorgensen
## still had occasional cause to bring agency influence to bear on the gener
## als but he indulged his usual preference to use his agent stable as a sub
## stitute for direct station representations at the top of the government
## servicin an embass re uest for exam ie he used
##
## to prevent the execution of a condemned
## j
## pnsoner
## which if carried out seemed likely to result in the death of a west german
## then in vc hands a little earlier in late and early cta had
## also created confidential relationshi s with two more generals
##
## in general the ascendancy of northerners in the latest po itical
##
## constellation multiplied the value of the station s stable of agents and
## contacts in which northerners also predominated i
##
##
## i
## the more senior the agent or contact the more likely he was to be
## pursuing his own agenda and the reporting from such sources some
## times merited a skeptical reception i ifor example
## told fe division chief colby a convoluted story about nguyen khanh s
## efforts to keep thieu off balance khanh had allegedly warned thieu
## against lou conein claiming that conein was trying to get thieu
## arrested thieu was allegedly grateful to khanh but developed a resent
## ment of conein that threatened his return to vietnam in late as a
## member of maj gen edward lansdale s new team one nominally
## recruited general iturned out to be useless even in a
## series of sensitive positions
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## iby ootm was a pwlifi and oo liy reliable
## source but even his cooperation had its limits at least when policy dif
## ferences came into play he failed for example to warn his case officer
## i lof ky s decision to send vietnamese marines to da nang
## to confront dissident gen ngryen cjanh thi in the spring of later
## reproached for this omission retorted if we tell you you tell us
## not to do it od
##
##
## back into palace liaison d
## in mid with us combat forces carrying the burden of offen
## sive operations against the communists government stability was still
## the dominant political issue station disengagement from palace liaison
## had now endured a full year while cia expanded its programs in the
## countryside ky was planning elections to a constitutional constituent
## assembly that summer and the problem of campaign financing drew the
## agency back into involvement with the military leadership d
## one of prime minister ky s closest confidants was gen nguyen
## ngoc loan who as chief of both the national police and the military
## security service also conducted liaison with the station on intelligence
## and security matters he importuned the station for money to replenish
## police funds he had used to subsidize the campaigns of ky allies ambas
## sador lodge asked the station to oblige him and headquarters approved
## a subsidy of million piasters about which the station
## passed to loan on august d
## this return to active involvement with the leadership coincided
## with the departure of gordon jorgensen his replacement john hart had
## run other large stations
## e seems not to have shared
##
## rvsw october jclarke the final years p
## iiji siii lansdale was never a cia employee and his mission to assist lodge with pacifica
## tion planning did not have agency sponsorship with respect to the quality of the vietnamese mil
## itnry leadership at this juncture it is worth noting that cao s immediate predecessor in j corps
## after the removal of general thi was the emotionally unstable gen ton at dinh so well known
## to fonner station officer lucien coneind
## j i interview by author langley va arild
## unsigned dran blind memorandum nd i apparently prepared at headquarters
## pl oban late j
## lhidu
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## jorgensen s reservations about direct dealings at the top and in mid
## october asked headquarters to consider giving loan another million
## piasters to replace police and mss funds diverted to the election cam
## paign according to loan ky needed this support to avoid having to
## declare to his peers in the military directorate that he had used money
## from the prime minister s secret fund for political purposes hart noted
## that ky was trying at the moment to resolve another cabinet crisis and
## thought lodge would approve cia support designed to strengthen ky s
## positionijo
## no reply has been found and the proposal may have been over
## taken by the controversy over loan himself that came to a head when
## headquarters suggested his removal as for the original to million pias
## ter subsidy while it may have spared ky some embarrassment its influ
## ence on the electoral outcome was apparently slight as the only
## available reference to its use concerns support to two unsuccessful candi
## dates in da nang
## the discussion over loan s future it did not address the means by
## which he might be unseated brought into focus once more the peren
## nial problem facing the agency and the rest of the us mission as they
## looked for vietnamese officials meriting us support loan was energetic
## and highly intelligent manipulative and entirely loyal to ky but he did
## not look to the us for guidance and in personal style sometimes
## appeared to be playing the clown cos hart later recalled having liked
## him even if loan never agreed with anything i ever said he was
## absolutely honest and perhaps the only vietnamese official of hart s
## acquaintance who would openly disagree with an american iso
## to russ miller who saw them together after he returned to saigon
## in early the fastidious hart looked repelled by loan s scruffy
## fatigues and open toed sandals and put off as well by loan s chronic
## unavailability for an appointment but there were more substantial rea
## solis for reservations about loan among them were his contempt for
## individual legal rights and for programs aimed at ingratiating the govern
## ment with the peasantry an attitude that put him at odds with american
## convictions on these issues i d
##
## sai xl october gg and laig october the first of
## iih se messages responds to snggestion about loan made hy headquarters in ii cable that has not
## h rolllltld
## the election results are mentioned in the memorandum cited in footnote d
## i sa i september gg john hart interview by the author washington
## hereafter cited as nrl interview april
## miller interview aprilj i passim
##
##
## se
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## us iiu iol cmncl sailm vietrulm oct ha if r hack row g lj jacobson
## iiu io n coordinator edwurd l ansdule senior li aison offiar do na ld g lftjcjwm
## f lirt d ot usa joh n a calhoun t olu cal counselor john l hart special khimlfll to tln
## a mhw w do r charlel coof t r fi ollo mic cmmw ior lin row robert w kom er ijl fllty to
## comus m ev fo r rij £ukt nt m u h k in i il y ambassador el orth bunk amhejuwlor
## gen wijlkl m c foflmm w land commaruft t ma c v btjrf zort hiun director juspao
## pitl fi c nrsy fi ltu
##
##
## whatever his retrospect ive o pinio n of loan hart described himself
## is not admirer whe n the amba ssador pressed him in october j
## to ohject to the headquarters ca ll for loan s rem oval swa llowi ng his
## reserva tions han agreed that the police chief was indispen sable to kyat
## a moment when the us was counting o n ky to produ ce a constitution and
## a stable civilian gov ernment loan soo n becam e important to cia as
## well as eve nts unfolded that led to the station s two most important
## politi cal initiati ves of ll c
## in the first of these initiati ves the station tried to establi sh c lnndes
## nne co ntac t with the national liberation front for sout h vietnam
## nlfsvn usually abbrev iated ntf which alth ough directed from
## l lano i wax composed main ly of so uthern vietna mese th e station pro
## posed to identify presumed moderate clement s in the nlf and to set up
## a co nununications cha nnel any of these who might be interested in a
## dialog tha t excl uded hanoi the seco nd initi ative invol ved a renewed
## e ffort tn dea l with perpe tua lly unstable gov ernmen t in saigon here the
##
##
##
##
## saig r wj
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## may arrival of ellsworth bunker as us ambassador and the
## approach of presidential elections in south vietnam ushered in a new
## cia effort to influence vietnamese politics
##
## the search for a negotiating channeld
##
## the effort to contact the nlf arose from two developments which
## as drew to a close began to reinforce each other first was john
## hart s decision when he took over the station in the spring of that year
## to reduce its reliance on saigon s intelligence services for its coverage of
## the viet congo to acquire unilateral sources in the nlf and the southern
## wing of hanoi s communist party he set up a viet cong branch headed
## byi i which began collating station holdings and vetting con
## tacts with possible access by the end of the year these efforts had pro
## duced several leads the most promising of which involved the chief of
## the nlf s foreign affairs committeeyd
## the second development arose from hanoi s evident will to con
## tinue the war despite its heavy losses to american ground and air forces
## in the south and the devastation of the bombing campaign in the north
## as we have seen defense secretary mcnamara had already concluded
## that military victory was impossible and in early he was privately
## urging a political settlement and a coalition government in august a
## reluctant president johnson made a pro forma concession to such pres
## sure when he named w averell harriman as his ambassador for
## peace harriman jumped with characteristic energy into this new arena
## uninhibited by the kind of reservations expressed a year earlier by dci
## helms he began a vigorous search for avenues to potential negotiating
## partners od
## the saigon station s involvement began on the day in late
## when the ambassador instructed john hart to make available a small air
## craft to lly into neighboring cambodia on a mission that lodge would not
## describe the cos could not blindly risk a plane and pilot and when he
## insisted on more information lodge outlined a white house directed
## operation aimed at the defection of nlf chairman nguyen huu tho a
## vietnamese employee of the us economic aid mission acting in good
## faith it later turned out had brought his american supervisor the claim
##
##
## sae s january gravel ii p ·d
## hanoi created the nlp in december to help mobilize non communist elements in the mili
## d
## tary illlirgcncy against diem launched the year before
## llllri interview april j ld interview april lewis lapham telephone inter
## view by the author brunswick me june
## herring uij alld vietnam pp ·
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
## of a vietnamese acquaintance that nlf chairman nguyen huu tho
## wanted to defect usom went to political counselor philip habib who
## took the matter to lodge who characteristically did not consult his intel
## ligence adviser the cos but communicated directly with washington
## there the national security council staff this gambit was apparently
## not turned over to harriman seized on the proposal and sent instruc
## tions that led to lodge s demand for an aircraft at this point cia took
## over the case and the station put the self proclaimed intermediary under
## surveillance when he next left saigon allegedly to see tho in fact he
## made only an innocuous visit to the delta city of my tho and when con
## fronted by the station confessed to having fabricated the story
## the principal in this affair did however have nlf contacts and
## the exploration of these led to a daughter of nguyen hull tho who was
## living in saigon by this time washington had abandoned the defection
## approach and was treating the case as a prospective communications
## channel to the nlf in this context the station tried different approaches
## to tho s daughter she claimed to be estranged from her father and
## refused to cooperate washington s fascination with the idea of a direct
## nlf connection persisted in the face of this setback i lremem
## bercd defense secretary mcnamara s interest during this period when
## the secretary devoted all but a few minutes of a station briefing to the
## question of nlf contacts
## in this atmosphere the station proposed the first of several ave
## nues alliong shots asl isaw them to the nlf the target
## was tan buu kiem chief of the nlf s foreign affairs committee
## whose dossier indicated some ideological flexibility and whose wife was
## a prisoner of the saigon government the station proposed to get her
## released and send her to her husband in phnom penh cambodia in a
## good will gesture intended to establish a basis for direct communica
## tions on january ambassador lodge endorsed the effort which
## the station described to headquarters as aimed at getting kiem s
## endorsement of an approach more intent on resolving the war than in
## prosecuting it this formulation implicitly but consciously acknowl
## edged that any resulting negotiations would involve compromises by the
## us as well as the nlf and some role in the saigon government for
##
## dintcrview ipri already in june ambassador lodge had begun a series of
## secret meetings with a polish member of the international control commission insaigon to ex
## plore a political settlement see vietoam chronology p d
## interview april i dthought the mcnamara briefing took place before bunker s
## arrival on i may which would place it during the period of president johnson s exchange of letters
## with ho chi minh on the subject of private direct talks between the us and north vietnam see
## vietnam chronology p
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## whatever nlf elements might agree to a settlement but even if no bar
## gaining resulted the station hoped for intelligence on the degree of nlf
## allegiance to hanoi and on its autonomous control if any of military
## forces l n
## on z january lodge obtained prime minister ky s agreement in
## principle to proceed why ky did so given the evident potential for a
## us nlf deal behind saigon s back is unclear but i irecalled
## that he seemed ready to try to identify and reach some accommodation
## with anti hanoi elements in the nlf russ miller who had returned at
## ambassador lodge s request for another year in saigon negotiated the
## details with ky and general loan as a result kiem s wife pham thi
## yen was released to station custody on february after several days
## in the relative comfort of an agency facility i iyen seemed to
## her case officers inclined toward constructive solution of the vietnam
## conflict rather than blind acceptance of the party hierarchy s dogmatic
## requirement to continue at the same time she displayed no awareness
## of any dissension in nfl ranks over northern dominance she rejected
## the station s effort to get her to carry clandestine radio gear but agreed to
## take its message to her husband russ miller escorted her to the tay
## ninh cambodian border on february and sent her on her way with
## station supplied cambodian documentation it was indeed a long shot
## and two months later the station had received no nlf reactionyd
## a similar initiative sometime in late or early involved
## gen duong van minh living in exile in bangkok he had a brother
## known to be a senior north vietnamese army officer and the station
## wanted minh to contact him hoping this would lead to useful intelli
## gence miller carried the request which minh rejected on the grounds
## that he and his brother had made their rctive choices and there
## would be no further contact between them u
##
##
##
## sliigon january interview
## iprilid
## · saigun hjanuary saigon february i
## february saigol february blind memorandum cia pcn
## ctnuion and dclection l rogram directed at the viet cong and national front for tile liberation of
## smuh vietnam i april j idespite his chronic sus
## picion of agency autonomy in vietnam lodge welcomed having a reliable intermediary who en
## joyed the generals persona confidence for his request fur miller see douglas s blaufarb
## memorandum ior the ddi cia case officer contacts with president thien and vice president
## ky january i
## miller interview april miller could not remember exactly when he put this to minh·d
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
## the station as campaign consultantd
##
## with the search for nlf contacts momentarily dormant the amer
## ican focus shifted back to the saigon political arena the constitution of
## the second republic of south vietnam took force on april and a
## national executive was to be elected in the fall on may
## ellsworth bunker arrived in saigon to replace the departed henry
## cabot lodge already almost years old bunker was an energetic
## bluntspoken man who had left the family sugar business to begin a
## series of senior foreign service assignments as ambassador to buenos
## aires in °
## with the us mission under bunker s activist leadership the embry
## onic election campaign created a new opportunity for the us govern
## ment to broker the creation of a simulacrum of representative government
## in the south in fact the station had tentatively reentered the political
## field even before bunker s arrival in febrnary it proposed to i
## i ito prime minister ky that he launch a
## united front to mobilize voter support for ky s expected candidacy west
## moreland and bunker both favored thieu but washington decided to
## maintain strict neutrality between the principal contenders general west
## moreland inadvertently subverted this stance when in may he assured
## nguyen van thieu of thieu s indispensability in ensuring arvn s con
## tinued unity with that exception the americans watched from the side
## lines as generals ky and thieu competed for their military colleagues
## support
## in march an american publisher solicited a book from prime min
## ister ky always alert to a chance however remote or indirect to get the
## vietnamese leadershi committed to american policy the station urged
## to get ky publicly on record in support of
## lm t ii u all y·lac ·c e p r ta e p r o g ra lms and ky should give the proceeds to
## charity whether ky acceded to these points or even had them presented
## to him is unknown the book never appeared the station s confidence
## that ky s public endorsement of particular programs would bind him to
## implement them was in any case probably somewhat wishful d
## emassy airgratlad who s who in america volume chicago marquis
## who s who incu
## saio i march iclarke the filial years pp lrhe un
## questionably sincere american commitment to democracy for south vietnam was ys tem
## pered by the fear that too much too fast would only weaken the war effort shortly before his
## departure ambassador lodge echoed a macv assessment when he said that any ncw saigon
## government would have be dominated by the military the trick was to strike the balance be
##
##
## tween adequate civilian participation and a proper role for the military quoted in clarke
## e i illal years pp i
##
##
## s
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## ky s man general loan visited washington in may and made it
## plain that he saw no reason not to exploit the government apparatus to get
## ky elected to the presidency cia headquarters seemingly paid little
## attention to this perhaps because ddp richard helms and fe division
## chief colby were more interested in the approach to the nlf helms
## forcefully urged more initiatives like the one to tan buu kiem of the
## nlf foreign affairs committee and loan tepidly agreed that the cen
## tral intelligence organization might be the best instrument for this
## meanwhile in saigon the rumor mill impeded american efforts to be
## perceived as having no preference between thieu and ky the chief of
## the police special branch told a station agent that the rumored imminent
## removal of john hart and ed lansdale would serve local politicians as
## proof of us bias against ky if it took place and of favoritism toward
## him if it didn u d
## ellsworth bunker had been in saigon less than two weeks when on
## may prime minister nguyen cao ky announced his presidential can
## didacy unlike lodge bunker had no reservations about using cia s
## political contacts in saigon he promptly enlisted the station to help ful
## fill a washington mandate to ensure fair elections and to prevent a split
## in the vietnamese military while the us preserved its neutrality between
## thieu and ky as it turned out bunker needed all the help he could get
## as this objective was threatened from the outset by general loan who
## upon his return from washington had put into conspicuous action his
## belief in using government resources to promote ky s bid washington
## and the us mission now switched their earlier positions on loan as
## state rejected bunker s june proposal to force loan s removal and
## suggested using miller to approach ky directly to curb campaign
## excesses george carver the dct s special assistant for vietnam
## affairs sava thought loan s activities a symptom of saigon s political
## malaise not a cause and suspected that bunker s proposal reflected little
## more than the influence of john hart s personal distaste for and dislike
## of loall iod
## miller saw ky on june probably before the station learned of
## washington s response to the bunker recommendation kyacknowledged
## the possibly damaging effects of loan s activism and said he intended to
## remove loan from command of the military security service and reduce
## his engagement in the electoral campaign ky also proposed to convene
## all province and district chiefs to enjoin them against any campaign
##
## l j saig may l l
##
##
##
## gravel ii headquarters june and george a carver jr memoran
## dum for the director bunker s june message to rusk saigon june
## i i
## sec t
##
##
## c
## et
##
## excesses on his behalf ky did not know presumably that the two aides
## who had spent live hours with him that day advocating precisely these
## measures werel i istation guidance ky said noth
## ing of this session to miller who had the satisfaction of hearing his mes
## sage presented as if it were ky s own idea the station reported that the
## ambassador was delighted and that he proposed to use the station s
## advisory services as a regular supplement to the direct consultation
## with ky being urged on him by state d
## trying to guarantee a fair ightd
##
## bunker would have preferred active us support for ky but
## accepted washington s decision to confine us mission contacts with him
## to promoting an honest campaign he assumed that ky would win even
## if thieu stayed in the race a belief rudely confuted on june when
## after a two day marathon meeting of more than senior vietnamese
## military leaders ky agreed to take the second position on a thieu ky
## ticket headquarters conveyed its dismay that despite the station s sta
## ble of sources in the military the junta was able to spring a surprise
## but the decision concluded a contentious session whose outcome no one
## could have predicted miller recalled ky s subsequent rationale for relin
## quishing the top spot as a va and unconvincing appeal to its contribu
## tion to the national interest ju
## in any case ky did not propose he said to relinquish real power
## on july he insisted to miller that thieu had agreed to serve in a fig
## urehead role with ky having broad authority in the new government
## as though he were president in fact the station seems not to have
## explored the anomaly of ky s having given up the top position if he
## were ill fact strong enough to dominate thieu and miller later recalled
## having recognized the problem only after the election in september
## washington too seems to have taken ky s claim at face value as head
## quarters only question about it concerned the context of his remarks
##
##
##
##
## cia documentlibrai sai on june and
## saigon julie
## george carvel jr met no cran d m n fo r th e d il ec to cr b cun k e c· s t ij un emessage to rusk
## jtll with atlachments t
## gravel ii p
## l j jmillerinterview april tul j
##
##
##
##
## se
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## t
##
## the station replied that miller had simply listened that ky had not
## solicited his endorsement or even opinion of the proposed arrangement
## with thieuyd
## the thieu ky ticket faced a competing civilian slate fearing the
## instability of an inevitably weak civilian government the united states
## wanted the military to win but it also wanted thieu and ky to abstain
## from irregularities that would discredit the election ambassador bunker
## accepted and sent to washington as his own an july recommendation
## drafted by the visiting george carver for an effort not to support the mil
## itary ticket but to keep its activities acceptable to the us carver then
## returned to washington where he lobbied the dci to support the pro
## posal as it happened ky had offered at the june session with miller
## to put him in touch with a campaign official named nguyen xuan
## phong the oxford educated minister of social welfare probably in the
## context of the carver bunker proposal miller took up the ky offer meet
## ing phong on july and launching the station effort to influence the
## campaign
## bunker and the station thought they would enjoy more leverage if
## the station funded a front organization of religious sects and political
## groups favoring thieu and ky and supported those of its contacts running
## for the national assembly but washington was smarting under the expo
## sure of cia funding to the us national student association and other
## domestic organizations and refused even to consider it secretary of
## state rusk cabled bunker in agency channels urging him to establish a
## closer relationship with thieu even while pursuing the cia advisory
## effort with ky and to ensure that thieu and ky arrived at a clear mutual
## understanding of their respective roles during and after the election s d
## miller succeeded in getting phong to press the funding question with
## ky who released piasters in mid july to support the religious
## political fronl ky had instructed phong both to keep miller fully
## informed or campaign planning and to give full consideration to american
##
##
## i
## document library miller interview april
## george a carver memorandum for the record background to the acquisition of prime minis
## ter ky s comments on the thicu ky slate and the alleged agreement that thieu will be a fig
## urehead iudky ihe ileal power if the slate wins july cj i
## i i
## ceorge a carver memorandum for the director july white house vietnam committee
## meeting d lilly jo i
## undated unsi ned memorandum for the
## ambassndor presumably written by russ miller ill mid july
## s
## jt llrgc a carl i memorandum for mr belljamin read tra n lii r
## m a o j er messagc
##
##
## julv
## l j the nsa nap induced an atmosphere at slate which questioned the viability of any
##
## cluudcstiuc relationship and the department senl u series uf allxious queries about the security of
## till millcr i houg connection vjassim·d
##
## sec
##
##
## c
##
## suggestions phong began to do both and his july account of thieu s
## having swallowed a bitter pill in accepting a circumscribed presidential
## role lent credibility to the claim of ky s ascendancy miller noted that
## phong seemed to think he could run a subtle campaign keeping govern
## ment employees from any egregious abuses while encouraging them to
## advertise saigon s accomplishments but the station apparently feared
## that an election completely honest could be an election lost it accepted
## without comment phong s stated intention to exploit general loan s
## police apparatus in critical areas which require more effort to swing the
## vote to thieu and ky d
## state wanted reassurance that the vietnamese were giving the us
## mission a voice in shaping the style and substance of the thieu ky cam
## paign the station replied on july that miller had already listed poten
## tial platform topics for phong who had in turn promised to turn over
## documentation on recent government accomplishments prepared by the
## various ministries to be used in preparing campaign themes miller s fre
## quent sessions with phong required a variety of meeting places to avoid
## creating a detectable pattern and by late july they were alternating
## among six safehouses and apartments in saigon meanwhile hart com
## plained to headquarters that the station s rigorous effort to maintain the
## appearance of us detachment from election preparations was being
## undermined by gen ed lansdale s overt embrace of the new front orga
## nization the all vietnam bloc lansdale defended this according to
## hart on the basis that its leaders consulted him as a friend not as a for
## eign officialyd
## on july miller gave phong a list of platform suggestions
## approved by bunker and the next day ky said they agreed with his own
## thinking especially those dealing with civil service pay corruption and
## increased emphasis on the rural population ky did not apparently vet
## the ideas with thieu whose participation in the campaign he at one
## point derided as completely silly meanwhile the campaign was falter
## ing at least partly for lack of money and ky threatened that lacking us
## funding support he would be forced to rely on general loan to extract
## loan type levies on various citizens with resultant unfavorable reper
## cussions phong wanted to avoid this kind of coercive fundraising and
## the need to make deals with unsavory people but miller stood on his
##
## r i miller report of july meeting
## l j ll l·
## saigon july and saigon
## july hether hart got bunker to intervene
## with lansdale is not known lansdale s rationale for his involvement with the all vietnam bloc
## is characteristic of his self image as an avuncular disinterested quasi autonomous mentor to well
## intentioned hut politically unsophisticated leaders in underdeveluped countriesd
##
##
## se
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## instructions the station rationalized that an impecunious thieu ky
## campaign might look more like an honest campaign but also antici
## pated the same effects from an unresolved money crunch that phong did
## a few days later phong mentioned the distribution of pias
## ters in the mekong delta ky had not revealed the source of the money
## and phong could only surmise that it came from general loan n
## having denied material support to the military slate the mmis
## sion had only moral suasion to apply when it heard of campaign irregu
## larities on august bunker relayed to ky the complaints of
## opposition civilian candidates that the government was obstructing their
## campaigns on the same day miller lectured phong about the apparently
## deliberate diversion of an airplane carrying opposition candidates to a
## campaign event ky himself should help us cia convey a good
## impression of him by behaving in a proper manner phong insisted that
## ky had a clear conscience with respect to treatment of the opposition
## ky was more receptive to advice about his platform style and the sta
## tion took credit for having taught him to avoid being provoked by opposi
## tion taunts at campaign appearances d
## at this point in mid august officials of tran van huong s civilian
## slate appealed to ambassador bunker for campaign funds bunker saw
## in this a way out of the constraints that limited his influence on the thieul
## ky campaign and asked washington for authority to fund both cam
## paigns the answer was a categorical no and the normally activist cia
## station was relieved cos hart cabled that he doubted the huong group s
## security bating apologetically that he had already voiced his misgivings
## to bunker it is unusual to find us acting more conservative than the pol
## icymakers but then vietnam is an unusual place casting about for other
## ways to improve the campaign s public image bunker came up with a
## proposal to get ky to resign as prime minister for the last two weeks
## before the september voting the idea was to offset charges that ky
## was using the government apparatus to rig the election russ miller
## found himself appointed to broach this with him and was probably not
## surprised when ky summarily turned it down o d
## milici rcpol lnf july meeting with phong dated july j undated millerrel t july
## mectin with phon snigon july saigon august c
## rlso miller report of ii august meeting with phung allgustl
## ilh respect loan type levies it is not clear whether the pun was intentional inad
## vcrtcnt
## miller report of ii august meetillg with phong august undated report of g august
## miller meeting with i hongc
## saigon r august lieadquarlers august saigou august j
## saiglln o n augus i
##
##
## sel k
##
##
## c t
##
## the huang campaign faded in the last days before september
## and the thieu ky ticket won with of the vote a smaller share than
## expected the station thought the result might be due in part to workers
## who had pocketed campaign money and then sat back hoping for the
## best the station expressed satisfaction that the phong contact had per
## mitted the injection of station ideas into the campaign provided some
## leverage on the military slate to plir and produced excellent intel
## ligence coverage on thieu and ky lj
##
##
## the ascendancy of nguyen van thieu d
## the phong connection provided early evidence of thieu s attitude
## toward playing second fiddle from the concertmaster s chair thieu and
## ky were scheduled to appear on the us television program meet the
## press just after the election but phong reported that a junior aide to
## thieu called to tell ky the new president would appear alone an article
## in a saigon newspaper suggested the intention behind this when it
## quoted a thieu assistant as saying that ky would henceforth do what
## thieu told him to do the embassy worried that all this might provoke
## ky to resign while the station feared only that he would stay behaving
## in divisive and destructive fashion d
## miller tried to contact ky presumably to urge restraint but hart
## was already concentrating on using his agents to get the election results
## validated catholics and others were alleging election fraud s and on
## establishing a regular direct contact with thieu miller thought the sta
## tion s rush to abandon ky shortsighted and risky who knew when he
## might be back on top but within ten days of the election he had
## obtained an appointment with the president at this session thieu
## agreed to bunker s desire for an informal special link between them
## the link was miller who later recalled that an early agenda item was
## thieu s procrastination on a matter involving the exchange rate for the
## scrip used by us troops in place of currency displaying some annoyance
##
##
##
## clarke e fillal years p gd undated blind memorandum russ miller on august
## and mcmoranjum evaluation and summary of the phong operation i september
## i
## blino memorandum september apparently the record of a miller meeting with phong
## i isaicon j september t and saigon september i
## i
##
##
##
## sc
##
##
## ic
##
##
##
##
## t
## with the topic thieu abruptly switched languages miller couldn t
## recall whether they had started in french or in english but agreed to
## fulfill his earlier commitment d
## with the thieu ky victory not yet certified us officials turned their
## attention to the lower house elections scheduled for december ambas
## sador bunker used cia communications to ask state for authority to
## recruit national assembly candidates at each and the acting sec
## retary of s tate approved authorizing bunker to go as high as
## each always ready to make a new beginning fe division chief colby
## urged the station to get ky s all vietnam bloc and other groups if possi
## ble focused on substantive issues as a starter toward the kind of pro
## grammatic political development that he thought the future would
## require i d
## in the week before the validation vote on october the station
## mobilized its political contacts making fifty separate approaches aimed
## at preventing an embarrassing repudiation of the election results one
## opponent of thien and ky in an access of naivete or crudeness
## acknowledged that he and his allies were concerned less with rectifying
## electoral fraud than with the possibility of extracting a certain profit
## through political blackmai whatever the effect of the station s pressure
## tactics the members of the provisional legislative assembly were left in
## no doubt about the us preference for a validated result the constituent
## assembly approved the result to and thieu and ky were sworn
## into office on october
##
## an ambiguous nlf overtured
##
## six weeks earlier in a move apparently unconnected to the febru
## ary release pham thi yen as a probe of the nlf the nlf had used the
## hardline anti communist general loan of the police to establish direct
## communication with the us mission in saigon on august loan told
## the station that he had arrested a vc cadre who was carrying a letter for
## ambassador bunker from tran bach dang a member of the presidium
##
##
## saigon miller interview i april bunker could presumably have used one of his for
## cign service subordinates as intermediary but they seemed not to resent his using the station in
## stead miller recalled thai when hc icft a fcw months later political counselor archibald calhoun
## wurkinj on vel y short notice hosted a farewell party for him sec miller interview april
## lon september r
## saigon i october vietnam chronology
## pd
##
##
## t
##
##
## c
## s
##
## of the nlf central committee the note suggested a prisoner exchange
## with the nlf to free unnamed pows after saigon released several
## imprisoned nlf officials n
## previously suspicious sr
## an american end run loan now favored
## accepting dang s proposal to use as intermediary an imprisoned minor
## nlf official named truong binh tong bunker persuaded president elect
## thien to help explore this prospect of liberating us pows and loan
## released tong to john hart s custody on september the station imme
## diately dispatched him to cu chi district west of saigon and on into
## vc territory in cambodia twelve days later on september he
## returned with word that tran bach dang was ready to begin negotiations
## hoping to dispense with the need for a courier the station now equipped
## tong with clandestine radio equipment before sending him back us
## ground units were engaged with the communists in the area of tong s
## infiltration point and hart arranged with macv commander general
## westmoreland for a hour suspension of offensive operations in order to
## improve tong s chances of surviving when he left on september d
## the station waited almost four weeks without further contact
## the nlf did not activate the radio link but tong returned to saigon on
## october with a message reaffirming interest in a prisoner exchange
## and perhaps continuing to other larger matters pursuing thistanta
## lizing theme the nlf letter stated a general position slightly softer
## than its public line but explicitly excluded thieu andky as acceptable
## interlocutors about future political arrangements in south vietnam d
## vice president hubert humphrey visited saigon just after tong s
## return and the station gave him a one hour briefing like mcnamara
## earlier in the year humphrey devoted a few minutes to the pacification
## programs but gave his main attention to the prospects of the nlf link
## reading both tran bach dang s latest message and the debriefing report
## from tong four days later on november ambassador bunker
## reviewed the operation with president thieu on the th miller visited
## the palace to discuss mechanics thieu designated general loan as his
## action officer but explicitly reserved the political aspect to himself d
## the days that followed saw embassy and station in tortuous
## exchanges with thieu and loan and with washington over the language
## of a reply to the front the mission hoped to advance the prospects of a
##
## linterview april blind memorandum synopsis of tbel i
## case august bereafter referred to as synopsis
## d
## synopsis undated memorandum to cvnoi p novem
## her hereafter cited acjmemorandumd
## · lin le m ora iltu j tl
## rjitirafed abstract of the case hereafter cited as bstract
## saigon t november
##
## set
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## t
##
## prisoner exchange and begin exploring the political potential of the new
## channel while simultaneously assuaging the saigon generals apprehen
## sions thien worried mostly about the damage to his government s legiti
## macy that would follow revelation of a prisoner release negotiated
## directly between the nlf and the americans but he saw no alternative
## to us management of the link if he was to avoid the even more damag
## ing political fallout from disclosure of any direct saigon dealings with the
## front °
## loan worried more about accommodating the enemy too much
## and about the purity of us motives and miller had an uncomfortable ses
## sion with him and interior minister vien as they interrogated him about
## us purposes loan thought the nlf should release two american offic
## ers hefore saigon freed any more viet congo ambassador bunker want
## ing to soften thicu s distrust and cynicism adopted loan s position
## on november thieu confirmed to miller his approval of a channel
## aimed at prisoner exchange but repeated his earlier anxiety about having
## any of his own people directly involved the embassy responded to this a
## few days later by telling thieu that if he worried about the nlf exploit
## ing the fact of negotiations president johnson worried that our breaking
## off contact might give hanoi a propaganda windfall thieu should under
## stand that the administration could not give the north any basis to claim
## us government indifference to the fate of american prisoners at this
## point two american noncommissioned officers were released but they
## had not been named in the tran bach dang channel whose role in this
## if any remained unknown d
## in the last week of november with the authenticity of the dang
## channel still at issue general loan provoked a crisis that threatened to
## end the affair amici mutual embarrassment and recrimination miller con
## fronted him with evidence of saigon leaks about the operation and at the
## same time expressed us concern about rumors that loan was resigning
## as national police chief loan confirmed having submitted his resigna
## lion adding that ky had rejected it but loan anticipated trouble with
## thien s new civilian government saying that its apparent indifference to
## pro communists among its appointees would inevitably collide with his
## aggressive approach to countersubversion
## on the even more contentious question of the dang channel miller
## wanted to know why the government after ten months of cooperation on
## approaches to the nlf now appeared to be sabotaging the venture us
## objectives had not changed he noted from the original goals of prisoner
##
## · labstraeld
## iibid miller interview april
## saigon i lsh l series of cables onthcl ase bears three digit numbers
## december cli
##
##
##
##
##
## c t
##
## exchange and communication on any broader political matters the nlf
## might wish to discuss loan insisted that he still favored the program
## but acknowledged some disagreement on tactics at the policy level he
## noted there was president thicu s fear that the americans were acquiring
## too much leverage on saigon in pressing for release of vc prisoners
## and there might indeed have been leaks loan added but as a result of
## poor security in the interior ministry and not as a matter of deliberate
## sabotagesld
## the depth of the disagreement over tactics became evident when
## miller and loan met again the next day miller speaking for the ambas
## sador wanted the release of all the prisoners requested by tran bach
## dang while loan insisted that the nlf would regard such a concession
## as a sign of weakness on the anti communist side he thought only two
## should go back tong and the bearer of dang s original letter pending the
## release of prisoners in nlf hands miller insisted that such an insignifi
## cant gesture would provoke dang into closing the channel loan then
## took refuge in a jurisdictional argument asserting that thieu s delegation
## of authority to him did not apply to the question at hand which involved
## not just operational planning but strategic national policy he would not
## he said decide whom to release and miller asked if he could at least
## quote him to the interior minister as having no objection to the us pro
## d
## posal after a painful silence loan agreed s
## miller tried to restore a collegial atmosphere emphasizing the need
## for a joint approach to the venture and wondered aloud whether loan
## would really prefer to see bilateral us nlf contacts that excluded the
## south loan pessimistically but presciently replied that it would surely
## come to that if not now then later when this happened he said saigon s
## forces would face the combined nlf vc and north vietnamese army
## alone
## c i interior minister linh quang
## vien was even less accommodating when miller saw him on the th
## repeating all of loan s arguments he refused to take the american pro
## posal to thieu it would only encourage a communist hard line he
## insisted and the release of so many prisoners would also seriously dam
## age police moralesod
## on i december seeing president thieu on ambassador bunker s
## instructions miller got an even stonier reception to the us proposal to
## release up to ten vc thieu accused thc americans of naivete and loan
## of playing anti thieu politics by opposing the release in order to make
##
## lbid·d
## saigon december li j
## ljidn
## sni gm december li j
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## the president look like an american puppet if he granted it professing
## anxiety that this could undermine his support in both the military and the
## population at large thieu said that against the background of his internal
## political problems prisoner exchange was a drop of water in the
## ocean· d
## bunker saw thieu in early december and used alleged leaks by
## loan to pressure thieu into one concession namely the release from
## prison of tran bach dang s wife mai thi vang along with the courier
## who had carried dang s original message in august she was delivered
## into us custody on december miller was at this point walking the
## minefield of vietnamese sensitivities trying to negotiate the text of a
## message to dang that would avoid even the implication of any juridical
## parity between the nlf and the saigon government with this achieved
## the station dispatched the courier and truong binh tong into vc terri
## tory west of saigon in late december dang s wife was still recuperat
## ing from harsh treatment as a prisoner she had at first looked
## disoriented and only after several days of care began to emerge from
## sullen pessimism to cooperative optimism at this point apparently
## receptive to the idea of direct us nlf contact she was flown to the us
## army base at cu chi there she boarded a truck in a convoy to tay
## ninh city and was dropped off en route january
## ky saw miller and loan on january and reaffirmed his interest
## in the dang channel for its intelligence potential and as access to possible
## dissidents in the nlf tong returned to saigon three days later predicting
## the release of two american and two vietnamese officers later in the
## month the communists released two us and arvn prisoners and
## dang claimed in a subsequent message that he was responsible but his
## failure to identify them before the fact and his refusal to activate the
## radio link called into question his good faith d
## nevertheless washington did not let even the communists massive
## tet offensive of january apparently aimed at breaking saigon s will
## resist interfere with further exploration of the dang channel with the
## enemy still pressing the attack in much of the country miller went to see
## thieu on february urging some saigon concession miller pointed out
## that the communists had released over american and vietnamese pris
## oners while saigon had made just one abortive move to release sick
##
## siion december i
## saigon i december saigon r december saigon december
## saigon h december saigon december saigon december
## saigon december saigon december saigon january r
## i i
## saigon january ir and saigon n january j
## i
## i
##
## s
##
##
## c
##
##
## and wounded communist pows at bunker s bidding miller stressed
## highest level washington s continuing interest in getting an active pris
## oner exchange going d
## this interest led to further pressure on the saigon government
## apparently seeing ky as the nearest thing to a vietnamese ally on the
## subject the station sent miller to him on february miller relayed the
## expressed opinion of the intermediary tong that tet reflected a prelude
## to the communists desire to go to the bargaining table and urged the
## release of four more prisoners ky promised to try to persuade thieu and
## to do what he could to keep general loan in line it now turned out that
## two of the four vc had died apparently by communist fire during the
## tet offensive but bunker persisted reporting to washington principals
## including rusk mcnamara and walt rostow about miller s success in
## preserving ky s support after last ditch resistance from loan and inte
## rior minister vien tong and three more of saigon s nlf prisoners
## crossed into communist territory on february tong never
## returned to the station and for all practical purposes the operation was
## defunct d
## it had not in any case served to advance washington s original
## purpose of informal political discussions if not outright negotiations
## with the nlf with a nervous and skeptical saigon government looking
## over the american shoulder and with briefly encouraging prospects of
## arranging pow releases the political aspect was deferred until cia
## could have direct contact with tran bach dang the communists may
## well have used the channel simply to monitor the intensity of american
## interest in negotiations in any case as someone at headquarters noted
## later whatever interest either party had in this ratline diplomacy was
## ovrtaken by the opening of the paris talks
##
##
##
##
## saigon february
## i abstract saigon embassy telegram february isent
## in cia channels synopsis pp n
## j cnnosvn meuorandum to chief vietnam oflerationslli i
## l lld apparently written sometime in li
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## chapter
##
## the tet offensive and political vietnamization d
##
## the urgency attached to the informal channel to the nlf did not
## distract the station from its more routine collection and assessment
## responsibilities in december agent reporting had begun to predict
## a major communist offensive in the new year the first of these indica
## tions coincided with a debate between the station and headquarters over
## the performance and prospects of nguyen van thieu after his first three
## months as president of south vietnam a headquarters appraisal of
## december said that thieu had shown few signs of launching promising
## new programs for the country it noted complaints about his dilettante
## approach and alluded to evidence of gvn indecision and military
## resentment of his civilian cabinet the legislature was not legislating
## d
## and the anticorruption campaign he had promised was at a standstill i
## the station agreed that tile government was preoccupied with its
## own organization and staffing but thought this inevitable given the
## absence of a party organization that might have accelerated the post elec
## toral transition the station acknowledged other problems including the
## enmity between thieu and ky but saw personal and institutional rivalries
## as only one feature of a political climate of soul searching on the
## american role in this country and real differences of opinion on how
## to prosecute and resolve the war the station proposed to help generate
## reforms and gvn momentum
##
##
##
##
## j
##
## headquarters responded with an extraordinary cable generated by
## an impatient january phone call to dci richard helms from
## walt rostow the president s national security adviser rostow had
##
## i i
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
##
## figure communist and government
## territorial control in south vietnam
##
##
##
##
## international boundary
##
##
##
##
## o
## national capital
##
## communist
##
## government
##
##
##
## o
## o
## neith er controlled
##
## kilometers
##
## m ile
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## i
## c
## entrunce us embauy
## in sairfm j i junlujry
##
##
##
##
##
## jlodgt f parka chit fofslllion jiipl fm htjff l il ·iflg vc bodies januarv m
##
##
##
##
##
## t
##
##
##
##
## i k f nf tll in sdi ml atte r c uttuck j i januurv x
##
##
##
##
## press interview amhasrojor hunk j jomujry h
##
##
##
##
## l
##
##
## c t
##
## repudiated what he saw as bunker s tolerance of the barriers to political
## mobilization in south vietnam and headquarters told saigon that he
## was demanding early results not at the next election some years
## hence accordingly headquarters wanted the station to assess the possi
## bility of the forced draft creation of political groupings with wide
## appeal if the gvn were suddenly and admittedly improbably to find
## itself after a negotiated settlement competing for votes with the vci
## nlf no station reply to this has been found it appears that whatever its
## reaction to the idea subsequent embassy and station efforts to generate
## political mobilization reacted more to the communists tet offensive
## than to guidance from washington d
## the tet offensived
##
## cos john halt had just been evacuated from vietnam for treat
## ment of a detached retina when on january viet cong and
## north vietnamese units launched a coordinated nationwide assault on
## gvn and us installations in saigon communist troops briefly occu
## pied part of the us embassy before those not killed were driven off
## although the offensive failed to generate a mass uprising against the
## gvn if that was its purpose the pacification programs suffered major
## disruption and the communists held the former imperial citadel at hue
## until february with us troop strength in vietnam at general
## westmoreland suggested the need for even more us forces d
## the tet offensive generated more excitement for some station per
## sonnel than for others the attack on the embassy in predawn darkness
## found only the station duty officer and the communications night shift
## present the chief of station s secretary lived only a few hundred yards
## away from the embassy and she called new cos lewis lapham hart s
## former deputy to describe the firing lapham then called the duty officer
## who reported that he was lying flat on hie floor to stay as far as possible
## below window level station communications had already told him of a
## headquarters demand for information about the offensive and he wanted
## to know how to reply lapham told him simply to report what he was
## hearing and seeing for the moment nothing else could be done station
##
##
##
##
## secllf
##
##
## i
##
##
##
##
##
## s
## fi ure
## principal targets of the tet offensive january
##
##
##
##
## international boundary
##
##
##
##
## national capital
## military region
##
## q significant attack
## prolonged confrontation
##
## o
## kilometer
## i
## o o m ile
## s·
##
## security urged lapham to stay home which he did until a heavily armed
## escort arrived at about hours to lake him to the embassy now
## cleared of vie t cu ng so
## lapham interview june a lanky iowan with a background in covert action lapham had
## enure to saigo n in as the deputy cos in charge of thc station s pacifica tion progrnms d
##
## sct
##
##
## c
## t
##
## russ miller remembered calling his various contacts that day to
## see if he could help general loan wanted weapons and ammunition for
## the police and miller and another volunteer a gs from tsd tech
## nical services division ioaded a i ton truck at the station arsenal
## near tan son nhut near the airport and drove it to national police head
## quarters on le van duyet street next day they did the same for the mil
## itary security service general loan fought at the side of his police until
## the assault was repelled it was at this point that loan summarily exe
## cuted in the presence of a wire service photographer a vc captured after
## killing the entire family of one of loan s senior officers
## meanwhile some of the station s provincial offices were still taking
## fire the agency compound at quang tri the northernmost province cap
## ital had come under heavy attack and i heading the cia
## office there later received the intelligence star for valor in organizing
## and leading its defense
## the communists ability to hide the scale and timing of such a
## gigantic coordinated operation produced an intelligence embarrassment
## of major proportions beginning in december the station had
## indeed obtained predictions of a seasonal offensive on a much larger
## scale than those of earlier years according to a report from long an
## province the vc were promising their cadres that offensive operations
## would end after the tet holidays and that the formation of a coalition
## government to be dominated by the nlf would follow an assessment
## by the agency s nha trang base completed on january said that the
## most ambitious goal of the campaign in ii corps calls for the liberation of
## kontum andor pleiku provinces in a decisive phase of the war by
## this time macv and nsa were receiving similar fragmentary indica
## tions of preparations for a major offensive and a station report dissemi
## nated just two days before the assault described the establishment of six
## vc subregions in and around saigon directly subordinate to the cen
## tral office for south vietnam cosvn in retrospect these could be
## seen as part of the planning for attacks on the capital so
## all this sufficed to make the station apprehensive and restive as
## lew lapham later recalled and general westmoreland was sufficiently
## concerned to order us battalions into the saigon area and to put all
## forces on maximum alert but no reporting specified the objectives or
##
##
## miller interview april n
## hart interview a ril taoim interview june
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## timing of the anticipated action then on january an arvn report
## intercepted by us intelligence specified tet as the launch date but it
## was too late even if the report seemed authoritative for it to affect the
## state of us or arvn preparedness in any case the us mission espe
## cially macv and official washington both had been reluctant to credit
## hanoi with the capacity to launch a nationwide offensive this mindset
## reinforced in saigon by the holiday atmosphere of tet prevented an ade
## quate reaction to the available fragmentary intelligence thus despite
## westmoreland s precautio redeployments hanoi achieved almost
## complete tactical surprise u
## considering the scale of the assault and the extent of the surprise
## the station s various pacification teams performed acceptably well and a
## mood of euphoria began to emerge as the offensive was gradually
## repelled at the same time lapham recalled the intelligence failure
## even though mitigated by some valid reporting could not help but intro
## duce a countervailing note of despondence °
## opinion among cia officers varied after gvn and us forces
## defeated the offensive on what it implied about the relative political
## strength of the gvn and the communists some thought the commu
## nists ability to mobilize in secret such massive forces implied an omi
## nous gvn failure to compete successfully for the allegiance of the south
## vietnamese peasants among whom the vc prepared the assault others
## noting the fearful losses inflicted on both the communist military forces
## and their political organization saw tet as an unqualified victory
## for the government john hart presiding over the station until just days
## before the assault was one of the latter the communists had presented a
## serious threat but we stamped on it lapham doubted that anyone had
## won in his more balanced view gvn inability to prevent the offensive
## had allowed massive damage to its authority and to its pacification
##
##
## laphuill interview june harold p ford cia history staff study cia the
## order of hattlc controversy and the tet offensive october a saigon operations
## officer patrick mchugh later recalled a pre tet argument with a station analyst who shared the
## macv opinion that the communists were simply incapable of such a broad coordinated of
## fcnsive mcliugh said he had maintained that abundant reporting of an enemy buildup required the
## recognition ihat hanoi might at least intend exactly that see patrick mchugh interview by the
## author langley va july the tet offensive rendered largely moot the debate that raged
## through between agency and military intelligence analysts over the numbers and relevance
## vc capnbilitics ofpart time guerrillas and other support personnel that debate was in any case
## driven more hy politics than serious professional disagreement the us military feared the politi
## cal consequences of acknowledging that after more than two year of massive us ground combat
## operations the enemy s numerical strength had grown see harold p ford cia and the vietnam
## l oticynvakcrs three episodes · cia history staff ·
## lnpluuu interview june ·
##
##
##
## sc
##
##
## c
## t
##
## efforts while the communists who he thought must have aimed at
## destroying saigon s will to resist were beaten off with enormous
## ssesii d
## operation shock d
##
## if observers in vietnam were at worst ambivalent about the signifi
## cance of tet news of the offensive left many of the vietnam watchers at
## cia headquarters close to despair on february ddp bill colby sent
## director helms a jeremiad apparently composed by the so called breth
## ren an informal group of cia analysts operations managers and sava
## staffers chaired by george carver called operation shock and written
## only two days after the offensive began its title reflected not only its
## intended impact on nguyen van thieu but also the effect of tet on the
## authors themselves tom donohue then on george carver s staff
## thought the impact of tet particularly traumatic on those like himself
## who had interpreted a late g viet cong recruiting drought as a sign
## of declining vc capabilities the very scale of the tet offensive con
## founded this view and called inuestion the belief that the gvn might
## finally have turned the eorner u
## the paper summarized all the conventional complaints about the
## gvn asserting that the vietnamese generals had developed a compla
## cent assurance that american support is immutable this complacency
## had led to cronyism a halfhearted war effort a sclerotic leadership cadre
## and only a casual attention to mobilizing popular support and engaging
## the population actively in the war these attitudes and habits simply
## had to be changed and the authors departed from more conventional for
## mulas when they urged a frontal attack on this gvn lassitude d
## the attack would include insistence on a greater us role in setting
## gvn performance standards and in gvn decisionmaking during an
## emergency effort of unstated duration an ultimatum to general thieu
## would repudiate the gradualism of the gvn s approach to the war
## effort and would require him to combine the interior and defense minis
## tries under maj gen nguyen due thang the well regarded chief of
## saigon s pacification forces the ministry of revolutionary develop
## ment housing the american supported pacification teams and all other
## relevant gvn assets would also be subordinated to thang d
##
## va september
## helms memorandum an immediate program for viclnam o
## bid·d
## secyd
## a
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## operation shock prescribed a powerful role for vice president
## ky who as thieu s proposed chief of staff and director of operations
## would supervise a purge of all military and civilian officials guilty of cor
## ruption or other abuses ky would have a second mandate that of orga
## nizing a national political front uniting all non communist elements in a
## massive rallying of the entire population to develop the country and
## free it of viet cong terror president thieu was to be given days in
## which to comply with american demands and make satisfactory
## progress the us would furnish any required additional material sup
## port outside normal channels if necessary n
## no one can seriously have thought that president thieu would con
## sent to put his nemesis nguyen cao ky in charge of both a mass corrup
## tion purge and a national political front in any case the brethren
## seemed to harbor little hope that their prescription would work even if it
## were rigorously applied of its prospects to succeed they ventured to say
## only that we might of course find that sufficient momentum has been
## achieved to warrant continued us support apparently doubting that
## this would occur they proceeded to outline the options available to the
## us if it failed
## first would he a demand for thieu s resignation in favor of anyone
## who had distinguished himself during the day grace period second
## the us could suspend the bombing of north vietnam and initiate talks
## with hanoi either as a prelude to withdrawal or to energize the gvn
## third it could begin to treat the national liberation front as a legiti
## mate negotiating partner conducting a dialogue with it on the possibil
## ity of forming a coalition government d
## the authors concluded without stating a policy preference and
## dci helms sent their effort without comment to four of the vietnam
## policy principals no response from them has been recorded but admin
## istration doves like undersecretary of state nicholas deb katzenbach
## and deputy defense secretary paul nitze presumably found its tone con
## genial while hardliners walt rostow at the white house and jcs chair
## man gen earle wheeler did not nevertheless while lacking the formal
## authority of a national estimate the operation shock proposal put the
## agency on record as inferring from the tet offensive that radical
## changes in the us approach to vietnam were now required is d
##
##
##
## »lbid
## iiibid
## ibid
##
##
## sn
##
##
## c
##
##
## on march the substance of this view got directly to the presi
## dent johnson demanded the same briefing that george carver had given
## the so called wise men dean acheson clark clifford and supreme
## court justice abc fortas among them and which was followed by their
## unwelcome recommendation that he throw in the towel george allen
## afraid that carver s characteristic optimism might reassert itself implored
## him not to slight the negative side of the argument and in fact carver
## gave the balanced presentation allen was hoping for four days later the
## president declared a partial hait to the bombing of north vietnam called
## for negotiations with hanoi and announced his withdrawal as a candidate
## for reelection vice president hubert humphrey present at the briefing
## later wrote to carver thanking him for his brutally frank and forthright
## analysis the president s speech of march indicated that your briefings
## had a profound effect on the course of us policy on vietnam d
##
##
## pursuing nonpartisan political mobilizationd
##
## in saigon ferocious resistance by gvn and allied forces had tem
## pered the initial shock of the tet offensive and us officials there did not
## see in it the apocalyptic implications that george carver s people found
## inescapable ambassador runker nevertheless sensed impaired morale on
## the gvn side even as the offensive was being beaten off he appealed to
## president thieu to try to inspire his nation in this hour of crisis with a
## major address supplementing his rather brief and defensive statement
## of january°d
## the station usin an a ent
## l offered propaganda themes
## aimed at both south vietnamese and third country audiences the agent
## asserted that vc attacks on such symbolic targets as general staff head
## quarters and the presidential palace had administered a severe psycholog
## ical shock to the south vietnamese body politic and the station tried to
## help him create for thieu an eloquent and impressive statement to fill
## the psychological vacuum but the us information service had primacy
## ill such matters and in any case thieu fired the agent in march for criti
## cizing the government s post tet handling of the media the station i i
##
## allen the indo china war p harold p pord cia and the victnam
## policymakcrs t lli ce episodes cia history staff p vietnam
## chronology p
## saigon i february
##
## ·s
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## saigon g february g and passbnl ipassim the agent
## i iwas only one of several station agents of influence whose political ideology
## had always been suspect as the result of their early affiliation with the viet minh and of subsequent
## allegations if communist sympathies the sincerity of his views on the effects oftet is therefore
## uncertain ctxotic background had onc feature often found in the station s civilian agents of
## influence namely a degree of westernization that allowed them to serve as a kind of cultural com
## pnulor interpreting their countrymen to the agency but this very cosmopolitanism rendered them
## suspect to their generally xenophobic compatriots even while it made them useful to the gvn and
## thus iimitcd their access to the government s inner councilsc jwesternizing experience began
## i where he arrived with no facility in english but where
## prcsumhlyjy his own later account within five months he became managing editor of the school
## papcrc jat that point the fm had already heard
## ihal he had been a gun runnel for the communist party m indochina and was sympathetic to ho
## chi minh he had said ihat all americans talk about communism but no one has ever told him
## what is wrong with it i
## ipassilll
## lapham interview june kaplowitz interview july n
## lbid eleazer a williams unpublished individual research papel the election process in
## vicrnam the road a functioning polity national war college washington dc march
## hereafter referred to as williams election process
##
##
##
## t
##
##
## c
##
##
## urgent imperative for president johnson s partial bombing suspension
## and proposal to negotiate with hanoi had served notice that us support to
## the gvn no longer aimed at defeating the communists d
## as it worked out neither the nsf nor thieu s fdf prospered
## kaplowitz later thought it naive to have expected otherwise but at the
## time he and the other mission proponents of political mobilization still
## hoped to find a formula that would ameliorate vietnamese factionalism
## while these efforts continued the approach of peace negotiations and
## the gradual eclipse of the station s best political sources mostly ky asso
## ciates emphasized the need for improved intelligence coverage of the
## thieu regime l d
##
##
##
##
## williams election process pp
## koulowitz interview july n
##
##
##
##
## se
## »
##
## c
##
## i
##
##
## photograph of nu·n
## coo ky inscribed to
## ralph katmsh c
##
##
##
##
## photo i iu
## ralpll katnnjr
##
##
## nllildill the slble d
##
##
## l andrw n russ miller s third tour in
## e
## y e ii a
## c e d
## n e s p r i g of ambassador bunker wanted a
## i e d i t h
## replacement leaving his post as deputy cos inl iralph katrosh
## arrived in saigon face the challenge of earning the co nfidence of the
## mutually antipathetic leaders of the south vietnamese government li e
## began by trying to persuade them that nothing either one said to him was
## shared with the other to em phasize this comparuueutation he avoided
## going direc tly from thi eu s office ky s or vice versa always returning
## to the embassy betwee n sessions eve n when he was scheduled to visit
## roth whether this ploy worked or ws even noticed both thieu and ky
## soon began to tal k to katrosh as if they trusted him not to betray their
## co mments about each other the contact with ky even developed a
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## social side and the vice president s aide would call katrosh usually on
## i short notices
##
## katrosh was still working to persuade the feuding vietnamese prin
## cipals of his discretion when cia became the instrument of the latest us
## gambit to promote political cohesion in the south the disproportionate
## influence of ky s people in the national salvation front had ended that
## group s attraction for the us mission and thieu s free democratic front
## had an equally partisan cast the point for the americans was to over
## come partisanship and bunker began to push a broader front he called
## the national alliance for social revolution or lien minh an abbreviation
## of its vietnamese title this required joint thieu ky sponsorship and
## bunker sent ralph katrosh to get them to appear together at the inaugural
## eventyd
## katrosh started with thieu telling him that president nixon
## wanted to sec him and ky work together the president s face puckered
## up like a prune at the thought of appearing with ky after minutes of
## denigrating his vice president thieu asserted that even if he agreed ky
## would never do so katrosh acknowledged this hurdle and asked permis
## sion to approach ky thien finally permitted this and katrosh then
## repeated the exercise with ky who reciprocated thieu s abuse telling
## katrosh for washington s benefit how thieu was ruining the country
## but like thieu he gave in mid the two appeared together on july
## to inaugurate the lien minh which incorporated at least nominally the
## thien and ky organizations and included tran quoc buu s labor union
## and other minor groupsno
## bunker tried to involve thieu personally in lien minh organiza
## tional activity sending katrosh with incremental payments of a cia
## cash subsidy but thieu resisted direct participation and in august the
## ambassador felt constrained to remind him of the high priority the us
## attached to a functioning national political organization thieu responded
## with the claim that vietnamese contributions to the program were
## already twice the american moving bunker to ask the committee
## the washington interagency group charged with covert action policy to
##
##
##
##
## halfarh memorhudum cia case officer contacts with president thieu and viee president
## ky ralph kntrusb interview by the author arlington va hereafter cited as katrosh interview
## x may ljn
## saigol jt february atrosh interview may
## ralph katrosh interview by the author bethesda md hereafter cited as katrosh interview
## iliiel l j ·
## kntruxh interviews may and june j williams election process ·
##
##
## se t
##
##
## c
##
## approve for the last four months of thieu could perhaps
## do more bunker said but serious training and other activity had already
## begun
## perhaps it had but thieu s support of lien minh appeared to
## katrosh to reflect deference to american wishes more than it did personal
## conviction thieu would subject him to obscure lectures on the problems
## of developing western style institutions in vietnam conveying a lack of
## enthusiasm that katrosh took to be the message intended for bunker s d
## during his first weeks in saigon katrosh had taken over the contact
## with ky s former campaign manager nguyen xuan phong who
## described the progress of thieu s maneuvering to reduce ky s influence
## katrosh also began calling on gen tran thien khiem brought back
## from washington by president thieu now interior minister khiem
## respolded with reporting i ion his relationship
## with thieu at the same time the station maintained oilier rolicy level
## access through unilateral contacts j and
## its liaison with saigon s intelligence and security services general loan
## severely wounded leading the police against a new wave of communist
## attacks in early may was replaced as director general by a thieu man
## col tran van hai d
## the station knew hai very well r
##
##
##
##
## and it seems that rai did in fact
## mandate full cooperation with us advisers to the nolice
##
##
##
##
## «almsh interview mny saigon i september l
##
## inlcrview may
## · ralph katrosh memorandum for the record conversation with minister for chieu hoi ngu
## yen xunn phong mny and passim i i i
## i snigon june i
## fysi december ifvsa april i
## i icoloncl inter brigadier general hai s cooperation took place mainly iii the context
## ofthe pacification programs there is no record that he assumed loan s role as occasional spokes
## man ior the saigon governmcnld
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## i
## i n th e m jidle of i the station
## needed all the new access it could find thieu was now finishing the
## removal of ky s associatesl i
## i ifrom positions of political influence the resulting loss of access
## compounded the problems created by the personal ambitions and some
## times doubtful loyalties of certain of the station s remaining sources
##
##
##
##
## almost every political action agent had his own agenda whether
## he acknowledged it or not and this complicated the problem of assessing
## loyalty the limits of i i
## responsiveness to station guidance
## emerged in an embassy assessment of his performance he i i
## was a confining influence on thieu likely to undermine any effort to
## broaden political support for the government but whether this obstruc
## tionism iniplied communist directed sabotage of saigon s political mobi
## lization efforts or merely personal interests or limitations remained
## obscure in any case thieu knew of and condoned i iconnection
## with the station using it for a time to supplement his channel to the
## embassy via russ miller and then ralph katrosh l d
##
## i wl vsa senlemc i i
## saigon embassy exhs l febrnary saigon august pvsa
## october j and passim i
## a marginal note on the embassy message presum
## ably hy a cli headquarters officer says meaning that our political agent won t follow instruc
## tilllls o
##
##
## se et
##
##
## c
##
##
## preserving communication with the clientd
##
## neither cj nor any other of its contacts gave the station early
## warning of thieu s declaration of a coup alert on september but
## there may have been nothing to predict as police chief tran van hai
## evaluated it two days later as an example of thieu s chronic paranoia
## fantasy or not the incident had repercussions that quickly involved the
## station upon hearing of the alert acting ambassador samuel berger had
## called general ky interrupting an official birthday party at midnight to
## as berger put it check out coup reports ky thought he was being
## accused of plotting against thieu and hung up on berger at a sep
## tember press conference he alleged that foreign schemers were trying to
## topple the government in private with thieu he was more explicit about
## his unhappiness with berger at this point as it had been doing at inter
## vals since the station undertook to save vietnamese face and
## restore communications at the government to government level berger
## sent katrosh to ky with roses and an apology couched in terms of wash
## ington s extreme sensitivity to signs of political instability in saigon ky
## quick to anger but not one to hold a grudge accepted the gesture d
## us pressure on thieu to join the projected peace talks in paris may
## have encouraged the paranoia that led him to declare still another coup
## alert on october lt gen dang van quang thieu s military assistant
## told katrosh that he doubted the existence of any serious coup planning
## and deplored the isolation that induced thieu s perpetual anxiety doing
## precisely the opposite of what the president feared the station now used
## its stable of military contacts to pass the word to ky followers that the
## us adamantly opposed any move against thieu perhaps thieu got wind
## of this in any case he called in katrosh to review with him the entire
## episode giving every appearance of openness to the us viewpoint d
## on october president johnson announced a total bombing halt
## in north vietnam he had just sent president thieu an ultimatum telling
## him that negotiations with hanoi would proceed with or without a
## saigon representation thieu repudiated both negotiations and the
## bombing suspension in a speech on november the resulting tension
##
##
##
##
## saigon octobcr flvsa october
## m passim saigon november j
## r jcxlracl from auachment to fvsa january
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## j
##
##
##
##
## us mission lmiflcil s ij jii hi lnum nol l wil ii to r hod rowl uovd of iw i
## rl fltl omic cmullf lor j i aii lllm to i ambassador f
## i oilil lll cljilfli or dll tltll j nidl nitl dol jusi ao nlrgf s newman sfll dlll iiiii
## ht l c abruhutu aijiiiiifmri couldo i orgl i jacobson fi u io l
## cooreindlor jront njii william l c ii ot fl ll comus macv tor corns swilld
## hl rt a jqlllh amljllddor uii orr hlllrka amj ihiiljor gen creighton w ahrums
## commmjt usmacv donald g m tjc oll d lj rr dor vsa ii
## piwio t mirf f i g
##
##
## was nut ameliorated by richard m nixon s elecnou to the presid ency
## l november and the icy relationsh ip between washington and the
## gvn led to a one month hiatus in the station s liaison with thieu o
## the stati on met this development by sending ralph katro sh more
## frequently to see general quang in mid november despite the co ntinu
## ing stando ff with thicu the two had a co rdial sess io n during which they
## agreed that a vietnamese national intellig ence coordinating committee
## whose cs tah lishm itt had been a longtime station goal might have pre
## vented the intelligence failure that led to the october co up scare and
## ounn g subseq uently go t thieu authorize such a bod y though wheth er
## it ever served the desired purpose is unknown·c
## resuming the thieu contact on november katrosh assured him
## of hilliker s co ntinuing support thicu in turn reaffirmed his co mmit
## mcnt to lien minh th e station still had piasters for
## the i ic millh subsidy which katrosh deli vered to l palace functionary
## richa rd nixo n s new admini stration would have to approve any midi
## tiunal fundin g und bunk er urged a briefing at the white hou se in orde r
##
## i lxuact n om cmlltssy ailljuii a m july t
## saigou
## siii itl utt iuarh lll ji t vs a jilll ary aiki issimj
## l
##
## c
##
## to ensure continued support meanwhile he said he needed an addi
## tional stopgap authorization of pending a committee deci
## sion oil the larger program then before it d
## bunker s optimistic progress report was couched in general terms
## governing bodies are meeting cadres are beginning to develop
## projects people s committees have been elected in all saigon pre
## cincts and we discern steady if slow movement forward he
## acknowledged problems of internal dissension weak leadership and
## lack of participation by religious groups and washington s message
## approving the asked for more detailed reporting on the results
## of us support
## peace negotiations and a new station chartec
##
## nixon retained bunker as his ambassador to saigon but lew
## lapham s tour as cos came to an end when theodore shackley
## replaced him in november one of the postwar generation of operations
## managers ted shackley brought good polish he had been raised in a
## polish american house and fluent german when he joined the agency
## at the entry level in he served five years in germany particip
## in the berlin tunnel operation before taking over thel lj
## i lin coming to saigon from two and a half years as
## cos in vientiane he brought a mandate from dci richard helms to
## emphasize inteiligence collection and preparations for the long term
## political struggle that washington expected to follow a peace agreement
## at the same time he was gradually to pare down the station s role in
## rural pacification
## shackley at once proposed to enter the palace liaison but deputy
## cos bill edwards urged him to reconsider pointing out that katrosh s
## status as authoritative spokesman for the station and the ambassador
## would be undermined by adding the cos as a participant shackley
## acceded but did not encourage bunker s use of katrosh as an embassy
## stalking horse in any case thieu now began to delegate even more of
##
##
##
##
## slligon
## ibid whether bunker supplied the requested information is not knownd
## shackleyl i joseph lazarsky interview by the author middleburg vahere
## after cited as lazarsky interview june theodore shac interview by the author sum
## ncr md hereafter cited as shackley interview june u
##
##
##
##
## se
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## y t
## his dealings with cia to general quang and press secretary hoang due
## nha nevertheless katrosh continued the thieu liaison though with
## reduced frequency until he left in september
## as momentum grew in november for the launching of peace
## talks the station s relationship with thieu led to a perspective slightly
## more sympathetic than the embassy s on his refusal to endorse the bomb
## ing suspension and join negotiations the station thought him under real
## pressure to prove his anti communist credentials to his hardline north
## erners and that his temperament made it impossible for him to bend to
## us demands for immediate agreement it was partly a question of face
## but also of his aversion to decisions that did not merely ratify events
## the idea of taking this bombing haltnegotiationsbuil by the horns on a
## kind of sudden death basis is not thieu s favorite sport the station
## advocated more patience and in the weeks that followed worked with
## bunker gradually to bring thieu into line od
## multilateral distrllstd
##
## in january probably just to get ky out of saigon thieu sent
## him to paris not as chief of the saigon delegation but as an ex officio
## observer ky s old friend russ miller i i
## at headquarters behest made periodic visits to exploit their long
## time acquaintanceship they first met on february and ky still dis
## played the greater flexibility toward dealing with the north and the nlf
## that had distinguished him fromthieu and most of ky s fellow north
## erners while the saigon station and ambassador bunker were pursuing b
## contacts in the nlf ky said he expected an agreement by the end of the
## year and that he intended to urge thieu to accept concessions on nlf
## participation that the north would find hard to reject but which the south
## could survive ky s perspective always attracted high level interest and
##
##
## kalrosh interview may j throughout katrosh s tour as he recalled it the station channel
## the palace was readily accepted hy all witting embassy officers except deputy ambassador
## saurucl berger who appeared to resent the station s prominent role katrosh recalled both lapham
## nud shackley as having an excellent command of the complexities of internal gvn politics
## lapham s style was one of intellectual detachment whereas shackley tended toward advocacy of
## thicn·d
## saillln november i extract from attachment
## i vsi no junuary the station also had to deal with minor crises such as ky s un
## welcome propnsnl to attend the nixon inaugural in a gesture reciprocating vice president hum
## phrcy s presence at the thieu ky inauguration katrosh was deputized to tell him that the unique
## nll·re i chnrnctcr of the event limited foreign participation to chiefs of diplomatic mission sec
## i i
##
## c
##
## miller drove to the embassy after each of these evening sessions to brief
## us delegation leader cyrus vance who would sleep in his office while
## waiting and philip habib who would drive in from home d
## in saigon despite a productive and apparently cordial relationship
## with ralph katrosh thieu s mistrust of the us focused increasingly on
## the cia which he saw as an ubiquitous power either beyond washing
## ton s control or being used by the us government to thwart saigon s
## desires he told one visitor that between the infiltrating communists and
## the american cia the government is stuck furthermore the station
## was provoking buddhist agitation and encouraging neutralist groups pre
## sumably referring to the station s program of nlf contacts thieu
## alleged unilateral agency contacts with the communists a vc could
## sleep in the us embassy and i would not know it in mid november
## thieu made a vague allegation to ambassador bunker about cia
## involvement with the buddhists and this gave the station a pretext to
## reassure thieu of the agency s unconditional commitment to him he
## professed to be mollified but bill nelson colby s successor as chief fe
## was worried enough to send the dcja memorandum in february
## warning that in a crisis involving either the us government or his
## domestic rivals thieu might well publicly denounce the agency or
## undertake some other unfortunate action against it d
## even ky relatively open to his american interlocutors treed
## them with some reserve his views as transmitted by i ll
## example varied from those he expressed to ralph katrosh
## explained this by saying that ky sometimes treated a katrosh meeting
## with some misgivings assuming as he did that his answers to katrosh s
## questions would soon reach us policymakers this did not necessarily
## mean that ky was always more candid with his coterie of northern born
## generals but the station drew the obvious inference that he was at least
## tailoring his remarks for different audiences j d
## as we have seen president thieu s gradual exclusion from his
## entourage of the generals around nguyencao ky had by mid
## already severely reduced the political access of the station s agents and
## contacts in arvn at the same time thieu s suspicion of us purposes
## created an adversarial climate that increased the need for clandestine cov
## erage of his intentions in early
##
## the station tried to make
## lre s ·p o n s jv e s ·o u r ce s o u t o jfs c u cth u n h k e lym a te r ialas gen do cao tri who
##
## i i i
## miller interview april
## · willinm e nelson chief far east division memurandum for the dci president thieu s com
## mcnts on cia february i
## snigon may
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## had the merit of being a southerner and a capable commander but who
## was reported to be volatile exuberant and bombastic massively cor
## rupt and like thieu suspicious of us motives in vietnam at the same
## time the station launched an elaborate scenario designed to achieve
## informal yet secure contact with gen duong van big minh thought
## to have residual political ambition as well as buddhist sympathies and
## connections the tri collaboration produced some intelligence before his
## death in a helicopter crash in early but the minh gambit seems to
## have failed d
## nguyen van hicu and political mobilizationd
##
## the eclipse of the station s military sources enhanced the impor
## tance especially for influence purposes of the few civilian contacts
## around thieu who showed any disposition to exeed their official charter
## with their station contacts one of these wasl istiil not
## exonerated of communist connections whom the station enlisted in jan
## uary to urge its lien minh program on thieu at the station s
## behest he did a memorandum for thieu reflecting the station s view
## that thc organization would grow only if the president directed saigon s
## governmental machinery to provide discreet but effective support
## thieu s reaction is not known but he was in any case not the only one
## with doubts about the organization s prospects headquarters had already
## asked for more evidence of results and state used cia communications
## to tell bunker on february that the committee would postpone its
## decision on additional funding support until bunker had learned more
## about thien s attitude and intentions the problem from washington s
## perspective involved not only doubts about lien minh s impact in
## vietnam but also concern about public reaction in the us to any revela
## tion of the agency s support for itlld
## another problem was the vagueness of thieu s intentions regarding
## the composition and program of a political front so far as bunker could
## determine in mid february thieu might actually encourage two such
## organizations associating himself with both tn early march after thieu
## asserted an intention to enlarge the existing front the lien minh bunker
## and shackley again confronted a money crunch bunker still did not
## have a firm proposal from thieu ancl could not get funds without one
##
## i ijiii lilll fvsx j february i
## f vsa january l rl i
## i i fading enthusiasm in washington for lien minh may be attributable at least in
## pari walt rostow sdeparture when the nixonadministration tookofficeon january
##
##
## se·
##
##
## c
##
## like everyone else on his country team bunker was convinced of the
## need for thiel to broaden his political constituency in order to compete
## with the nlf in what everyone expected to be a long term division of
## the two vietnams reluctant to let the front expire when it was about to
## reach take off stage he instructed shackley to ask headquarters to get
## authority to make the april subsidy payment shackley s request
## sounds pro forma the front was making limited but sustained progress
## and needed to be kept alive until washington decided its future but
## this apparently sufficed as katrosh delivered ion
## d
## april l
## an earlier thieu discourse to bunker late in march on vietnam
## ese political dynamics might have been taken word far word from one of
## ngo dinh nhu s disquisitions to the station in like nhu the presi
## dent saw the old line non communist politicians as representing almost
## no one but themselves and useless if brought into the government what
## he needed were cadres who will work and not just talk and a program
## to inspire the masses with a political revolution like nhu thieu
## acknowledged the absence ofa structure to rival that of the communists
## adding that nothing could be done without public recognition that the
## struggle was about to shift to the political arena people were now ready
## he thought and he intended to exploit this by deploying an information
## ministry cadre in every hamlet and village adding other leadership
## cadre for women youth and self defense units at the village level to
## a total of perhaps people all such cadres would have as one
## responsibility keeping an eye on the communists ln
## it is not known whether president thieu aetu tried to imple
## ment this scheme but on may whether as a serious move to
## compete with the communists or as a pro forma response to continued
## us pressure he created a second political umbrella organization the
## national social democratic front the nsdf apparently enjoyed a
## broader base than the lien minh and the us mission promptly shifted its
## material support to the new grouping but the results were equally disap
## pointing partly because so many politicians refusedto work with the
## controversial huong these included tran van don whose national sal
## valion front declined to join the nsdf shackley feared that the unpopu
## i ll huong survived as a palace functionary because of a thieu perception
##
##
## saigon february and saigon ii march i
## lshackley interview june saigon apri
## i
##
##
## arch
##
##
##
## s a tig o n m ithieu s analysis and proposed so
## lution arc nearly identical to those of ngo dinh diem in the mid s the role of the information
## ministry in diem s denunciation of communists campaign appears to have served as thieu s
## model in sec cia and the house of ngojd
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## that cia liked him in the event the nsdf failed even to merge its con
## stituent parts which at best represented only a small fraction of the coun
## try s political interests the station subsidy continued until june at
## an average rate of about i iand at an unknown level
## through the rest of the yearsad
## during the experiment with the nsdf there was sporadic talk
## among us officials about integrating urban political mobilization with
## the nation building side of rural pacification the regular lunch meetings
## of the us mission council turned periodically to this topic and vietnam
## ese including ll col nguyen be chief of the station s pacification
## training urged the extension of nsdf organizing to the countryside but
## president thieu made it clear that for him pacification was part of the
## military struggle not a political task and the mission never tried to force
## the issue it probably could not have succeeded thieu was no more
## open to argument than ngo dinh diem had been and trained motivated
## manpower had always been lacking nevertheless thieu s attitude indi
## cated that like diem before him he saw the struggle with the commu
## nists exclusively in terms of isolating and destroying a malevolent alien
## presence like diem he would offer no leadership in presenting a com
## peting ideology or program
##
##
##
##
## willihiiis likctiull process shackley interview july j j
## i iiissilll untitled draft station memorandum may ithe mission
## cuuucil included the ambassndor his deputy and the heads of the autonomous us agencies rep
## resented ill vietuum the most importaut of these were macv the us agency for international
## development the us information service and the clad
## d
## shackley interview june l j the interpretation ofthicu s position is the author s
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## chapter
##
##
## distractions and frustrations d
## i
##
##
## in june ted shackley had been running the station for just
## six months when the murder of a suspected double agent by a us spe
## cial forces unit the so called green beret incident threatened to asso
## ciate the cia with crimes against civilians the murder of villagers
## by american troops at my lai had just come to light and cia already
## under attack for some of its activity against the viet cong organization
## risked being added to the list of alleged war cdrninalsd
## the incident began with a request from a us special forces intelli
## gence unit at nha trang for assistance in disposing of an agent it believed
## to be controlled by the communists unwilling to turn the man over to
## gvn security elements they would discover that he had been used for
## unilateral special forces operations into cambodia e the army wanted
## cia assistance in killing him the special forces made their first approach
## directly to the station in mid june but saw only two shackley outer office
## aides who they later claimed gave a noncommital response i f
## still looking for help two special forces officers visited
## cjacting chief in nha trang on and june ·l r sc e n t a
## cable to his boss base chief dean almy attending a conference in
## saigon that arrived on the morning of june upon reading it almy
## headed for the cos s office where shackley s secretary i i
## intercepted him and refused to interrupt a meeting then in progress so
## almy left the cable with her making a point of its urgency but i
## failed to give it to shackley who left the next day for a weekend in
## hong kong d
##
## dean almy telephone interview by the author bath me december drhe dates cited
##
## arc taken from david com blond ghost ted shackley and the cia crusades simon and
## schuster ljpp
## i ahny said that away from nha trang he lacked the authority to release a cable and thus needed
##
## shackley s intervention to gel a reply tal i
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## dack in nha trang on june almy received yet another visit
## from the special forces at this session he told them that whatever the
## popular fantasy on the subject the cia simply did not kill its agents and
## he could it help them with theirs but according to their later testi
## mony the special forces officers had already been told by ithat
## shack won t mind he killed hundreds of guys in laos such an off
## hand remark could not have constituted agencyapproval especially for
## something not in the agency s power to grant and even if taken as
## authoritative was now effectively countermanded by almy s refusal but
## the special forces officers now decided to act without advising almy
## they took the agent out to sea in a small boat that night shot him to
## death and dumped the body overboard d
## back from hong kong shackley finally saw the original i i
## query and cabled nha trang that eliminating the agent was out of the
## question he ordered nha trang to get special forces assurance that the
## agent was safe and when this was not forthcoming took the matter to
## ambassador bunker and general abrams a sergeant who participated
## in the murder sooil volunteered a confession and the case became public
## in august counsel for the accused launched an early example of the
## cia defense demanding voluminous but unspecified agency corre
## spondcncc and testimony from various agency officials as richard
## helms later recalled it the nixon white house appeared to support army
## efforts under secretary stanley resor to establish agency complicity
## these failed as the station had done no more than unintentionally if
## clumsily fail promptly to make its position clear the cases against the
## defendants were eventually dismissed and the episode left a residue of
## public suspicion of the agency at a time rowing opposition to the
## vietnam war and to the agency s role in it u
##
##
## other pmhlemsd
##
## meanwhile almost two years after nguyen van thieu s election to
## the presidency ambassador ellsworth bunker and the station had not yet
## abandoned their joint effort to talk him into a serious political mobilization
##
## tile quotation is from almy interview december ahny remembered being called to
## saigon witill ilcn the alleged statement about shackley became known the cos de
## ilwndl d iti know if illl as true and his facc the color of arclunent denied it the fli
## dlusioll to lao if made ii
## i f ihe limong tn c s irregu lu r i ai f lre lg ain sl tl le n o rt h v ie lj la n le se r
## blond niosi pp i lhd
## corn ltlond ghost pi h richard helms telephone interview by the author washing
## ton dc i licccmbcr d
##
## c
##
##
## campaign the americans had indeed won vietnamese acquiescence to a
## vastly intensified pacification program and the military and police
## resources devoted to this were making serious inroads on the communist
## organization in the countryside but the final american push for political
## organizing at the national level met the same fate as all its predecessors
## and it died in thereafter the station s political program was con
## fined to participation in bunker s perennial effort notably in the presiden
## tial election of to support and energize thieu while pushing for
## cosmetic refinements in gvn institutionsd
## but in mid the political struggle still looked worth an effort
## unfortunately for american purposes the obstacles to getting president
## thieu s acceptance of the us political prescription were compounded by
## two irritants that threatened embassy and station rapport with their senior
## government contacts the first was thieu s hostility to lower house dep
## uty tran ngoc chau chau had once been the darling of the station offic
## ers who devised the agency s pacification programs after the fall of ngo
## dinh diem as chief of the delta province of kien hoa chau originated
## one such program the so called census grievance apparatus which elic
## ited intelligence on local communists while giving villagers a theoreti
## cally privileged channel for complaints about gvn performancesd
## chau also allowed the station to use kien hoa as a testing ground
## for the counter terror teams later called provincial reconnaissance
## units that tried to make life as insecure for communist officials as it was
## for saigon s representatives in the countryside when the station needed
## a new vietnamese commander for its training center at vung tau in late
## it persuaded the government to let chau leave kien hoa to take
## the job the assignment failed chau brought in weak assistants and
## his egocentrism alienated his vietnamese superiors and he left the
## army after less than a year at vung tau to go into politics d
## elected to the national assembly s lower house chau called for an
## accommodation with non communist elements in the nlf in early
## he asked for cia support of his constituency building the station begged
## off seeing chau s program as too extreme and his faction as a potential
## competitor to the lien minh but chau seems to have traded on his cia
## contacts anyway to give the impression of agency backing when in june
## thieu had had enough of this gadfly he took chau s insinuations of
## an agency connection seriously enough to check with the station before
## proceeding against him concerned to allay thieu s perennial suspicions
## shackley assured the chief of the police special branch that he had no
##
## i ipassim the author set up the station pacification programs in the northern tier of
## fcllaq vines in and early and worked with chau during this periodd
## ljid·u
##
##
## secl d
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## interest in chau and no objection to legal action against him it was the
## state department worried about us press reaction to a prosecution that
## urged bunker to intercede with thieu on chau s behalf d
## the charge was unauthorized contact with the north in the person
## of chau s brother tran ngoc bien chau had first told the station of a
## communist connection in late when he said some high ranking
## people from hanoi had contacted him chau wanted a meeting with
## ambassador maxwell taylor to explain requirements for victory but
## this seems not to have taken place about a year later chau again men
## tioned communist contacts but still did not identify them donohue and
## jorgensen agonized over this development for chau refused to include
## the saigon government in any exploitation of this opening on this occa
## sion jorgensen decided that unilateral exploration of such an anonymous
## channel posed an unacceptable risk to chau s viability in the cadre pro
## grams accordingly he let the matter dropso
## in chau finally identified hien as his communist visitor after
## the station confronted him with information from other sources eager at
## that time to forge unofficial channels to the communists the station
## wanted to meet bien directly but chau refused to arrange it
##
##
## jithieu then launched his tor
##
## tuous effort to prosecute chau beginning with a legally dubious device
## to lift his parliamentary immunity and ending with conviction by a mili
## tary court and a year sentence in early
## despite the station s disavowal of chau his protection by a senior
## us adviser john paul vann and subsequent us appeals for clemency
## probably confirmed thieu in his suspicion of chau as a cia agent but
## chan constituted at this point the lesser of the two current irritants in
## station relations with the vietnamese leadership the more troublesome
## because it embarrassed president thieu involved an agent of hanoi in
## doc lap palace by early a joint operation of the station and
## police special branch had identified huynh van trang an intelligence
##
##
## fvsa iii february undated untitled draft memorandum fvsw febru
## my iljrih saigoll june stale department inr intelligence note june
## saigon ii july hackley interview june ·
## saki november idonohue interview january n
## i saigoll h december and passim i i chau made his revation to the
## author who remembers the claim of communist contacts hut not the request for a meeting with
## taylor shackley later claimed ihat when he disavowed chau the palace he was unaware of the
## j ellort to get chau introduce hien to the station sec shackley interview june
## hilt ill december ihe station cabled a review of the case that mentions this it is not known
## how long before this the hien episode had come to light see saigon
##
##
## ser
##
## t
##
## c
##
##
## aide to thieu as a probable communist agent ai isup
## ported the reporting agent s bona tides and when trang s handler was
## captured his confession confirmed the police reporting in july the sta
## tion began pressing thieu s military assistant general quang to have
## trong arrested thieu eager to avoid embarrassment had wanted the
## matter handled quietly but acceded to american urging and trong was
## picked up on july
## the arrest generated intense press criticism of palace security and
## thieu reacted with angry defensiveness blaming his police chief and the
## station for forcing his hand the station urged national police chief
## colonel hai and general quang to explain to thieu that president
## nixon s impending visit made it unavoidable the secret service had to
## be informed and it would never permit nixon to enter the palace with
## trang still at liberty lid
## meanwhile as it tried to mollify thieu the station acquired new
## insights into the communist use of influence agents from the interroga
## tion of trong s case officer disappointed at trang s limited access to
## thicu the agent s superiors had begun feeding him analyses on such
## things as the peace talks and the economic and financial situation in
## south vietnam these were all calculatedly pessimistic and trong was to
## offer them when thieu looked depressed according to trong s handler
## hanoi hoped that they would help discourage thieu to the point that he
## saw no alternative to negotiations with the nlfd
## the station s palace liaison survived both the trong affair and
## thieu s suspicion of agency collusion with tran ngoc chau the atmo
## sphere permitted ralph katrosh to make one more plea for a more pro
## fessional vietnamese intelligence effort before he left saigon in
## september in the latest of a series of cia representations dating
## back to katrosh praised nguyen khac binh the able and coopera
## tive new chief of the central intelligence organization and urged thieu
## to provide the high quality people needed to help binh raise professional
## standards thieu said he would do what he could but apparently did
## nothing he had earlier given katrosh the impression that he cared as lit
## tle for the cio a us sponsored creation of the early s as he did for
## american style political organization d
##
## iofysa january saigon july saigon august
## saigon embtel july i
## saigon saigon saigon airgram a july l
## saigon whether the prescribed diet of bad news improved trong s access to thieu is not
## rccorded·d
## fysa september ikatrosh interview may
##
## se
## a
##
## i
## c
##
##
##
##
## nllun khat b nh hi of i courai tf liigf nct urxani tltiofl
## ti t natimllll lml rmgatitm center headqua rters c
## rllo fj co rlrj df jmrph in
##
##
##
## but desp ite the frequent necessity for katro sh raise uncong enia l
## subjec ts president th ien seemed genuinely to value their relation ship
## making the rare ges ture upon katrosh s departure of aw ard ing him the
## fifth class national order medal katrosh later recalled having adopted
## a practice of delivering his messages in the most direct possible way
## i lcrc is what iwashington and dunker want and this is why they wan t
## ir and lhou hi eu had found lhis hel l
##
##
##
##
## kalrmh inl·i t k w ma katrosh recalled that the medal earned with it the right of burial
## ihe io iiicilc iir the ivn l
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## the final push for political mobilization d
## on november president nixon delivered a vigorous speech
## reaffirming us support for the anti communist cause in vietnam three
## weeks later the dci s principal vietnam adviser george carver talked
## with thieu in saigon and gained the impression that the president hon
## estly believes the us is going to stand firm behind him and the com
## munists are going to run out of steam perhaps this belief justified in
## thieu s mind his continuing indifference to the political mobilization
## that bunker and the station had so long urged upon him the station
## saw no substantive accomplishment or organizational momentum in the
## nsdf and was ready to see thieu abandon it d
## whatever the fate of the nsdf there remained the need to find a
## successful political mobilization technique but the station cautioned
## against optimism about enlisting thieu s cooperation his contempt for
## the westernized politicians in saigon and in carver s phrase the alien
## institutional toys they call political parties meant that political mobiliza
## tion would remain at best his fourth priority vietnamization of the mili
## tary effort pacification and the economy all would take precedence
## furthermore thieu continued to insist that the south vietnamese were
## not interested in political doctrine but simply wanted to lead better
## and more prosperous lives without being afraid in these circumstances
## the station doubted it could find any formula capable of winning thieu s
## unreserved support
## the state department drew the obvious conclusion and told bun
## ker in agency channels that the lack of results had made washington
## skeptical about the merits of continued support of the nsdf shackley
## had already told headquarters of his intention to review with ambassa
## dor bunker the entire issue of covert political support of the gvn at
## their meeting on december the cos identified several other potential
## recipients of us support if the nsdf failed including the durable labor
##
##
## saigon november
## saigon november and saigon november
## i las had been true since the mid ss cia thinking ablou t m as s p ol itic·al o rg aj·li
## zation ill vietnam focused here almost exclusively on organizational mechanics with litlle atten
## tionlo political issues or principlesd
##
##
##
## seot
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## leader tran quoc buu and the perennially dissident an quang buddhists
## bunker endorsed these ideas and the station reported that he would
## raise with president thieu appropriate portions of its memorandum on
##
## the subjecl
## shackley s report provoked a tense cable from cfe william nelson
## accusing the station of getting out ahead of headquarters and the nsc on
## support for south vietnamese political mobilization shackley s rejoin
## der reminded headquarters that he had given advance notice of the
## intended review with no reaction from washington regarding the sub
## stance of the complaint the cos assured nelson that both he and bun
## ker understood the need before doing anything else to get thieu s
## reaction to washington s expressed disappointment with a languishing
## nsdf nelson s reaction is not known but washington deliberated for
## three months before the nsc approved in mid march for
## continued funding of thieu s political mobilization efforts d
## bunker and the station continued trying to get president thieu to
## take these efforts seriously but shackley did not serve as bunker s
## intermediary as katrosh had and the station increasingly emphasized
## indirect approaches to thieu in doing so it encountered not only the
## customary vietnamese resistance to american political principles but
## also growing suspicion of us purposes this was true even of people
## the station was trying to exploit as agents of influence general khiem
## for example had been a cooperative station contact as concurrent inte
## rior minister and deputy prime minister for pacification and the sta
## tion thought him a distinct improvement as prime minister over his
## predecessor but as urban discontent led by students and army veterans
## festered in the spring of he told thieu he agreed that the united
## states was supporting the disturbances in order to bring down the
## saigon regime arrange a coalition government and end the war od
## at the end of april president nixon ordered us troops into cam
## bodia in search of enemy logistic and command installations in early
## may he launched the first major bombing raids on the north since
##
## saigon dircclor december and saigon decemher i
## i isaigon refers to the station s memorandum to bunker sent
## to head uartcrs as fvsa which has not been foundd
## saigon december i
## mc jthis correspondence particularly the washington end appears to overlook
## ihicu s well known reservations about what had always heen an american initiative washington
## and the us mission in saigon presumably discussed the matter further before march but the
## correspondence has not been fonndd
## undated i iii passim saigon april
## iso said that khiem had a reputation for
## deviousness and cunning and seems to have been motivated throughout his career primarily by
## opportunislll· d
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
## october the cambodian incursion especially provoked massive
## protests in the united states and national guard soldiers killed six stu
## dents at kent state university and jackson state college intensified us
## operations might have been expected to bolster south vietnamese
## morale even if they alienated domestic american opinion any such
## effect was transient for president nixon followed the june withdrawal
## of us troops from cambodia with a resumption of the american force
## reduction in south vietnam d
## in this atmosphere shackley tried to awaken thieu to the danger of a
## disaffected south vietnamese public on may the station drafted a pro
## gram calculated to defuse some of the more troublesome irritants between
## governors and governed in bunker s absence acting ambassador berger
## told shackley he concurred but judged the program too provocative to
## broach directly with president thieu prime minister khiem seemed a
## potentially more receptive audience but even here berger thought it better
## to package the message as an intelligence appraisal to be delivered by the
## cos rather than to go himself with an overt political demarche khiem
## received shackley the same day may and after listening to the cia pro
## posal agreed to develop the terms of a political position on the current con
## stitutional crisis he would submit this to thieu if it appeared likely to win
## substantial public support
## for shackley the outcome demonstrated khiem s unwillingness to
## move boldly in raising any issues with thieu for although khiem
## seemed clearly to share the mission s view of the crisis he would take
## political soundings with thieu but no more in short where we were
## looking for decisiveness and rapidity of action we have every reason to
## believe we will get nothing more than oriental time consuming dissem
## bling the station saw no evidence that the communists had fomented
## the unrest which despite its fragmentation threatened saigon s authority
## only thieu can save thien shackley wrote and only ambassador
## bunker and president nixon could reach him with sufficient force to
## stand a chance of getting him to regain lost credibility through essential
## reforms the cos wanted a letter from nixon to thieu followed by an
## urgent appeal from bunker that thieu move decisively to deal with cor
## ruption police misconduct and his own government s defiance of
## supreme court rulingsno
##
##
##
## herring america s longest war tjj vietnam chronology pp
## saigon d may c i
## lhid saigon may and saigon i may
## othis correspondence does not acknowledge that reform might have posed a threat to thieu
## from the generals whose corruption he would have had to ehallcnged
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## the standoff between the regime and its non communist urban con
## stituency now resembled that of the last months of the diem regime try
## ing to work out a reconciliation formula the station created a page
## prescription for headquarters benefit that implicitly recognized thieu s
## dilemma he had to quell popular disturbances while trying to persuade
## the politically alienated of his reformist purposes but did not specify
## how he was simultaneously to put down these disorders and soften the
## public perception of police brutality it concentrated instead on the proto
## col of proposed government contacts with dissident an quang buddhists
## and on the content of suggested public addresses by prime minister
## khiern the station also proposed major new programs of political mobi
## lization land reform and economic improvements here as with the
## problem of police action against public disorder the means of implemen
## tation got little attention the problem of attracting capable and dedicated
## people to staff such new programs for example drew only the facile
## observation that there were many good men lying fallow d
##
##
## declining interest in political modernizationd
##
## this omission may have reflected a degree of indifference to
## what station management saw as just one more well intentioned initia
## tive by george carver to impose western forms on south vietnamese
## politics allhough the very dimensions of the station s may pre
## scription and the effort to get thieu s attention to its main provisions
## imply some sense of urgency lazarsky later remembered the affair as
## a routine matter given a dutiful station response as the dcos later
## recalled his own reaction he had equated thieu s position with that of
## indonesia s general suharto each had control of his armed forces and
## that was the only power base either one required
## the station s attitude toward the dissident buddhists reflected a
## similar ambivalence management had little interest in them lazarsky
## using a term he said he borrowed from burma s general ne win called
## them the asian unemployed but the station did resume the effort
## suspended after the rebellion in central vietnam to involve them
##
## snigou with respect to good mcn lying fallow throughout the agency s involvement in
## vietnam its management in saigon at least implicitly assumed that enough competent and rnoti
## vntcrl people were available to staff essential programs if only the gvn devoted enough energy
## recruiting thcmd
## i uzarsky interview june tcd shackley interviewed in did notl ccalltheepisoded
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
## in the political rocess in the station s longtime channel to the
## buddhists urged several prominent monks to run for
## the senate allthem was vu van mau once ngo dinh diem s for
## eign minister u
## aiming to reduce the monks dependence on dissident veterans and
## students i ibacked up his encouragement with modest financial
## support most of them won and for a time after the august elections
## urban rioting stopped while they tried to work within the system at the
## tactical level this effort produced better results than the mission s larger
## program of support to political mobilization by the thieu government
## the nsdf despite renewed us funding in march did not even sponsor a
## senatorial ticket and the candidates of three of its constituent parties all
## iostd
## american interest in mass political mobilization largely subsided
## after the senatorial elections as the us mission in saigon turned
## its attention to the presidential contest scheduled for october as
## of late vice president ky seemed unlikely to run and us officials
## already worried about the effect on thieu s political legitimacy if he ran
## unopposed ambassador bunker proposed to forestall this outcome by
## persuading ex chief of state and buddhist ally duong van big minh
## to seek the office d
## bunker anticipated some difficulty with the moody former general
##
##
##
##
## it was not that the us wanted minh to unseat thieu minh s devo
## tion to the war effurt looked doubtful and a question of unauthorized
## contacts with the north through a brother in hanoi had not been resolved
##
## laznrsky interview june
## cnterview june williams e election process pp six often olher
## ciildioiiies supported by the station at an average of each also won srel i
## i illld saigon september station had always
## found the buddhists goals obscure at best and their political detachment unattractive lazarsky de
## scribed the leadership in terms borrowed from madame nhu s notorious allnsions to buddhist bar
## bcqucs conveying the same bemused contempt expressed by former coss william colby and peer
## de silva vu van mau served for about hours as the last prime minister of south vietnallld
## saigon november j i
## i
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## iminh s ability was equally suspect i ia
## vietnamese colleague and station agent who once described him affec
## tionately as having the body of an elephant and the brain of a mouse
## but he would have been a credible candidate likely with an quang bud
## dhist support to have won percent to percent of the vote °d
## despite minh s reluctance a thieu victory was not to be taken for
## granted and in january ambassador bunker wanted action to
## ensure it the station also wanted a solid foot in the opposition camp
## against the possibility however remote of a thieu defeat and it wanted
## ten more responsive people in the lower house where its ten existing
## agents were already able to stimulate or block legislation for these tasks
## and to support pro thieu lower house candidates the station wanted
## and presumably got the record is incomplete as elections
## approached the station redefined in effect its longtime goal of vietnam
## ese political mobilization this now meant simply generating votes for
## nguyen van thien shackley approached general quang in one phase of
## a station effort to get thieu to press the catholics to unite behind him
## ami to court the chinese minority and the tribal highlanders thieu appar
## ently took some of quang s advice as the cos asserted in april that
## moves taken by thieu after such colloquies with quang demonstrated
## the efficacy of this channel d
##
## varying perceptions of vietnamizationd
##
## as the paris negotiations dragged on us ground forces continued
## their withdrawal in pursuit of the nixon administration s policy of viet
## numization in february saigon and the us tested arvn s self
## sufficiency on the ground with a major incursion supporled by ameri
## can airpower into south laos arvn casualties were heavy and the
## results disappointing in the aftermath of the operation called lamson
## ddp thomas karamessines assigned the station the delicate task of
## reporting on resulting arvn morale problems without unnecessarily jar
## ring ambassadorial or macv sensitivities shackley replied that bunker
##
##
##
##
## shackley interview inne saigon groth interview july
## februnry i
## · fvst i novcmbcr and saigon january
## i vsa i ii april j i
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## i
## c
##
## jm pt h la af lky and ls
## gen thmg m qwlng
## president thien s s l caf
## a u hw ii for militurv und
## security affairs u t hllry
## lj
##
##
##
##
## piwio nt of
## josrplt iawln
##
##
## and abrams both expected the unvamishcd truth from him and that he
## wo uld stoicully absorb my irritation on their pan that his reporting
## might provoke d
## in fact as station man agement saw it arvn had come o ut smell
## ing like a half decent rose desp ite the casualties and limited gain s
## when dcos joe lazarsk y left vietnam som e week s later he shared
## what he later recalled as general abra ms s optimism about saigon s
## pro spects of s urvival in mr by co ntras t roi c do n gregg thought
## that the nea rly co mplete withdrawal of us forces had len a vac uum in
## mid · j which arvn had yet fill in some places the co mmunists
## were busy filling that vac uum which gre gg thou ght reflect ed president
## th ien s reluctance in an electio n yea r to take the ca sualties that a more
## aggressive stulice would incur even pacification asse ts like pru and the
## poli ce s pecial bran ch had sagged badly in june and arvn in mr
## was esse ntially passive its morale a question mark no
## as was chronically the ca se in oic cia estab lishment in vietnam
## the intuiti ve j udgments of working level statioll officers tended to the
## most pessi mistic vietn amese linguist i had co me to i
## kno w a pa ir o f arvn par atroopers in lind ihey looked him up
##
##
## · ali ke tile fila years pp director march and sa igo n
## m lrch
## u l ltlu ky inlcr li c mem orandu m m r mourht y report for june july
## w i·· m c
## peepnred hy donald p gregg who provided a sanitize d ancldec lass ified c opyd
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## whenever their battalion was in the saigon area their unit was commit
## ted to lamson and several months after the arvn withdrawal one
## of the two appeared at i door his gung ho paratrooper spirit
## had vanished so had his buddy and most of the unit when they were
## overrun in laos i gathered that the morale of the other survi
## vors had been similarly shattered and he later remembered thinking that
## if this is what a member of an elite unit looked and felt like the rest of
## arvn must be in a hell of a fix d
##
##
## the presidential electiond
##
## subjective questions like military morale were in any case not to
## be definitively answered with presidential elections scheduled for
## october gvn and us attention gravitated to the political sphere as sta
## tion officers like gregg and i iworried about arvn resolve
## thieu and ky began trying to use the agency to advance their respective
## candidacies in early july thieu s press secretary hoang due nha
## sought shackley s endorsement of a south vietnamese election informa
## tion office in washington failing in this the cos referred him to the
## state department nha asked shackley to arrange washington briefings
## for him on us antiwar groups and on government monitoring of terrorist
## organizations like the weathermen bunker declined to get involved
## while headquarters opposed the information office idea and rejected the
## briefing request d
## on july thieu announced his candidacy and big minh ful
## filled ambassador bunker s hopes whcn hc followed suit two days later
## vice president ky declared on august hut the supreme court rejected
## his filing the next day citing his failure to meet the terms of the election
## law which thieu had formulated with ky in mind minh then began
## threatening to withdraw this would have reintroduced the prospect of an
## unopposed election and on august ambassador bunker visited minh
## to persuade him to stay in thc race
##
##
##
##
## ithe
## b a rr dl yll l o n e other
## lt w x t crla y m ij nttl tct cc l rl lc t wittlctdij·ac wc rf l·h ce ptto y w e ntt
## ·
##
##
##
##
## i
## note to the author november
## saigon j july andli l
##
##
##
##
## c t
##
##
## respect the press got hold of the bunker approach presumably from
## someone in minh s entourage and one story included the probably ficti
## tious claim that the offer specified a campaign fund of million d
## the supreme court reversed itself on august reinstating ky
## but he withdrew on august leaving thieu as the sale candidate this
## did not mean that ky was resigned to a thieu victory as he now tried to
## use the agency to generate us pressure for electoral reforms he began
## by smuggling aide dang due khoi to phnom penh whence khoi flew to
## washington in early september and appealed to an old agency contact
## to put him in touch with national security adviser henry kissinger
## dci helms informed kissinger of this overture summarizing ky s
## appeal to force thieu to conduct fair elections but the american com
## mitment to a thieu victory overshadowed concerns about electoral fair
## play khoi did see deputy assistant secretary william sullivan but ky
## got no satisfaction d
## while helms in washington was conveying ky s message to kiss
## inger cos shackley and prime minister khiem were trying to influence
## each other s principals in saigon on september shackley urged that
## thieu be induced to allow opposition at least to the extent of specifying
## the mechanics of casting a negative vote khiem conveyed this to thieu
## and two days later noted in the same context that the president had not
## yet specified how many votes would constitute avictory in this singleton
## election he thought bunker should pin thieu down on this matter and
## more basically should try to avoid the embarrassment of a one man elec
## tion by persuading minh and ky to reactivate their candidacies shack
## ley met the prime minister several more times before the election once
## when bunker could not get in to see thieu and khicm again urged
## ambassadorial pressure as the cos later recalled it bunker did keep
## trying to prevent an unopposed election but in vain d
## president thieu won percent of the votes cast on october
## nearly percent of registered voters cast ballots five days later the viet
## cong released an american prisoner sgt john sexton in cambodia
##
## the new york lmes
## s o re c
## l·j ul y i a u c ns t a n g us t r le
## al th e
## d nker offer but shackley
## b u
## said in that he believed his own research after the press allegations determined that there had
## been none scc jinterview june and shackley interview june ij
## vietnam chronology p the new york times august u william e nelson
## memorandum for director of central intelligence comments of dang due klloi un current
## views of vice president ky ember ithe new
## york times september u
## saigon sc tember sai on september saigon september
## and passim theodore shackley interview by the author
## sumner md july
##
## s
## ws ·
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## this had been preceded in august by a letter apparently authorized by
## tran bach dang the conununist principal in the dormant nlf operation
## which proposed new prisoner exchanges but no channel for a reply had
## yet been set up when sexton emerged from the jungle and the two devel
## opments might have been unrelated sexton brought messages containing
## instructions for contact with his captors and on october the commu
## nists used the embassy telephone number sent to them with a north viet
## namese lieutenant released in reciprocity for sexton the caller claimed
## to represent tran bach dang and offered to release captured foreign ser
## vice officer douglas ramsey for two high ranking communists
## informed of the proposal president thieu agreed to further communica
## tion in this channel but postponed any commitment on prisoner
## exchanges until after his inauguration no formula acceptable to thieu
## the united states and the communists ever emerged and the dialog pro
## duced no further exchanges j d
##
## the wal is not over and we have not wond
##
## with president thieu installed for another four year term ambas
## sador bunker moved to reduce the station s involvement at the top in
## january with deputy ambassador berger and macv commander
## general weyand both seeing prime minister khiem bunker asked
## shackley to withdraw the cos later recalled this as a logical decision
## at a time when the paris talks and vietnamization were high on the
## agenda and an informal cia interlocutor with khiem risked undercutting
## the designated contacts but khiem occasionally asked to see him any
## way and one such meeting took place on january od
## the main order of business was communist intentions for the tel
## holiday but khiem also made the first recorded reference to thieu s pro
## posed democracy party describing it in terms that made it sound like a
## replica of ngo dinh nhu s can lao labor party entirely unlike the
## american notion of mass based political parties it would be a semi secret
## cadre organization based on the army and the bureaucracy providing
## thieu with an unofficial instrument for controlling the governmental
##
##
##
##
## · viclnaill chronology p isummary fnterview
## angmi·
## ·oiind memorandum tenth conversation between prime minister khiem and cas station
## chief january f aigon january
## isimckey interview june
##
##
## secl ff
##
##
## c
##
## apparatus in this context khiem remarked that anyone working with
## thieu did so strictly on the president s terms imposing no conditions and
## without expecting any security of tenure d
## but all this came as an aside the immediate question concerned
## the timing and scale of new communist military initiatives khiem and
## shackley agreed that the north probably intended a major assault
## khiem expected hanoi to try to destroy rural pacification and overrun
## arvn strong points in order to embarrass president nixon during his
## visit to beijing planned for february shackley conveyed this to head
## quarters saying that the series of high points foreseen in station projec
## tions as recently as december now looked like plans for a general
## offensive
## this foreboding climate prevailed when thomas polgar arrived to
## replace ted shackley in late january born and raised in hungary
## polgar like his predecessor had a native command of an east european
## language and fluent german as well five years older than shackley he
## had been with the agency since its creation in polgar had wide
## experience in europe i he i
## was seeing east asia for the first time
## polgar remembered that when he learned of the saigon appoint
## ment he pointed out to dci helms an old friend as well as colleague
## that he had no background in asian operations no matter helms
## responded polgar would have four permanent items on his saigon
## agenda none of them operational first was his relationship with the
## embassy after that in no particular order came macv the media and
## congressional visitors polgar left washington with this mandate and
## with the prognosis offered by defense secretary melvin laird during a
## ceremonial call at the pentagon the us role in vietnam was like that in
## divided germany and korea and americans would be there for
## years ·d
## despite omens of a major communist offensive shackley departed
## vietnam optimistic about its prospects military operations into laos and
## cambodia in had bought time rice production was up and the
##
## mcmoraudum tenth conversation william colby wrote that once returning from a rural in
## spcction trip with thieu thc president remarked that diem had run the country quite well see
## colby lost victory p he had also told colby in september that he could easily
## create a political party but that when diem had done so it proved to be only a facade and a basis
## for corruption and improper influence see saigon september i
## i tenth conversation saigon january
## i memorandum
## i i
## olgai official personnel filed
## thomas polgar interview by the author maitland fl july
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## i
## c
##
##
##
##
## tm shackl g creighton abrunu and l ho nlij polgar january
## pltofo nn of nu
##
## economy was boom ing th e curve was rising in his view despite ubiqu i
## tous official corruption which in his view was a real problem but one
## greatly exa ggerated by rumor polgar largely acce pted this evaluation as
## he took co mmand of the saigon station lo him as to most if not all his
## predeces sors the situatio n seemed so well defined as to obviate the need
## for close analysis within days of his arrival he was ass uri ng national
## police commissioner dinh that the war in vietnam wou ld eve ntually be
## woil not by military actio n but by the acq uisition of intellige nce fol
## lowed by police action
## tie dc s mandate the new cos said noth ing about station
## dea lings with the sa igon gove rnment and ambassador bunk er as we
## ha ve see n had curtailed the c ia role after the presidential elections
##
## shackley imerview b june pul ga interview july philip potter m emoran
## dum the record mt illg wuh neuonat t olice commissioner n u eon khac binh nd bui
## with reference in the text tc the date olhe meetmg ill pebru ary
## ie economic pwune also illdudc j the lugh inflation ihal had o ocdth u tp ocv ou
## j
## k tt· tu· devalue the piutet and raise interest ritte£see viet nam chronology p with
## i c ard iii conupuun shac kley s id tha t he had vigorously tnvesugeted hili palace conner general
## jumg now rio us to r ltllcgcj corruption bui had bee n una ble co nfirm a ny speci fic insta nce of it
## r shackley inte rview june jljd
##
##
##
## dcl
##
##
## c
## t
##
## nevertheless polgar soon found himself heavily involved tran thien
## khiem prime minister since august had told shackley that he
## would not resume his informal cia relationship with the new cos but
## he soon reversed himself and polgar reported on march that he and
## khiem had agreed to continue the dialog indeed khiem took the occa
## sion of this inaugural meeting to ensure that polgar understood the presi
## dent s style thieu had a most suspicious nature he said adding that he
## thought bunker had more influence over thieu than anyone else and pre
## dieting that this would not transfer to the ambassador s successor d
## polgar inherited from shackley warm relations with both ambassa
## dor bunker and macv commander gen creighton abrams the general
## had taken the trouble to attend shackly s leavetaking at tan son nhut
## but the prevailing cordiality did not imply the absence of tension or dis
## agreement abrams particularly disliked overt contacts between the sta
## tion and senior arvn commanders and any reporting even implicitly
## critical of macv s advisory and training performance with arvn but
## he and polgar established a personal as well as professional relationship
## based on mutual friends and a shared taste for classical music n
## the media and congressional visitors did not intrude mu chduring
## polgar s first weeks when the us mission worried mainly about a com
## munist offensive during the january tet holidays or during president
## nixon s visit to china during the last week of february but these events
## passed with no major initiative from hanoi meanwhile us troop
## strength on the ground in vietnam dipped below then on
## march north vietnamese army units including armor and heavy artil
## lery entered the demilitarized zone to launch what became known as the
## easter offensive as polgar recalled it macv j had predicted the time
## and place of the dmz assault in one of the most prescient cables i have
## ever seen the station s agent sources who in late had already
## warned of communist strategic intentions were less precise at the tacti
## cal level they had correctly foreseen attacks in the central highlands
## but apparently had lacked access to preparations above the dmzsd
## on april tom polgar sounded for the first time the note that
## henceforth dominated his perspective on south vietnam s future
## namely its indefinite dependence on us support the illusion that the
## war is over and we have won is shattered he expected arvn to hold
## out despite heavy losses but american support in the air and in military
##
## saigon saigon march iblind mem
## orandum meeting between new vietnam statloucliief ud primc minister tran thien khiem
## march iin fact bunker stayed another year and a halfd
## i olgar interview july
## vietnam chronology p u polgar interview july
##
##
##
##
## l
##
## i
## c
##
##
##
##
## figure
## principal targets of the easter offensive
##
##
##
##
## international boundary
##
## national capital
## district town overrun
## by vcnva
## o district town under
## enemy pressure
##
## major enemy thrust
##
## o
## kilometer
## mil
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
## and civilian advisory capacities remain sic essential for survival of a
## non communist vietnam as long as soviets and china continue support
## to north vietnam d
## with the easter offensive still gaining momentum an apocalyptic
## cable from his bien hoa base forced polgar s attention to corruption in
## the government the message described the corrosive effects of the vc
## shadow supply system in which saigon s officials accommodated for a
## price communist needs for local stocks of food medicine and other
## supplies the arvn commander of military region mr seemed to
## take it for granted that communist combat units infiltrating his area
## would be locally supplied and the base chief saw an urgent need for a
## rigorous resource control system without it he thought there would be
## sustained main unit fighting in mr inside of one year polgar said he
## intended to take up the matter with the mission council but years later
## did not recall what action if any the council recommended or under
## took d
## whatever the overall effect of corruption or of the absence of
## resource controls new evidence of institutional malaise in the intelli
## gence ancl security organs had surfaced two weeks earlier in a late march
## meeting with col nguyen khac binh chief of the cio and concurrently
## national police commander he deplored both the malign influence of the
## french trained old guard and president thieu s refusal to detail from
## arvn the high quality middle grade officers he needed to improve
## police effectiveness including that of special branch the station s intel
## ligence liaison the station responded with the lame hope that attrition
## would take care of the old guard and to a discouraged intimation that
## binh wanted to resign it could only suggest that ular rotation of
## police commanders would probably be a good thing l u
##
##
##
## · saigon april ia defense department
## task force dispatched after the ollenslve to evaluatc its effects came up with a more comprehensive
## critique coutinucd social injustice open political chicanery and economic dependence on the
## united slates would ultimately give the people little to fight for against an onent whose deter
## mination appeared unshaken sec clarke the final years
## saigon polgar in
## terview jii y n retrospect olgar saw official corruption as having had little effect on
## the fate of the gvn he thought of it as something endemic in third world countries including
## members of the communist bloc the term military region was adopted in july to replace
## the word corps designate ihe basic areas of arvn territorial responsibility what had been
## called the capital military district hecamc mr
## jivsa april i
##
##
##
## hi
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## o
## conflicting assessments of the easter offelsived
##
## as with the tet offensive the reactions of us observers to
## the easter offensive sharply diverged regular units of the north
## vietnamese army were besieging an loe north of saigon when cos
## polgar reported himself perplexed by the overoptimistic position
## taken by ambassador bunker who seemed to have adopted general
## abrams s position that this is the final offensive s the enemy has noth
## ing left after a bow to their collective experience and expertise polgar
## said that intelligence didn t support them that the communists could
## repeat the current offensive assuming only continued soviet support and
## the use of laotian and cambodian territory polgar said he was even pre
## pared to accept that saigon s forces might be doing better than had a half
## million us troops a few years before but insisted that the vietnamese
## depended utterly on american combat air supportsd
## whatever abrams thought about communist capabilities he also
## had his reservations about arvn leadership on april he complained
## to polgar about the lethargy of arvn s reporting system and the result
## ing tendency of the generals around thieu to second guess the field com
## manders on the basis of outdated information abrams clearly believed
## that president thieu s contribution to some recent tactical decisions did
## not represent the epitome of wisdom in an unusual move the general
## asked if the station could insinuate to the palace that thieu ought to
## rely more on briefings by his field commanders despite the implied trib
## ute to the station s influence polgar noted that only abrams himself and
## the ambassador were situated to have any impact on thisyd
## polgar continued to call the military situation as he saw it and in
## early may showed bunker an assessment that included a devastating
## critique of arvn commanders many owed their positions to their
## demonstrated loyally to thien and many of these were incompetent
## the leadership had failed catastrophically to prepare for the attacks in
## mr which included the central highlands despite intelligence that
## predicted to the day when the attack there would comesd
## bunker forbade the dissemination of this report even though
## abrams had just said essentially the same things to thieu headquarters
## worried that station candor might create friction with the ambassador or
## macv but polgar wrote back that bunker genuinely appreciated it his
## reassuring words did not mention abrams and polgar shortly afterward
##
## aigon nl april
## i i
## saigon
## snigonh mnyi li
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
## complained that macv s realism seemed to be confined to the back
## channel abrams and general weyand understood the problem but pub
## lished macv material is consistently overoptimistic and seldom if
## ever critical of arvn ll d
## i isome insights into the functioning of the arvn
## command under the latest communist onslaught mr commander gen
## ngo dzu simply panicked and fled from corps headquarters at pleiku to
## coastal nha trang leaving the de facto leadership of arvn forces in the
## interior to mr senior adviser john paul vann arvn leadership in mr
## i also cracked i i
## i irefused to return to pleiku ithieu
## was considering replacing him with a known incompetent named phan
## trang chinh acting on an ostensibly spontaneous impulse bunker sent
## thieu a list of candidates on which chinh s name did not appear thieu
## picked one that did that of gen nguyen van toan toan had recently
## been relieved as nd division commander on charges of corruption and
## was at the moment defending himself against charges of illicit relations
## with prepubescent girls but he had something the situation required
## namely a reputation as a enuine combat leader
## illuminated thieu s own functioning
## under pressure and gained the impression that military
## reverses had loosened his connection with reality one of them remem
## bered a surrealistic performance during the crisis in which thieu ago
## nized with lover the minutest details his appearance
## at the celebration of a national holiday d
## nevertheless by late june polgar saw some basis for renewed opti
## mism us intelligence suggested that airstrikes on rear area north viet
## namcse units had blunted hanoi s fighting instruments arvn had rallied
## from its april funk and saigon s control had not diminished except for
## the areas physically occupied by invading forces this confirmed for
## polgar that the population had come to be content to live with the thieu
## regime polgar believed as thieu did and diem before him that who
## ever controls the machinery of government can be sure of having ade
## quate even if passive acceptance by the population this argument
## ignored the ineluctable pressure on the rural population to take sides but
##
## sai on ma also saigon may
## on may saigon may
## ihe criticisms of arvn leadership and macv s offi
## l c ia r jlll iil s m i n th c se v el llly e ar of i t hi eu is rule constitute a nearly exact reprise of themes being
## played al he same poinr in ngo dinh diem s career in j one of the most interesting features
## of he thien regime is irs imitation conscious or otherwise of diem sd
## tj interview august r lnote to the author november
## inerview august
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## cia earlier the most vigorous proponent of a one war strategy now
## joined the rest of the us government in either abdicating the ideological
## struggle or assuming that saigon had won it d
## polgar expanded on this point of view when gen alexander haig
## visited saigon in late june if the north vietnamese were defeated
## there should be no problem with pacification it is not a question of
## a tight for hearts and minds but simply one of who controls city hall
## the cos dismissed haig s question about the prospect of a general
## uprising there had been no uprisings or any other significant action by
## the indigenous communist organization even where the north vietnam
## ese army had made authentic gains and arvn was now fighting
## well d
## by mid july thieu aide general quang was reassuring polgar that
## the south vietnamese presence had not suffered serious damage in the
## populated areas of the mekong delta although it would take hard work
## farther south in an xuyen and chuong thien provinces to restore or
## establish government control in august with the immediate threat
## largely surmounted the hardy unity through crisis theme surfaced again
## in a station meeting with judge tran si tan a thieu confidant and inter
## mittent channel to the agency according to tan thieu still believed
## that with continued us support south vietnam could resist political and
## military pressure from the north to be sure thieu would have to rely on
## relatively mediocre military and politieal leaders but he hoped that fear
## of a communist takeover would galvanize the disparate south vietnam
## ese military and political elements into an effective resistance force od
## looking for a new political action strategyd
##
## a september exchange between bill colby now the
## agency s executive directorcomptroller and cos polgar revealed
## continuing disagreement inside cia about us political goals in south
## vietnam colby wrote to the cos urging him to develop a new political
## action strategy for south vietnam colby would leave specific action
## proposals to the station but he thought it essential that they be aimed at
## strengthening gvn institutions for protracted competition with the
##
##
## saigon h june
##
## saigonll ll i july i
## saigon h jnly irichard helms dol memo
## randum to assistant to the president for national security affairs henry a kissinger president
## thien s reactions to his discussions with dr kissinger august i
## i i
## sea€t
##
##
## c
##
## communists after a cease fire going far beyond improving president
## thicu s image or even supporting him the effort should emphasize the
## development of political mechanisms and structures which hopefully
## will outlive him id
## confident as always of cia s ability to bend foreign leaders to its
## will colby called on polgar to exploit the station s unique relation
## ships with south vietnamese leaders taking the initiative in an area so
## difficult for other agencies to enter what obstructed the participation of
## other us officials he did not say but cia would in any case not have to
## commit substantial new funds or personnel it should suffice colby
## thought to apply good counsel and imagination so long as these quali
## ties served the pursuit of an overall strategy d
## polgar s reply repudiated colby s main thesis pointing out that the
## investment of billions of american dollars and a gigantic civilian effort
## had not resulted in us style political institutions taking root in vietnam
## the cos doubted that cia could succeed where others had failed in lan
## guage recalling edward lansdale s advocacy of ngo dinh diem polgar
## called instead for constant generous and sincere moral and material
## support to president thieu no matter what internal policies he pur
## sues as long as these do not damage fundamental us interests d
## having adopted lansdale s formula for an essentially uncondi
## tional commitment to a saigon ruler polgar rejected lansdale s faith in
## the transforming power of american ideals arguing that democracy was
## too antipathetic to the vietnamese tradition to constitute a real alternative
## the cos thought the us should abandon what he called the social
## reformistmissionary approach a more laissez alter approach would
## result in a regime more autocratic not more democratic but if this
## trend was accompanied by better security the populace would welcome
## it for polgar intermittent us efforts to liberalize the south vietnamese
## political system constituted a somewhat arbitrary end in themselves
## essentially unrelated to the survival of the gvn d
## colby had always been more of the lansdale view a military
## emergency might justify authoritarian measures but the government must
## always concern itself with its integrity and competence in the eyes of the
## governed if it was to mobilize them in their own defense but the static
## quality of colby s latest proposal with its call for unspecified struc
## tures and mechanisms perpetuated the cia proclivity to ignore politi
## cal substance in the pursuit of political forms although polgar surely
##
## fvsw i september copy in history staff fijesd
## d·d
## fvsa september copy in history staff fiicsd
## thd·d
##
##
## sp
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## erred in his belief in physical security as the single determinant of politi
## cal loyaltyhis resistance to the proposal is easy to understand for it con
## tained no more substance than did earlier agency political action
## initiatives·d
## without any common ground on ends let alone on means the
## exchange came to an end its only result was to illustrate eighteen years
## after the original american commitment to south vietnam the continued
## absence in cia as in the rest of the us government of any shared
## concept of us operational goals there the question remained what was
## the implication for the united states if both colby and polgar were right
## if political modernization was essential to the gvn s long term survival
## ancl if this modernization was impossibled
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## chapter
##
##
## squeezing thieud
## i
##
##
## whatever the theoretical merits of unconditional support to presi
## dent thieu the station found itself by late summer in something of
## an adversarial relationship with the gvn for almost a year from august
## to june it had as the main item on its agenda to help the
## administration get saigon s adherence to the terms of a cease fire agree
## ment as these emerged from the paris negotations with north vietnam
## part of this effort involved the exploitation of i
## i ivarious agents to keep washington apprised of the
## vietnamese bottom line but the station also brought its liaison contacts
## to bear in the gradually escalating effort to wear down president thieu s
## resistance to terms thatmitted the continued presence of hanoi s
## troops in south vietnam u
## on august national security adviser henry kissinger
## arrived in saigon on the first of several visits sometimes delegated to
## alexander haig aimed at winning president thien s adherence to the
## us position being developed in the paris negotiations here kissinger
## renewed an ac uaintance with torn polgar that dated to
##
## their common origin in central
## e i u ·o p e a n d si n li la r e x p e n e n ce s in th e u js army facilitated communica
## tion and in saigon polgar thought their instinctive understanding of
## each other had survived the intervening yearsid
## the relationship allowed polgar to escape occasional tense
## moments as on the evening after kissinger s meeting with thieu when
## the cos was summoned to the ambassador s residence a pajama clad
##
## i henry a kissinger while house years boston little brown and co pp
##
## polgar interview july polgar said that kissinger made an overture for his services on
## the nsc sometime in bur that ocr helms had quashed it on the basis that a team including
## kissinger and polgar would be too smart for the state department helms gave polgar to under
## stand that he thought it not to the agency s advantage for the del to be seen in apparent collusion
## with kissinger against sated
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## national security adviser complained of thieu s intransigence and
## instructed polgar to put the station s contacts to work to soften his resis
## tance polgar objected that the nature of the relationships made this
## impossible and kissinger said polgar should take it as an order turning
## to bunker in mock despair he asked what to do in the face of such insub
## ordination bunker as polgar recalled it said he stood with the cos
## despite hi
## frustration kissinger metgni
## thi the station sources
## especially the penetration of the vc in gave it unique access to
## information on what he was telling t e communists in paris accord
## ingly he gave polgar full white house clearance and brought him up
## to date on the status of the talks this way he said you will know
## what to keep out of your reporting the arrangement served kissinger s
## purposes even as it created a problem for polgar who was now forbid
## den to share with headquarters some of the information on the paris talks
## he acquired not only from kissinger but also from clandestine cia
## sources· d
## upon kissinger s departure the next day thieu retreated into
## almost total inaccessibility on september prime minister khiem
## told polgar that perhaps as a result of his talks with kissinger thieu now
## feared that hanoi was in a position to make a peace offer that president
## nixon in an election year could not refuse moving to solidify his con
## trol in the countryside thieu had therefore just abolished the election of
## hamlet officials and reestablished the diemist system of their appoint
## ment by province and district chiefs polgar protested to khiem that this
## could have waited two months presumably until after the us presidential
## election and khiem claimed to have advised thieu to this effect but
## thieu increasingly given to diem like pronouncements had replied that
## in the current situation great firmness must be shown reporting to
## ambassador bunker polgar discovered from him that kissinger had in
## fact scared the daylight out of thieu when he told him that if hanoi
## offered a cease tire and release of american pows the us would have
## to accept whatever the military situation d
## as kissinger and le due tho neared agreement in paris they
## came to terms early on october a retired arvn general with a jun
## ior position in the thieu cabinet reported the terms of the president s hard
## line position it demanded among other things enforcement of a peace
##
##
##
## olgar interview july numerous subsequent cables testify to polgar s tortuous effort
## while respecting kissinger s constraints to keep headquarters at least generally informcdd
## saigon august iblind memorandum september meet
## ing hctwccn the cia station chief in vietnam and prime minister tran thicn khiem septem
## ber i lj i saigon september
##
##
## se
##
##
## c
##
## agreement by the us the ussr and china despite such reporting the
## national security adviser was back in saigon on october expecting
## lo get thieu s agreement to the terms worked out with le due ho o
## kissinger had seven meetings with the vietnamese during this
## visit six of them attended by hieu· i
##
##
##
##
## lin one of them kissinger insisted to
## c
## thien that you have to trust me and thieu responded i see no reason
## to trust you sd
## at their second meeting on the evening of the th thieu
## demanded a vietnamese language version of the paris draft which kiss
## inger acknowledged he co uld not supply but thieu now got from the
## jointly run agent inl ia summary of the draft circulated to the
## district level that emanated from the hanoi delegation in paris trans
## latcd by the station and shown to kissinger it provoked a frown and the
## comment this has the unpleasant smell of truth polgar told headquar
## ters that the report constituted a major scoop but as kissinger antici
## pated it only added to his headaches with thieu who already opposed
## several other provisions and now fiercely objected to wording used to
## describe the admininistrative structure that a cease fire would bring into
## existence d
## thieu abruptly postponed the next meeting scheduled for october
## and when bunker called the palace to protest nha hung up on him thieu
## then treated bunker to a paranoid sounding hysterical phone call but
## negotiations resumed at hours on october there were two meet
## ings that day both of them limited to the principals at the first though
## still refusing to speak english thieu presented a calm dignified front but
## at the second he reverted to his emotional state of the evening before
## weeping with rage as he rejected the entire paris formula kissinger insisted
##
## kissinger white holsf yearspp f j j j
## secretary of state william rogers octoberi l rc j
## kissinger white house years pp rt
## interview july
## ·saigons october linterview
## s november polgar interview july a curious aspect of the paris negotiations is
## j iauoi s assiduousattention to keeping its ivcr echelons informed while kissingerworkedno less
## assiduouslyto compartment the proceedings even fromother high levelnationalsecurityofficialsd
##
##
## sp
## li
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## that a deal was imperative and inevitable at one point he claimed that
## president nixon was risking a confrontation with the congress by omitting
## any consultation over the several billion dollars in airstrikes and military
## supplies already invested in preparing south vietnam to survive a cease fire
## agreement but thieu s resistance did not waver and kissinger faced the
## prospect of being forced into a unilateral deal with hanoi d
## kissinger took bunker with him to say goodbye to thiel on
## october
## · ikissingerl
## uredicted disaster if thieu did ltlsi ln b u t re p le a te d n o n e o t hjs e ar j
## lier argumentation
##
##
##
##
## ikissinger was not
## lo ii li ji e i d t h ie u h a d d ee p i y a n t ag o nl ze d lllln and he told pol
## c lo w e v e r ni
## gar he d never come backad
## before leaving saigon on october kissinger ordered polgar to
## report all reliable information on thieu s reactions both to the negotia
## tions and to kissinger personally three days later having received an
## account of thieu s bitter criticism of kissinger the cos worried that
## headquarters might hesitate to pass it along and sought to disarm any
## such reluctance by saying that kissinger knew exactly what to expect
## thieu had already voiced his distrust directlyd
## the report of thieu s reaction to kissinger reinforced earlier
## impressions of his almost childlike faith in president nixon a frank and
## honest man who will never betray the saigon government and the
## vietnamese people but thieu said he feared governor averell harri
## man whom he saw as ambitious for the nobel peace prize arid kissinger
## a prideful man who appeared to confuse american interests with his
## own ambitions and prejudices the best course for the regime was to help
## ensure nixon s reelection and thieu had just given orders both to the
## government and to the legislature forbidding criticism of the united
## states whatever his reservations about kissinger thieu now softened
##
## kissinger while house yeari· pp linterviews august and
## november
## kissingcr white hoii e yeari pp · linterview november polgar
## interview · july lillustrative of the
## iiltllally alicll mcnlal jlrocescs involved in these negotiations was thieu s remarkl
##
## j
## about verifying the departure of nolh vietnamese
## troop trom laos easy said thieu you ollly had to count teetheveryoue knows that the lao have
## fewer than the vietnamese i
## sail oll october plgar mterview july
##
##
##
## serja
## go
##
## c
##
## the line he had drawn only a week before lower house chairman
## nguyen ba can told ithat the president now objected only
## to the draft provision allowing north vietnamese forces to remain in the
## south and to the formula for a coalition commission charged with subse
## quent political arrangements °
## polgar was now getting more on thieu s antipathy for kissinger
## than it seemed prudent to transmit to washington policy differences
## alone might well have provoked hostility but i i
## thought kissinger s consistently peremptory manner at least partly to
## blame
##
##
##
##
## peace is at hand i
## on october the station s i d
## i i provided details of the agreement about to be
## announced the communists were exulting for example that north
## vietnamese troops could stay in the south and that the united states
## had pledged billion in war reparations the next day hanoi
## announced conclusion of an accord and kissinger describing his own
## acceptance of the agreement as partial declared nevertheless that peace
## is at hand d
## however near at hand agreement continued to elude the negotia
## tors in paris during the next two weeks the station kept headquarters
## apprised of the gvn osition on dis uted oints it also continued to
## relay reports from the
## om gar began to wonder why this
## reporting was receiving such highly restricted dissemination it seemed to
## him that us officials with an urgent need to know were being denied
## information already known to the communist negotiatorsd
## on november fe division chief bill nelson explained this
## apparent anomaly partly in terms of henry kissinger s penchant for
## secrecy he has been even more sensitive than in saigon on restricting
##
##
## iinterview
##
##
##
##
##
## s
## l
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## info to him only the result was that no one at the analytical levels of
## the washington intelligence community has been privy to the details of
## these negotiations nor to a large extent have their superiors this has
## been a tightly controlled operation with no explanation from the us side
## until october press conference which was a very careful disclosure
## operation d
## nelson identified two other reasons for the rigid eompartmentation
## with elections imminent the democrats would be delighted to have any
## scrap of material they could which would embarrass the current adminis
## tration further the press was desperately searching for news of the
## negotiations and experience over the past two years has shown that on a
## topic as hot as this one information is bound to leak out if given
## widespread dissemination in the intelligence community
## nelson assured polgar that his reporting was getting to the only
## place in town where it counts ie to the white house and its recipi
## cnts arc most grateful headquarters would relax its dissemination con
## trols as soon as possible meanwhile in a situation that for a professional
## intelligence organization is not easy to live with we will all simply
## have to make the best of it
## despite the ambiguity of kissinger s declaration of peaee at hand it
## helped ensure president nixon s landslide victory over george mcgov
## ern on november it did not however reflect the resolution of thieu s
## objections to the impending deal although gvn reservations about the
## terms of the cease fire had nan owed thieu remained intransigent about
## the remaining points especially the north vietnamese military presence
## bunker pressed the cos into service to monitor thieu s state of mind
## and try to bring him around shortly after a brief trip to the united states
## polgar saw khiem in late november and at bunker s request used the
## occasion to describe the atmosphere in washington he found khiem
## entirely comfortable with the cease fire terms and optimistic about the
## government s future assuming as he did continued us support but
## thien he said was another matter the president was driven by emo
## tionally tinged attitudes brought about partly by his resentment of dr
## kissinger
## repeating what the station had often heard about thieu khiem
## described his abhorrence of quick decisions khiem deplored kissinger s
## imposition of a deadline and especially his practice ofdiscussing contro
## versial points with thiel in the presence of other vietnamese especially
##
## i r r j the word disclosure added
## by hand replaced the word political
## iil·o
## iir
## saigon november j li j
##
##
##
## sccftl
##
##
## i
## c
##
##
##
##
## iiftm cr mer left roam landreth gfml quan g and tho mas poj ur
## til qiu office for fa wli lo landreth late or i arl
##
## nu j oj n rolpr
##
## the hardline vice presiden t huong leaving thieu no maneuv ring roo m
## khiem regre tted that bunker had not been allowed to brief th ieu as
## events progre ssed as this kind of incremental pre ssure might gradually
## have broug ht the president to think of the us solutio n as his own y
## the stando ff with th ien dragged on into ea rly december hunker
## tried inti midate him by showing him ostensible top sec ret memoran
## du ms from nixo n to kissin ger one of which agonized over possible co n
## gres siona l suspensio n of vietnam aid if the deadlock over nor th
## vietnamese troo p withdrawal persisted t he ambassador re inforced this
## ga mhit by send ing po lgar to press secretary hoang due nha with the
## message that nixon s demand for saigo n s sig nature of the peace agree
## mcnt ju presented to a south vietnamese delegation in washington
## should he taken in dead earn est intelligcnce o n thieu s reacti on to these
## pre ssures sugges ted an intenti on tu circumvent the terms of the us agrcc
## mcnt with hanoi taki ng the ce nter of the stage away from kissin ger
## and polgar feared that disscruimui on of such reporting wo uld result in
## bruised ego in lhe wh ite ii ouse ul
## grasping at a tactic first proposed by ngo dinh nhu ju st before the
## fall of the diem regim e thicu began to co nsider res igning hopi ng
## thereby deflect us pressure which he thought aimed at him personall y
##
## ulti d
## · siugoli auj sliiltun i december ji ja igon
## lettmber
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## tlujnkh l otlr second fmm left general qwlng und usoll p bjic safety division director
## mr tit grath ai nijllonnj poila chn flmtu t anv n
## piwio tomnn ojnc r pdlilg
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## according to agent i i
## reporting a new government composed
## of trusted hardliners would makcno concessions and thieu would
## shortly return in response to ostensibly spontaneous demands from
## arvn and the general population perceptible progress in paris on and
## december and thieu s reported recognition that failure to sign would
## mean sudden death for south vietnam pushed this momentarily into
## the background nevertheless as of the th thieu reportedly intended
## only to accept the a reement as to sign it would brand him a puppet of
## the united states
## the station s variegated agent stable made the
## uniteld s ta t es a w i tn e ss t o jthieu s struzzlc with his fatal dilemma i
##
##
##
## i but
## the most authoritative reporter at this juncture was perhaps retired gen
## pham van dong then minister of veterans affairs who attended a
## december meeting at which thieu compared signing the agreement to
## taking poison it would ratify a continued north vietnamese army pres
## ence in the south while abstention would produce slow suffocation
## from the termination of us aid the president asserted that the agree
## ment guaranteed an ultimate communist takeover and although he would
## not tum on the americans he would not sign meanwhile polgar s privi
## leged position with kissinger enabled him to inform headquarters that
## the communists too were presenting problems chief negotiator le due
## tho was claiming that hanoi disagreed with certain of his proposed con
## cessions and he would require consultations in hanoi d
## thieu s nephew hoang due nha argued with the station s palace
## liaison rodney landreth saigon s case for greater us pressure on hanoi
## rather than on saigon for the concessions needed for an agreement nha
## acknowledged saigon s vulnerability to an aid cutoff but refused to
## accept that the us could have made so many sacrifices over the years
## only to abandon the very principles it came to fight for in the first place
## the oi s weren t exactly here on rand r nha argued presumably on
## thieu s behalf that withdrawal of us support would lower us prestige
## among the free world and communists alike and the us could not afford
## to risk its honor and adherence to commitments and principles d
## saigon december saigon december saigon december
## saigon december jl j
## also see saigon de
## i
## nr e ee lllb er ns ai go n december i
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## on december the day of landreth s colloquy with nha vice
## president huong s son told ithat thieu was still evaluat
## ing the consequences of a refusal to sign echoing nha s argument he
## said thieu doubted the united states would risk delivering south viet
## nam to the communists by terminating material support but the vice
## president admitted that thieu was gambling on an american perception
## that he thieu was indispensable to the survival of the south d
## kissinger s assistant gen alexander haig came to saigon to turn
## up the heat and saw thieu on december polgar s report said that the
## atmosphere was more cordial than during kissinger s october visit the
## entire session took place in english but thieu insisted on giving haig a
## scaled response to the letter that president nixon had sent with haig
## ambassador bunker doubted that it would give nixon much satisfaction
## and haig now pointed out to thieu that an agreement was now an ameri
## can political necessity wording was of secondary importance especially
## as no one bad any illusions about communist good faith bunker thought
## thieu understood the argument but lacked the psychological flexibility to
## make the change of tactics that haig was demanding d
## on december prime minister khiem assured polgar that he
## understood the effect of us public and congressional opinion on
## nixon s options and saigon s need to ensure continued material support
## by signing the peace agreement but he reinforced bunker s assessment
## of thieu reminding polgar of their meeting in november at which he
## had predicted the failure of the pressure tactics that haig had just applied
## thicu still resented what he took to be an ultimatum but according to
## khiem had now come a long way toward the american position the sole
## remaining stumblingblock a serious one to be sure was the juridical
## presence of north vietnamese troops in south vietnam khiem feared
## that thieu overestimated president nixon s power to impose a hardline
## position on the congress and he again attributed part of thieu s remain
## ing intransigence to deep resentment of kissinger whom tran van don
## had just reported to have made a contemptuous remark about saigon s
## peace equities in a meeting with the french khiem promised to keep
## working on thieu and urged that ambassador bunker do the same but
## the contest of wills between thieu and kissinger colltinued d
##
##
## saig bi december
## sag xn l december
## saig h december
##
##
## sec»f
##
##
## c
##
## the paris agreement and san clemented
##
## on january after the suspension of the christmas bomb
## ing of the north provoked by le due tho s mid december equivoca
## tions one of the station s vc penetrations predicted that the united
## states and hanoi would sign a cease fire agreement on the th barred
## by kissinger s rules from saying more the station told headquarters to
## rush the report to it as it would understand the significance of the
## reported date also there were signs that the saigon government had at
## least an inkling of the impending agreement and bunker worried about
## kissinger s sensitivities importuned polgar to alert headquarters the
## cos obliged hoping to prevent unnecessary suspicion and aggrava
## tion in the white house resulting from leaks that might appear to have
## originated on the us side d
## on january haig delivered another ultimatum from nixon
## which threatened to denounce thieu as an obstacle to peace if he refused
## to sign thieu continued to hang tpugh telling haig only that he would
## have a reply the following day i
##
##
##
##
## iabout minutes after haig s departure
## thieu came in and read nixon s letter to his hastily assembled nsc the
## ensuing discussion dealt exclusively with implementation measures ref
## erences to thien s carom shot tactics made it clear i that i
## his apparent intransigence was designed to s ueeze whatever he could
## out of the americans before he tinall si ned
## other sources also told the
## station that day that tnieu had bowed to the inevitable and would now
## sign haig was relieved and grateful for these indications that he need
## not worry about the tactics to be employed with thieu on the th thieu
## did indeed give haig a letter for nixon asking for more changes but the
## issue was now decided it remained only for thieu to communicate his
## decision to his government and the army on january he convened
## the national security council a weeping vice president huong
## recounted i ithis gloomy assembly and his offer of himself as
## scapegoat huang said he had compared south vietnam to a carriage
## standing on a collapsing bridge in danger no matter which way it moved
##
##
## saigon j january
## kissinger while house leal s i jlilllerview november
## l
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## and had spoken up in favor of signing as the lesser of two evils having
## let the fiercely anti communist huong take the lead thieu could now
## more safely defy his right wing and he proceeded to endorse huong s
## recognition of the inevitable d
## on january alluding to us pressure to sign he told a cabinet
## meeting that the paris agreement reflected a consensus among the us
## china and the ussr south vietnamese acquiescence had been unavoid
## able but he credited his own intransigence of october for prevent
## ing an even more unfavorable outcome the resulting christmas bombing
## he said would hinder communist military operations in the south for at
## least three months
## thien did not know how much he himself had contributed to the
## pressure arllied by the white house haig told bunker after the signing
## ihilu had been indispensable in getting thieu s agreement i
##
##
##
##
## fighting in south vietnam continued at virtually pre cease iire lev
## els after signature of the paris agreement and in mid february polgar
## complained to headquarters in the privacy channel that the significance
## of ongoing fighting is underplayed by macv as the station saw it the
## vc and the north vietnamese had expected to benefit from the cease fire
## consolidate their control in such places as quang ngai and the delta
##
## but at least in the delta they seemed to have moved too soon and
## arvn was now hunting down exposed small units this explained for
## polgar hanoi s current pressure on kissinger to end the combat two
## weeks later noting arvn recapture of most of the communists january
##
##
##
##
## saigon january saigon january saigon january
## and ssilllh l rr
## sa on janllarv i
##
##
##
##
## set
## f s
##
## b l
##
##
##
##
## ambassador ellsworth bunker lind lim n kiuinx u san clemente ca april
## pi li bl thomaf p fjr
##
##
##
##
## president nguven hn thieu in saigon victorv parade celebrating the end of the von h
## it namf ft yw t r ff f and ihl signing of lv cease fire crty t nl un«
## y dipr
##
##
##
##
## s
##
##
## i
## c
##
##
##
##
## presidents thu
## and nixon
## san clemente ca
## apnl j
##
##
##
##
## l b w iiujs r iktlr
##
## ili d grab the stat ion interp reted li anoi s stalling on prison er release
## as all cflort to recover by dipl oma tic mea ns the initi at ive their ar med
## forces had lost o
## pre sident nixon had prom ised to receive pres ident th ien whe n a
## cease fire ca me into e ffect and he made goo d on this when he invited
## thien for an early april visit to the western wh ile house at sa n c lem
## cute ambassador bunker included the cos in the accompanying
## mh lssy party and on march polgar had arrived early at the airport
## when he encountered hungarian general szuec sn
##
## i it · l clu y nd saigon ll b ry
## i ir lii rvi w july il jd
##
## c t
##
## the occasion for szuecs s presence was the arrival of gen tran
## van tra commander of the military forces of the provisional revolution
## ary government prg as they waited for tra s plane to land szuecs
## pointed to two communist officers leading a communist honor guard
## from the paris mandated joint military commission and asked do you
## know those characters polgar did not and szuecs introduced him to the
## young north vietnamese captain in english as the most important man
## in the american embassy next to ambassador bunker the officer
## responded with a polite would he like to review the troops and polgar
## accepted the invitation
## shortly after their arrival at san clemente bunker complained to
## the cos that he had not been invited to the only dinner that nixon
## would host for thieu he thought thieu would find this incomprehensi
## ble polgar apparently agreed for he took the matter to kissinger who
## was outraged to discover that the tenth and last place had been appro
## priated by h r haldeman nixon s chief of staff haldeman summarily
## rejected kissinger s request that he withdraw whereupon the secretary of
## state went directly to the president who decided the matter in bunker s
## favor
## the office politics of the occasion did not end with this episode
## kissinger was hospitable to polgar and once invited him to breakfast
## but the haldeman run kitchen failed to deliver anything to kissinger s
## room they repaired to the staff mess where kissinger s assistant gen
## brent scowcroft joined them nothing of great moment was discussed
## but that afternoon ambassador designate graham martin knocked on
## polgar s door he had heard about the breakfast and in what polgar
## came to see as his customary conspirative and manipulative way
## looked concerned that the cos might undercut him with kissinger but
## polgar assured him that as cos he worked for the ambassador and
## despite this strained first meeting they got along well in saigon after
## marlin s midsummer arrival it was not until after the faji of the south
## that martin grew hostile as to substantive matters polgar listened while
## nixon promised thieu a billion dollars in military aid and another billion
## for the economy the cos thought this episode helped explain thieu s
## abiding faith in nixon s loyalty to the saigon regime d
##
## ibid polgar did not indicate that he thought this description despite its disregard for well estab
## lished protocol represented mything but szuecs s sober estimate of his status in the us mission
## the prg replaced the national libcration front after the signing of the truce accord in paris in
## january
## polgar interview july
## lbirl·d
##
##
##
##
##
## b
##
##
##
##
## i
##
##
##
##
## lforrgroundl lj gen tran van tra commander if provincial rf voutimlll ry
## go nnlmniorrf s tim soli nit airpon m arrh
## pitofo co n of pol
##
##
##
## back in saigon the chance meet ing with ge neral szuec s at the air
## port was followed by the visit of a li ungarian army doctor who kn ew of
## the stati on operated clinic and wanted a malari a dru g for his people o n
## the co mrniss ion then a hungarian first secre tary came to call appar
## ently announcing an intell igence affiliation when he introdu ced himself
## as a polga r colleague th ey chatted later ove r a drink and o ne thing
## ro another but polgar s hungari an contacts had not yet assumed the
## urge ncy thai they acquired in april neve rtheless communist rep
## rcscntution un the com miss ion d id give the station access to new recruit
## iilcli l targets and it later made what polgar called a sensational c
## recruitme nt in the mekon g delta uo
##
##
## t he estab lishmen t of ce ase fire machinery in the so uth d id not
## mean uuu all parties now greed all impleme ntation measures kissinger
## and l e due th o had beg un renegotiati ng some of the january provisions•
##
## • li il th lll ltl h il hi lk als thatthe iii lloltrllilswere llti ymijpolgal no evidence has been found
## iha l lhj u ilectcd allclsl chile aplil ouy ijei ilc operational objcctivel
##
##
##
##
##
## b
##
##
##
##
## thomas polgar reviewing imwr ruljrd ijut mhit d for general tra wilh unidt m ifid communist
## offict r tan h nhul ai j fm marr h
## iu o c o n of iomj polpr
##
##
## and th ieu objected the proposed wording of a protocol on line s of
## demarcation between saigon and communist control led territory a
## four power couuu unlq ue was scheduled for release on june and act
## ing amba ssador charles sheldon whitehouse bunker had now departed
## after six years o f grueling service was trying to get a palace appoint
## menl to sec ure thicu s concurrence with th ieu playing hard to get pol
## ga r saw general quang ih u da y repeat the familiar argument that
## co ntinuing us support o f south vietnam far exc eed ed in imp ortan ce any
## sema ntic triumphs at the co nference table neither quang nor thicu
## knew that nixon was to meet that day with co ngress ional leaders and
## ih t he urgentl y need ed thieu s agreement pol gar co nveyed this poin t lo
## q uang iii so doing he may have spar ked the summo ns to whit ehou se
## that thi el issued later that aftem oon i d
## but whit ehou se fail ed to move the president in the view of the
## cos thi en s obstinacy ste mmed from th ree percep tion s ai the tacti cal
## le ve l pol gar saw him as d istrus tful of both us and no rth vietnam ese
## mo tives for renegotiating the implementatio n term s and as co nv inced
## that gvn territorial ga ins since ja nuary made furth er concessions
##
##
## saiofi june j l
## i
##
## scl l t
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## unnecessary underlying these considerations as polgar saw the matter
## were thieu s personal hostility to kissinger and his resentment at
## hanoi s being allowed to call the tune while south vietnam is reduced
## to client status d
## the standoff continued on june whitehouse instructed polgar
## to rehearse once more with quang the us line on the damage to the
## saigon cause if congress even briefly suspended logistic support in
## retaliation for gvn intransigence a station officer found quang at
## mass at the saigon cathedral and intruded long enough to set up the
## meeting quang accepted polgar s argument as he had three days earlier
## but thieu continued to insist on the minor changes that he thought
## essential to avoid the legalization of the division of south vietnam
## nevertheless polgar thought thieu would come around my gut feeling
## is that one more nixon letter will do the trick d
## but thieu s advisers quang included unanimously and vigorously
## supported his insistence on including in the communique a provision of
## the january agrecement concerning general elections mppry confirmed
## quang in this and the station s flash report led nixon to overrule
## ambassador william sullivan in paris instructing him to reopen this
## point with tho the nixon message to thieu announcing this concession
## arrived at hours june and polgar saw quang an hour later to
## give advance word quang anticipated a debate in thieu s national secu
## rity council with himself and joint general staff chief cao van vien
## urging signature over the objections of hawkish civilians like hoang due
## nha polgar said that the end of the road had been reached and urged
## quang to get presidential concurrence by noon quang and vien pre
## vailed and a rupture with the united states was avoided when all parties
## signed the four power protocol that day in paris polgar told headquar
## ters he thought the station had been instrumental in getting agreement
## with the vietnamese and dci colby responded with an emphatic well
## done for action exemplifying the interaction of intelligence collection
## and political action at their respective finest d
##
##
##
##
## saigon rjuiic i
## sai r june j
##
## i s oi golli r juiic and saigon june j
##
##
##
##
## searlt
##
##
## c
##
## trying to draw the bottom lined
##
## in the summer of cos polgar saw thieu s forces as having
## gained at the expense of the north vietnamese and the viet cong in the
## six months since the paris agreements the communists had introduced
## some armor and artillery but saigon was forging ahead and consolidat
## ing its control over most of the populated areas of south vietnam
## generally speaking the vc didn t amount to anything in making
## this assessment polgar apparently assigned no particular significance to
## the intelligence furnished months earlier by the j
## penetration
## on the communist decision to shift their emphasis from military to
## political struggle years later he defined pacification as complete when
## the government controlled all its province and district capitals from his
## point of view the government had never enjoyed full territorial integ
## rity and persisting vc control of some hamlets did not offer evidence
## of a failed pacification effort at least during the pre storm calm that
## prevailed from april to november and the sweet cancer
## of corruption was universal in southeast asia the essential point as pol
## gar saw it was that nguyen cao ky and then nguyen van thieu had
## succeeded where their predecessors failed by establishing security and
## by offering the fundamentally apolitical peasant the prospect of
## improved living standards
## polgar s ocos conrad lagueux was less confident that the mas
## sive american investment in the rural economy had produced greater
## loyalty to the regime in his retrospective opinion the vc had exten
## sive popular support one of polgar s officers in the indications and
## assessment branch lab remembered the working level as less san
## guine even than lagueux robert vandaveer had run the station s office
## in hue for two years before he came to saigon in mid to join lab
## explaining the reason for this assignment polgar told vandaveer that
## the social democratic bias of the branch staffed by officers needed
## to be balanced by a do presence vandaveer took this to mean that pol
## gar wanted to see more commitment to the government cause and less
## agonizing about its weaknesses the cos did not prohibit reporting bad
## news but he did impose strict standards of verification and a require
## ment that such reporting be put into perspective in practice this meant
## that reports of government corruption individual instances of which
## were hard to confirm were seldom disseminated and when a village
##
##
##
## · saigollh hjulie i li jlpolgar interview · july
##
##
## sec
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## headquarters for example was lost to a communist landgrabbing opera
## tion after the paris agreement the report had to specify the much greater
## number of villages remaining under saigon s contro d
## the requirement for perspective did not apply to good news and
## vandaveer thought that when retired major general timmes made his
## periodic tours to debrief his arvn contacts on the station s behalf pol
## gar accepted his usually upbeat reporting at face value as vandaveer
## saw it the divergent views of management and the working level reflected
## a mission wide phenomenon with the mission council clinging to an
## optimistic get with the program mentality that echoed the style of the
## now departed us combat forces station analysts on the other hand
## looked at the reporting of hanoi s infiltration of men and supplies in a
## mood of foreboding and many street case officers were entirely cyni
## cal about the integrity of the south vietnamese political process d
## political cosmeticsd
##
## whatever the political views of the peasantry in the us com
## mitment to nguyen van thieu s continued stewardship of south vietnam
## had already brought an end to the chronic struggle to westernize the
## national political process in south vietnam as late as as we have
## seen cos ted shackley was anticipating at least the possibility of a gen
## uine political struggle following the conclusion of a cease fire but in
## june as partial senatorial elections approached the agency and the
## state department were concerned more with saigon s image in the
## united states than with the vitality of its democratic institutions head
## quarters enjoined the station to make contacts in both the opposition and
## government parties to give the elections as much an appearance of a
## genuine multi party exercise as possible polgar promised to try but
## noted that here was little he could do about it vietnamese resentment of
## us pressure to sign the paris communique reinforcing a generally
## diminished faith that the united states will live up to its commitments
## meant that us leverage is now the smallest in many a year d
##
## conrnd lagueux interview by the author arlington va november robert vandaveer
## ·
##
## interview by the author munich germany september as far back as mid i well be
## fon polgar s arrival management was restraining the working level proclivity to report corrup
## tiun as the presidential election approached vandavccr got instructions in hue to keep the
## fecal filter elcan d
## vandavcr interview september vandaveer said his own doubts about the gvn s long
## term prospects were doubtless influenced by his service in hue where persistent student opposi
## tion to thien and support of the dissident an quang buddhists led him to see an objective absur
## d
## dity in th idea of a catholic rcgime laking root in a buddhist country
## saion june polgar interview july
## m
##
##
##
## c t
##
## on june the station documented the leverage gap by recount
## ing its efforts with icontacts like labor leader tran quoc buu
## retired generals huynh van cao and pham van dong and lower house
## chairman nguyen ba can to generate an opposition slate station pres
## sure could not offset the prospect of almost certain defeat and buu for
## example flatly refused to run at the head of a social democratic alli
## ance ticket he would name somebody else to do this he said if the gov
## ernment extended the filing deadline but buu would not himself ask for
## the extension whatever generated this anticipation of failure whether it
## was recognized lack of voter appeal or anticipated election rigging by
## the military the outcome ensured the absence of an opposition slate d
## in the weeks between ellsworth bunker s departure and graham
## martin s july arrival polgar had to deal with reports of a rift between pres
## ident thieu and prime minister khicm concerned about the destabilizing
## potential of such a development acting ambassador whitehouse encour
## aged polgar to take the bull by the horns and simply ask khiem about it
## the prime minister readily acknowledged some recent tension whieh he
## attributed partly to his withdrawal as head of the senatorial slate of thieu s
## democracy party and partly to his opposition to hawkish advisers like
## hoang due nha aggressive arrogant and persuasive and another
## civilian thieu aide named nguyen van ngan khiem whose pretensions as
## a man of fearless principled action polgar had learned to distrust said that
## he and gen cao van vien found themselves opposing nha and ngan s
## push for a fully centralized absolutist regime on the ngo dinh diem
## model khiem said he did not think south vietnam ready for representa
## tive democracy but he wanted at least the appearance of one even if that
## meant that the regime occasionally yielded to the opposition so
## in july at the midpoint of what cos polgar retrospectively
## called the prestorm calm graham martin arrived as us ambassador to
## saigon he had already served as ambassador in thailand and italy
## when they arrived in saigon he and mrs martin had already lost a son in
## combat in vietnam although vastly different in style from bunker
## whom polgar described as considerate hospitable and in every way a
## gentleman martin seems not to have greatly changed the mission s
## approach to matters of substance polgar survived the initial period dur
## ing which martin drove his new deputy chief of mission into requesting
## a transfer and within months by his own account was clearly the
## ambassador s closest confidante sic their relationship prospered
## despite polgar s active cultivation of american journalists which martin
## disl iked but for some reason tolerated polgar recalled that his role
##
## saigon june
## saigon june jl
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## expanded to helping martin select a new deputy and later to reviewing
## with him the evaluations of senior embassy officers i
##
##
##
## the new ambassador used the station as an information and influ
## ence channel to the generals much as bunker had done as dcos
## lagueux saw it one reason for this was the secretive martin s confidence
## in station discretion another was the access to thieu enjoyed by certain
## station contacts especially khiem and quang and also occasionally
## nguyen khac binh national police and cio chief all three were some
## times willing to push american policy positions with thieu protocol
## accounted for two other factors the new dcom wolfgang lehmann
## did not hold the personal rank of ambassador that his predecessor
## ambassador whitehouse had enjoyed and this limited his acceptability
## to president thieu as an official interlocutor and the station maintained
## the informal contact with khiem at least partly as polgar recalled it
## because foreign minister tran van lam would have objected to a regular
## embassy liaison with the prime minister that bypassed his ministry d
## responding to ambassadorial and washington requirements the
## station now used these contacts as it had those in the legislature for pur
## poses that included the cosmetic conrad lagueux who conducted the
## liaison with binh recalled that a recurring theme was the alleged political
## prisoners whose treatment had provoked public controversy in the
## united states persuaded that they were the common criminals the viet
## namese claimed them to be lagueux could not see what thieu had to
## gain by jailing anyone in what then passed for a non communist opposi
## tion he persuaded binh to release information on them and to ensure
## that they got unexceptionable treatment as the watergate scandal
## eroded the nixon administration s ability to support thieu the issue esca
## lated in september and both martin dealing with thieu and pol
## gar addressing khiem pushed for the release of a non communist
## woman dissidenf i
## named ngo ba thanh
## polgar interview july
##
## i
## i i
## i ii ix interview november polgar interview july manin s auitudc to
## lvard slat ill also have contributed to this relationship a protege of averell harriman he had
## entered the forcigu service at a senior level and as polgar saw him hated only the communists
## more than he hated the departmelld
## inlerview november saigon lj september
## i intervicw by the author langleyva november u
##
##
##
## t
##
##
## c et
##
##
## as usual the argument centered on the deleterious effects on the
## prospects for aid legislation if the vietnamese did not comply polgar but
## tonholed the often antagonistic hoang due nha on the ngo ba thanh
## case and reminded him that the police aid appropriation was at stake
## with the possible exception of our respective wives polgar told him
## no woman is worth that much money and it appeared that some genu
## ine political dissidence was involved after all as the government prom
## ised on september that three labor unionists not charged with
## common crimes would be back with their families before the week was
## out polgar suggested that headquarters assure labor leader george
## meany and congresswoman bella abzug that the matter was now in
## hand
## thus as summer gave way to fall in the americans had pre
## vailed over a stubborn client when they persuaded thieu to sign the
## cease fire agreement and the june implementation protocol the united
## states had at the same time implicitly committed itself to permanent
## support of the thieu regime and its style of governing having aban
## doned political reform the united states now concentrated its attention
## on the fluctuating military fortunes of north and south as they contended
## for territorial control in the countrysided
##
##
##
##
## i september and saigon septernberj
## i saigon
##
##
##
##
## seclo f
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## chapter
##
##
## trying to preserve the status quo d
## in the next year and a half from fall to late winter the
## station watched as hanoi played cat and mouse with its adversaries in
## saigon during this period the station s government liaison took on
## added importance as ambassador graham martin failed to reestablish
## the rapport with president thieu that ellsworth bunker had enjoyed in
## late station intelligence reporting began to predict another com
## munist offensive this broke out at the end of the year and the first pro
## vincial capital fell on january by late february further defeats
## threatened thesurvival of the saigon government d
## senate hearings on henry kissinger s nomination as secretary of
## state took place in september kissinger told the senate that the
## vietnam war is behind us and in so doing provoked cos tom polgar
## into vigorous dissent fighting continued he told headquarters the com
## munists had not complied with the terms of the january agreement and
## the war was definitely not over in mid october headquarters took much
## the same view revising a national intelligence estimate to predict a
## sharp expansion of communist and south vietnamese military activity
## in the next few weeks to polgar such a prediction invalidated the
## assumptions on which station staffing was based some components
## would have to be reinforced in order to cover a heightened level of com
## bat headquarters acknowledged a persisting difference of opinion in the
## intelligence community regarding communist intentions but postponed
## further discussion until polgar should be in headquarters on a scheduled
## visil d
## amid this uncertainty another round of negotiations on cease fire
## implementation took place in paris in late december ambassador gra
## ham martin attended and upon his return to saigon on december
##
##
##
## saigon ii september
## isailon novtl b el c andli
## aiso see i
##
## d
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## enlisted polgar in a kissinger mandated effort to reap some propaganda
## benefit from the session kissinger wanted thieu to declare a unilateral
## cease fire and to propose consolidating it by demarcation of the ground
## held by each side an exchange of civilian prisoners was also to be pro
## posed as the secretary of state envisioned it the communists antici
## pated violation of the cease fire and their rejection of demarcation would
## earn the saigon government a substantial propaganda windfall polgar told
## martin that kissinger would not get his way the ploy depended on the
## cooperation of the iranian official whose chairmanship of the iccs ended
## on december and thieu would never move that fast polgar also
## doubted that thieu shared the american confidence in the way the com
## munists would react but the cos did his best supplementing martin s
## jawboning of thieu with two sessions with general quang d
## at the second of these a dinner meeting on december quang
## said that thien was amenable to a prisoner exchange but no more polgar
## had anticipated this and proceeded to rehearse line by line the terms
## of the iranian initiative inspired by kissinger quang for his part reiter
## ated thieu s objections one of them was the claimed impossibility of
## acting within the december deadline to explain cease fire procedures
## to field commandersl
##
##
##
##
## polgar now went to work on a yearend assessment which he sent
## the operational channel to fe division of south vietnam s position with
## respect to the north phrased more optimistically than quang s bleak
## description of us vietnamese relations it saw as a relatively good
## year for saigon certainly better than and as having seen an
## erosion of vc influence communist discomfort as the result of continu
## ing arvn pressure and economic difficulties in north vietnam the
## cos saw no possibility that saigon could regain the military initiative
## but he thought hanoi genuinely interested in stabilizing the cease fire
## agreement and more concerned to preserve communist assets in south
## vietnam than to try now to overthrow thieu or to achieve political con
## trol in saigon by other means the saigon government for its part was
## constrained by nixon s debility in washington economic problems
##
## saigoll h rdecember
## llidd j
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
## t
##
## and a manpower shortage it too might welcome a respite from the very
## heavy burden of continuing fighting the bottom line for polgar was that
## decisive changes in the military and geographic control are going to be
## minimal from here on a coexistence must develop peaceful or other
## wise· ·d
## there certainly were no decisive changes in the first months of
## and thieu took the opportunity to amend the constitution in janu
##
##
## i
## i
## ary and reorganize his cabinet in february of these events the second
## more directly affected station interests as
## iin the cabinet were fired i nguyen van ngai
## i
##
## had been minister for rural development but found himself demoted to
## a functionary s role in thieu s democracy party he might stili retain
## some useful access the station thought but it saw dimmer ros ects for
## pham van dong the retired general who
## had heen serving as veterans affairs minister
## the consequences of dong s fall from political grace were aggra
## vated when the tenants of a house he owned in saigon were arrested in
## mid february on charges of running an illegal gamhling operation
## dong s reaction like that of other station contacts who had found them
## selves in distress was to advertise his cia affiliation as a buffer against
## prosecution his faith in our loyalty is touching the station reported
## but there is nothing explicit or implicit in the relationship which should
## lead him to expect such support he was in fact arrested in april on cor
## ruption charges and jailed until july d
## the loss was mitigated by thieu s selection of retired general and
## senator tran van don as vice prime minister for inspection of commu
## nity development and security i idon
## had been a sporadic contact since before the coup that toppled ngo dinh
## diem in he welcomed agency contact in his new role and gave
## early advice that ambassador martin s relationship with thieu was not
## prospering as well as bunker s had the station s liaison with general
## quang was very good he thought but perhaps not broad gauged
## enough
## meanwhile khiern and the station s access to him had survived
## the reshuffle in late february polgar saw him with an agenda that
## ranged from opposition to a finance ministry surtax on police gasoline
## polgar prevailed to argumentation on martin s behalf that saigon
##
##
##
## gon january rn rt l
## saigon base fehruarj aigon base
## february hllrl £ a rs im l j l
## saigon base
## l
##
##
## secrlt
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## should stay at an impending geneva laws of war conference even if a
## prg delegation were seated khiem asked about prospects for us aid
## and the cos felt comfortable enough with this policy question to reply
## that the vietnamese should expect no major new package khiem volun
## teered that president thieu was serious about fighting corruption but
## indicated no consideration of any punishment more severe than removal
## of the worst offenders beginning with the director general of customs
## and a dozen or so province chiefs d
## an odd episode in early suggests that something of a siege
## mentality had overcome ambassador martin and to some degree cos
## polgar as well in a cable of february polgar told dci colby that
## martin wanted cia to know of a continuing exchange between the
## ambassador and senator j william fulbright d ak on press coverage
## of vietnam in martin s view a massive deception campaign in the
## united states was seeking to undermine american support to saigon and
## it threatened the objectives for which we fought in vietnam and the
## achievement of which is now truly within reach martin did not specify
## who he thought was directing the campaign naming only the new york
## times as a witting vehicle in this carefully coordinated effort i
##
##
##
##
## i
## in the context of this incident polgar predicted that anti saigon
## propaganda would shortly reach new highs in the united states taking
## advantage of the administration s preoccupation with the watergate scan
## dal the agency might be directly affected because of its well known
## support of the national police which had become a principal bulwark of
## the government and more than a match for the vc infrastructure rod
##
##
## the first hungarian approach d
## in late march martin enlisted polgar s support in another
## effort to exploit for public relations purposes a communist proposal on
## cease lire implementation as usual thieu was disposed simply to reject
## the offer it looked to him designed simply to obstruct talks already under
## way also as usual us officials saw in it some propaganda potential
##
## ·saigojl pcbruary ly·ir l l
## sni ll february
##
## c
##
##
## martin deputized polgar to see khiem and quang to urge on them a
## quick acceptance of the communist proposal which included prisoner
## exchange and reduction of forces contingent on hanoi s paying its iccs
## bills and permitting full deployment of the inspection teams mandated
## by the paris agreement of january
## the absence of further reporting suggests that this ploy had no
## more effect on thieu than such public relations maneuvers usually did in
## any case the station role in cease fire implementation took a new direc
## tion less than two weeks later when col karoly gombos i
## i iapproached polgar with a message he
## said had been authorized by the soviets as gombos told it the ussr
## had already reduced its deliveries of war materiel to north vietnam and
## would be willing to negotiate further mutual reductions with the united
## states moscow had no wish to dump thieu as hanoi was perpetually
## demanding and would rather see a real cease fire along de facto lines of
## control headquarters i i
## encouraged polgar to elicit specific proposals meetings continued but
## the specifics did not emerge and the issue faded for the time beirig d
## watching the paranoia of isolation d
## if ambassador martin suspected a media cabal aimed at sinking
## south vietnam president thieu feared a us government conspiracy to
## do the same thing on june polgar went to the palace where he and
## general quang discussed the meeting of their respective chiefs sched
## uled for the next day just before martin s departure for consultations in
## washington quang began by requesting a martin assurance to thieu
## that no official american support was going to such dissident groups as
## the boa hao sect or the catholic priests anti corruption movement
## quang described something that polgar already knew about namely the
## paranoid suspicions harbored by thieu s nephew and current informa
## tion minister the us educated hoang due nha and insisted that any
## lingering doubts which thieu may have must be dispelled martin need
## not criticize nha it would suffice to point out the absurdity of combin
## ing massive us support to the government with simultaneous aid to pid
## dling dissident groups ijd
##
##
##
## saigon march j l
## saigon ii april al i as s litq shackley interview
## august t
## igol june il
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## quang went on to deplore the economic situation and the lack of
## south vietnamese leadership in this area and he accused the us
## embassy of aggravating the problem by no longer maintaining a single
## point of reference on economic matters the result was in effect no us
## advice at all as each vietnamese minister quoted his own american
## guru against all the others polgar asked about political prisoners and
## i quang promised that tran ngoc chau the pacification expert and former
## national assembly deputy jailed since would be released before
## martin s imminent appearance on capitol hill d
## the conversation turned as usual to cease fire implementation
## talks and polgar as usual helped carry the ambassador s water he
## pointed out the opportunity to exploit recent southern military gains by
## making at least apparent concessions that would improve martin s recep
## tion by the congress where saigon s intentions tended to be suspect
## quang responded that a strategy meeting that very morning should give
## shape to thieu s decision in principle to take such an initiative iso
## one reason for quang s importance as a conduit to thieu became
## clearer after president nixon s august resignation when ambas
## sador phuong lunched with ea division chief shackley phuong wor
## ried that thieu s vietnamese advisers lacked the fortitude to speak their
## minds with the president he saw only two of them as willing to state
## unpleasant facts one of these was general quang in any case phuong
## believed thien could get a balanced assessment of his problems only
## from americans and he had just implored ambassador martin already
## in washington to see more of him martin had made a note of this but
## no commitment another factor in quang s prominence was thien s
## growing isolation from other station contacts who had once enjoyed
## more or less regular access one example was lower house chairman
## nguyen ba can·
##
## i i
##
## martin had asked polgar to send him a threat estimate and the
## cos replied on the day of nixon s resignation in terms that foreshad
## owed the impending communist drive to final victory despite intensi
## fied military action he said hanoi showed no unambiguous signs of
## intending to lear up the paris agreement and launch an offensive on the
## scale of or to this polgar added a prescient qualification
## which he must have intended to strengthen martin s hand on capitol
##
## saigon h the file contains no further reporting thisd
## lbicld
##
##
##
##
## t
##
##
## c
##
##
## hill recent intelligence suggests that the decisive blow which they
## have been contemplating may come sooner than later perhaps in the dry
##
## season of
## the quang channel brought the cos back into the policy arena
## after a september lunch during which polgar briefed the general on
## the us political and economic situation and its implications for vietnam
## aid quang relayed this to thieu who reacted by inviting the cos to his
## office the next day thieu probed for information on kissinger forcing
## polgar to deny categorically any and all rumors which thieu might
## have received about alleged weakening of kissinger s position lsd
## as always during this period the subject of military aid arose pol
## gar explained the implications of the approaching midterm elections in
## the united states concerned about saigon s public relations problem
## in the united states he urged thieu to abstain from agitating in washing
## ton for additional aid reflecting more understanding of his benefactor
## than he was often credited with thieu expressed more anxiety about the
## continuing reliability of american military aid than about the precise
## d
## amount
## thieu said the aid issue would top the agenda in his forthcoming
## discussions with deputy defense secretary william clements and the
## session with polgar turned to american dealings with the local non
## communist opposition the cos alluded to rumors of us support not
## ing not for the first time what he called the absurdity of encouraging
## upposition to a recipient of massive us support thieu disclaimed hav
## ing given any credence to the allegations of support but said he had
## proof of official us contacts polgar acknowledged buth embassy and
## station contacts with groups such as the an quang buddhists and dissi
## dent catholic priests asserting that these served only legitimate informa
## tion purposes thieu professed to agree but complained that some
## dissidents used their american contacts as proof of us support for their
## respective machinations polgar cited a case in which information on
## contacts with military dissidents by an american had been turned over to
## general binh s cio and thiel repeated that he gave no credence to the
## mmors nd
## that same day september vice prime minister tran van don
## emphasized the government s unease over continuing us associatiun with
## saigon dissidents he pointedly noted thieu s awareness of i i
## i ilegislative and buddhist contacts but the station gave him no
##
## saigon hoho i august l
## saigoll september riti
## ii id·o
## ibid
##
##
## se
## tl
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## satisfaction merely repeating the line that polgar had just given thieu
## visiting washington in early october don raised the question again with
## ted shackley caiminf that buddhist opposition to thieu was growing
## shackley asserted that iwas doing no more than keeping a fin
## ger on the pulse and assured don of steadfast us support for thieu
## shackley also he told the station made it clear that cia would choose
## its own contacts l d
## if thieu followed polgar s advice to restrain his washington lobby
## ists he compensated with an orchestated effort to convince deputy sec
## retary william clements of a critical need to restore cuts in military aid
## appropriations
##
## emphasis on
##
## post cease fire communist landgrabbmg an on weapons ost by territo
## rial forces reflected thieu s intention to portray aid cuts as having
## inflicted criqqling reductions in the aqliation of fireqower i
## l
##
##
##
##
## intimations of a new communist offensived
##
## after the january cease fire agreement the traditional role of
## the vietnam station as a us channel of influence and information to the
## saigon generals increasingly involved it in issues like corruption south
## vietnam s image in the united states and the prospects of continued us
## military aid official corruption had long counted as one of saigon s
## more intractable problems among station contacts the most controver
## sial ill this respect was lt gen dang van quang the portly aide to
## thieu whom some americans were inclined to take lightly because of
## his high pitched giggle in moments of tension sometime in hoping
## to resolve the issue of quang s alleged corruption the cos designated
## to do an all source review of
## r i
## quang s financial probity could find no smoking gun and
##
## saigon xiy september li l
## i i to henrya kissinger plannedgvn tacticsto convince dep
## i william e colbymemorandulll
## uty secretary or defense clements thai the militury situation in south vietnam is desperate
## i rseptember lij
##
##
## t
##
##
## c
##
##
## did a report whose thrust was if not vindication at worst not moven
##
##
##
##
## quang s pecumary honesty or lack thereof and the station s liaison
## role in public relations and military aid matters were in any case periph
## eral to the agency s main interest the gut issue for the station now
## centered on the fact that the cease tire agreement had left the commu
## nists with the military if not in polgar s view the political initiative
## in the south and the dominant intelligence question was how and when
## they would exercise it the first part of a definitive answer after polgar s
## tentative rediction of early august came on november when
## the reported to the station and the special branch
## on t e eso unon or just issued by the hanoi communist party s
## central office for south vietnam d
## according to a preliminary report by the bien hoa base the key
## point of resolution is that the party is determined to launch an all out
## offensive which may well be more intense than the offensive the
## vc have weakened the saigon government to a marked degree using
## less than one third of their available strength against saigon while the
## latter had to use all of its strength the offensive was to be nationwide
## and was to strike not only the military but also the political and economic
## fronts orders had already been given the source said to collect rice
## salt and other foodstuffs in preparation for a long offensive in a move
## that recalls bien hoa s earlier concern about resource control party head
## quarters ordered local vc to buy two thirds of the civilian uction
## and let the fanners take the rest to the strategic hamlets sic u
## as it happened washington had just asked the station to comment
## on a draft intelligence community consensus judgment that hanoi prob
## ably will not choose to mount a new style offensive in the current
## dry season ie between now and june polgar had apparently
## drawn back from his august warning of a possible dry season offensive
## for he cautiously replied on november that washington s prognosis
## had been and still remains station position as of today but he went on
## to cite the report not yet disseminated and compared it with
## the reporting from the same source that had correctly predicted the timing
##
## i august if quang made any mouey from i limpro
## pncty hc apparently failed to gel it out of saigon at oue point having finally been accepted into
## the us he was working as a baggage handler at the los angeles airport see polgar interview
## july
## dictl hoa november t i
## ljid·d
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## of what turned into the easler offensive of an embassy report had
## just described a vc threat allegedly conveyed to an intermediary sent to
## them by buddhist leader tri quang to launch a new offensive if thieu
## remained in power more than another three or four months the station
## saw a possibility that this and the ireport represented the begin
## ning of a carefully staged psychological pressure campaign using
## sources perhaps reporting in good faith to erode president thien s
## control but the track record of thel source required that his
## information be taken seriously and polgar later remembered having
## urged both ambassador martin and police and cio chief general binh to
## d
## give it close attention
## no single report sufficed to establish communist intentions and on
## november polgar reminded headquarters of another report issued
## about the same time as his august warning of a possible offensive that
## hanoi really wanted a new round of nerotiations then after another
## briefing by a province level superior the ispecified that
## the campaign in was to set the stage for some sort of grand
## finale in he outlined hanoi s plans for division level deploy
## ments saying that concentrations around saigon would be designed to
## lure an arvn division from the mekong delta where the vc could
## then more easily collect rice from the current harvest preparations were
## to be complete by the end of december headquarters continued to doubt
## that hanoi was planning a major offensive but polgar now adopted the
## more pessimistic view and complained that washington s argument arbi
## trarily relied on a repetition of the deployments made by hanoi before the
## easter offensive of
## as signs of plans for a major communist military initiative accu
## mulated the south vietnamese economy remained a major anxiety for
## both saigon and the us mission on november thieu made the curi
## ous choice of the station to communicate to the americans his concern
## about problems of coordination and leadership in the economic sector
## the desperate state of the economy may have had something to do with
## this departure from protocol the increase in oil prices resulting from the
## arab export embargo had combined with reduced us economic aid to
## create severe shortages in any case general binh clearly uncomfort
## able with the subject told dcos conrad lagueux that the president had
## heard of mission objections to his proposed cabinet reorganization and
##
## jlpolgar interview
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
## wanted to clarify these thru intimate friends after a check with the
## embassy dcos lagueux was able to assure him that the thing would be
## taken into regular channels li
##
##
##
##
## saieoll r november i
##
##
##
##
## se f
## l·
##
## c
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c t
##
##
##
##
## the fall of a provincial capital d
## indeed as came to a close khiem and his colleagues had
## more serious challenges i i just before
## christmas khiem told cos polgar that the new year would be more dif
## ficult than the old in economic as well as military terms he thought the
## communists certainly smart enough to recognize that the government
## cannot defend equally in all forty four provinces saigon for its part
## would not fall into the trap of distributing its forces equally throughout
## the country it must hold pleiku khiem said but would not be justified in
## sacrificing a division to hold kontum then just one week into the new
## year the communists captured phuoc long province on the cambodian
## border north of saigon s d
## on januarythe day phuoc long fell the state department asked
## ambassador martin for a military assessment in response martin sent a
## station drafted paper that emphasized hanoi s ability to expand the south
## ern territory under its control without committing strategic reserves it
## might do so by filling the four divisions just created in the south to
## avoid alarming the washington intelligence community which remains
## mesmerized with the thought that a major offensive could take place only
## with the movement of integral units from north vietnam a la but if
## the military situation was grim saigon faced it with its own political
## house in order thieu s position was firm and indeed the recent upsurge
## in communist activity has served to quiet some of thieu s critics causing
## them to put the national interest above parochial political concerns
## despite this one perhaps illusory bright spot a continuing high volume of
## soviet and chinese aid to the north led polgar to a somber bottom line
##
##
##
##
## shlgoil so december l oigar interview
## july vietnam lvar almanac p r u
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## quoting thieu he said it looks as though south vietnam has been
## deceived by the us and the united states has been deceived by the soviet
## union d
## the us ability to counter aid deliveries to hanoi with aid deliver
## ies to saigon was already limited by public and congressional opposi
## tion and kissinger called martin to washington in late january to help
## lobby for a supplemental appropriation of million while there
## martin stayed in close touch with polgar using him as an intermediary
## with the vietnamese on a range of issues far broader than the station s
## intelligence and covert action mandate the cos found himself address
## ing problems ranging from the arrest of allegedly pro communist jour
## nalists to the handling of a saigon request for help setting up an
## american vietnamese association in the united states to counter anti
## south vietnam propaganda acting on behalf of charge d affaires wolf
## gang lehmann polgar also had to straighten out the confusion over
## reports of western military advice to thieu to give up his four northern
## provinces to the communists on this point khiem acknowledged that
## he was familiar with the idea being promoted by former australian brig
## allier and counterinsurgency adviser ted serong but that contrary to
## serong s claims he had rejected it as militarily unsound and politically
## unacceptable d
## president thieu in any case was optimistic about getting the sup
## plemental appropriation which he thought would guarantee arvn
## enough fuel and ammunition to cope with the communist moves pre
## dicted in the cosvn resolution for
##
## he needed the additional aid but without it would
##
## simply make the necessary tactical adaptations in any case he could not
## conceive that the americans would ahandon him altogether appar
## ently speaking for himself in a cable devoted to this topic polgar said
## there is no reason to believe that hanoi would he willing to make an
## acceptable compromise with a south vietnam weakened by us inaction
## on the aid question s d
##
## snigon r januury i cia and other american
## observers had over the years often invoked usually as a h the politically energizing effect of
## military reverses thai the station here announced as a fact u
## sait hi january saigon february saigon february
## i matlin was noi deterred in his use of the cia channel by
## a january incident in which the visiting senator sum nunn i tn had dismissed him from a
## postlunch discussion at polgar s house of that incident pol ar re oned i have never seen mar
## lin so workedup sec saigon rrc cu januaiu l s l l
## saigon lrjj february
##
##
##
## t
##
##
## c
## t
##
## later in february the us mission was preparing a commentary for
## kissinger on the administration s proposed three year aid package for
## south vietnam martin asked the cos to estimate the effect on hanoi of
## different hypothetical levels of us aid to south vietnam polgar s
## february response appealed to the authority of kissinger s intellectual
## paradigm
##
## metternich said that politics is the art of the possible this dictum is
## true of military affairs as well as politics and is as relevant to com
## munist nations as to non communist ones a substantial infusion
## of us aid to south vietnam over the next three years would go a
## long way toward modifying hanoi s view of what is possible and
## what is not both militarily and politically and would accelerate
## policy trends in north vietnam that could ultimately strengthen the
## force of the paris accords d
## in any case as polgar saw it hanoi s supply of munitions in the
## south perhaps greater than at the launching of the easter offensive was
## not matched by its ammunition reserves in the north nor by evidence of
## massive chinese or soviet deliveries of armor and artillery the cos
## concluded that the vietnamese communists are not going to risk that
## which they have in an all or nothing gamble of another general offen
## sive for one thing they had never taken such a high risk even in the
## easter offensive hanoi had kept reserve divisions in the north for
## another were they to lose their loss would be final in terms of the exist
## ing communist equities in the south with the strong possibility of reper
## cussionsalso in the north od
## indeed the cos believed that increased aid to saigon now might
## actually end the war here polgar reflected perhaps unconsciously the
## optimism of all the us officials who had over the years forecast a limit to
## hanoi s capacity to absorb punishment he suggested that a clear cut
## major us commitment to south vietnam would strengthen the
## enough is enough elements in hanoi these in turn would be encour
## aged by what the cos saw as the soviets disposition to reduce material
## a
## aid and to accept a divided vietnam as they accepted divided germany
## and a divided korea d
## this optimistic estimate its general thrust widely shared among
## informed us officials did not of course rebut the intelligence re
## on cosvn s resolution for according to the
## agent this document explicitly deferred a final can rontation until
##
## saigon february
## ijid d l
##
## · iid
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## in this respect the communists and the cos seemed to share the judg
## ment that despite reduced us military aid and the absence of american
## combat air support the arvn s capacity to repel a general offensive had
## not diminished since but the communists still aimed at victory
## within a specified period of time while the entirely defensive stance of
## the gvn sought only to defy hanoi s timetabled
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## chapter
##
##
## the fatal momentd
##
##
## whatever the validity of the assumptions about arvn s staying
## power events at the local level were creating some unease in the minds
## of agency officers manning the station s outposts tom polgar s feb
## ruary prognostication of a limited conununist offensive was fol
## lowed on march by the north vietnamese capture of ban me thuot
## capital of the highland province of darlac pleiku was also threatened
## and the chief of the station s detachment there don nicol was issuing
## daily reports on what fell during the night on march north viet
## namese antiaircraft artillery shot down an air vietnam dc on the out
## skirts of pleiku i d
## nicol had at this point received no station reaction to his reporting
## about the deteriorating arvn position around pleiku no inquiry or
## instructions about possible evacuation and so he asked for consultation
## in nha trang with the mr base chief robert chin on march his
## flight to nha trang scheduled for the next day nicol convened a meet
## ing of all us officials in pleiku everyone saw an immediate danger of
## north vietnamese attack and they worked out an evacuation protocol
## with air transportation for vietnamese employees guaranteed only to
## those who risked reprisal at the hands of the communists
## col le khac ly the arvn mr chief of staff j
## cj interrupted the meeting with a phone call to nicol in which he
## noted arvn s deteriorating position and recommended that the ameri
## cans pull out having delivered this advice ly mentioned that mr
##
## i donald j nicol interview by the author mclean va hereafter cited as nicol interview feb
##
## mary
## nicol interview february fred stephens interview by the author langley va hereaf
## iei cited a stephens interview august j not all the local employees would accept evac
## uation even if offered nicol recalled that the ethnic minority nnng guards at his compound
## explicitly declined to consider any departure arrangements whether by air or on the ground and
## two of those who were evacuated a vietnamese couple stayed in nha trang when it fell on i
## april nicollcfl for saigon wondering about their loyaltyo
##
##
## scc
## f
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## commander gen pham van phu would attend a meeting with president
## thieu the next day at cam ranh bay he noted that phu s official itiner
## ary called for him to be in qui nhon and assured nicol he would clarify
## the matter when phu returned to pleiku
## nicol told nha trang base of the plans for this surreptitious gather
## ing on march as he was preparing to leave pleiku he got word from
## the base that the outpost in qui nhon had been queried although its
## people had not actually seen phu their contacts asserted that he had
## indeed arrived at the divisional headquarters there
## late the same day after nicol s departure stephens visited mr
## headquarters in hopes of getting a report on the cam ranh meeting he
## found lyi ihad no time to recount the day s events before
## phu himself came in stephens thought he looked shaken but did not
## connect it to the cam ranh meeting in stephens s view a continuing
## string of arvn reverses had given phu every reason to look shakenso
## stephens left emptyhanded but returned the following morning
## noticing as he passed the airfield that the fighter aircraft normally parked
## there were gone he found the headquarters a shambles evidently in the
## middle of acking up and it took him half an hour to locate coione ly
## i took him aside and with an urgent request that stephens con
## ceal the provenance of the information announced that thieu had just
## ordered phu to withdraw from pleiku and kontum in so doing he had
## explicitly enjoined his commanders to withhold the decision from the
## americans on leaving colonel ly stephens briefed the us mission s
## senior provincial representative earl thieme who then called on general
## phu phu acknowledged the impending relocation of his headquarters but
## not the withdrawal from pleiku and kontum he did however repeat
## ly s earlier suggestion that the americans leave pleiku d
## stephens accompanied his intelligence report with a recommenda
## tion that all americans be promptly evacuated polgar was skeptical of
## the report but chin had already lost two americans killed in recent
##
## nicol interview february stephens interview lo au ust nicol described ly s mo
## tivation as a liking for americans and a craving for coca cola
##
##
## •stephens interview august
## liii pl irl
## flit stephens recalled that
## ly said thien s rationale for concealing the decision included a desire hat americans be captured
## in the highlands he hoped that such a provocation would draw the united states back into active
## cuubar nunc ul the subsequent cables from nha trang and saigon on the plciku evacuation refers
## his and the intelligence report that conveyed thieu s decision has not been found stephens
##
## thoughl he might well have omitted the point from the dissemination as bein too sensational hut
## il is luissiu also from the accompanying operational cablel l
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
## t
##
## action in mr and he and the consul general at nha trang moncrieff
## spear persuaded polgar as the embassy duty officer to authorize the
## immediate departure of all americans from kontum and pleiku chin
## requisitioned air america transport planes and the first of these arrived
## at pleiku not long after noon stephens and most of his people took this
## plane along with the other americans but his communicator and the
## national security agency man at pleiku insisted on waiting for the prom
## iscd second aircraft explicitly assigned for their use everyone got out
## that afternoon and the group arrived in nha trang with their weapons
## the unit s cryptographic devices and the clothes they wore that day or
## the next the station got its own look at the catastrophe when dcos
## lagueux went up in a station aircraft to photograph the chaos on the
## road leading southeast from pleiku to phu bon d
## while stephens and his people were boarding the airplane at pleiku
## cos polgar was reporting on his efforts to confirm vietnamese intentions
## with respect to the highlands liaison contact general quang i i
## i igeneral khang had just denied any knowledge of a decision to
## withdraw although general quang conceded that evacuation of kon
## tum was likely khang said he had seen joint general staff chief gen
## eral vien that morning and vien had said nothing of the matter acting
## chief of mission lehmann had seen president thieu at hours that
## morning presumably before the arrival of stephens s report of the cam
## ranh meeting and thieu had also been mute on the subject i
##
##
##
##
## i
## in the same cable that reported quang s and khang s disclaimers
## polgar speculated that thieu might have intended no more than to
## approve in principle phu s plans to concentrate his forces to retake ban
## me thuot by evacuating pleiku and kontum in this interpretation phu
## had misunderstood and had prematurely put the plan into effect as for
##
## nicol interview february polgar interview july nicol recalled having felt
## some relief when the embassy duty officer who had to approve the evacuation flight for the pleiku
## outpost turned out to be the cos nicol thought that someone else who might have felt obliged
## to consult the ambassador would have encountered martin s fear that evacuation of americans
## would spark vietnamese panic stephens remembered that provincial representative thieme got
## a helicopter back to pleiku on march to rescue his collection of playboy magazines his arrival
## coincided with that of a transport sent from saigon to pick up the arvn radio intercept detachment
## that had worked with the station and nsa thieme diverted it to pick up civilian acquaintances of
## his lij the intercept people were left behind to try making their way out overland or to be captured
## ihc north vietnamese see stephens interview august i
## saigon h march i
## i i l
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## t
## the absence of notification to the us mission polgar later thought it
## improbable that so many of the mission s contacts could have skillfully
## feigned ignorance in his view they had in fact not known what phu had
## set in motion but on march joint general staff chief cao van vien
## responded to the defense attache s probing by acknowledging that with
## drawal was already under way the attache maj gen homer smith
## asked why vien had said nothing about it when they met just after the
## march cam ranh bay conference vien said he d had no choice s thieu
## had issued a direct order not to reveal the decision d
## the pleiku withdrawal diverted the station s attention from devel
## opments farther south on march while thieu was closeted with his
## generals at cam ranh bay polgar had been evaluating the fall of ban me
## thuot and growing enemy pressure on tay ninh the current crisis was
## the worst since he told headquarters now exceeding even the
## easter offensive quang had reported thieu to be unprecedentedly wor
## ried and even depressed and general binh described the arvn effort
## to retake ban me thuot as perhaps the decisive battle in terms of the
## future of south vietnam as we know it in binh s view the loss of the
## central highlands would be psychologically devastating hc doubted that
## thicu and his government could digest it °
##
##
## saigon polgar interview july sai on april
## i isaigon march
## sic r sic johnson memorandum to chicf east asia d i vt lst lon lljt o r e n
## er ar n et · t nit h s
## oin
## i rcpo ll on rhe las day of vietnam september all smith repolt i
## led shackley said he made direct inquiries when he came to saigon later in the month ask
## ing generals quang and vicn both present at the nha trang meeting as well as general binh ho
## ang due nha and thieu himself what had happened the consensus as shackley recalled it was
## that thieu had announced a pulicy decision to give up the central highlands and had directed mr
## cununamlcr geuerul l hu to begin the planning shackley said he later reviewed the subject in the
## united stutes with khac and nha and they reaffirmed phu s blunder see shackley interview
## august nothing in the official record other than polgar s conjecture of march supports
## this interpretation robert chin account of the fall of mr categorically states that thieu or
## dcrcd l hu to abandon pleiku and kontum oue page undated and unsigned review of the
## gvn s collapse apparently prepared at headquarters says nothing at all about this episode an
## lither such memorandum says that phu rcturned from the march session with thieu with orders
## to abandon pleiku and kontum between march ie• immediatel see robert chin mem
## oraudum chronology april he untitled head
## quarters reviews are in all of this leaves unresolved polgar s
## and apparently alxli shackley s reluctance to accept thai the vietnamese had withheld a decision to
## launch an inuucdintc evacuation in both nicol s and stephens s recollection the initial report from
## plciku had explicitly referred tll thien s order to conceal his decision from the americans the re
## port iixclf bus no he en foulldnl o
##
## saigon xx march f
##
##
## set
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
##
## fixing the marne for an accelerating disasterd
##
## the accelerating arvn collapse did not result from a north viet
## namese general offensive but rather invited it as polgar was later at
## pains to point out with both mr l and mr in enemy hands the cos
## wanted headquarters to understand that it was thieu s precipitous deci
## sions and poor execution by his commanders poor leadership poor
## morale indiscipline and selfishness that let the nation down and
## introduced a process of deterioration that led to results far in excess of
## what north vietnamese military pressure would have been capable of
## during this time frame i d
## prime minister khiem was equally concerned to find a sea e oat
##
## l jcomplaining about the bastardly attitude of the us
## congress the more they go on with their current game the more eager
## and aggressive the communists will get and the more force thev will
## apply
##
##
##
## i
##
## hanoi is pleased as they can be why the hell would they even con
## sider negotiations for now as a minimum they would sharply
## increase their demands we are like the farmers and they have just
## raised the interest rates all our mortgage in the meanwhile our
## houses are falling down around us our plow is broken and we still
## have to find the means to prevent foreclosure on our mortgage
##
## i inoting how things had changed
## since when the north vietnamese had been hit by everything from
## s to naval gunfire now the north was stronger and the south
## weaker we have moved out of the kissinger period and into the period
## of the american congress and there is nothing we can do about it i d
## on march headquarters told polgar about an interagency meet
## ing at which both military and state representatives were most apprecia
## tive of station reporting almost their only source of south vietnamese
## plans and actions in the last six days ambassador martin was again in
## the united states this time for dental surgery and the department was
## about to instruct lehmann to go see thieu polgar s reply described the
##
## saigon r april
## saigon march l
##
##
##
## se
## ·
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## t
## embassy as a rudderless ship in martin s absence lehmann was not a
## leader and senior officers of the embassy have failed to recognize the
## new situation and its implications as the cos saw it the political offic
## ers reflecting the atmosphere in washington were still preoccupied
## with the non communist opposition to the saigon government but it
## wouldn t matter even if they did change their focus thieu didn t like to
## deal at the charge d affaires level and the embassy would get little of
## value from contacts less highly placedyd
## that same day march headquarters begged for information on
## thieu s grand design even while it worked to crank up an asian ca
## program on the refugee situation the fact that people are voting with
## their feet could the station get to thieu or at least to khiem or
## quang the station s reply noted lehmann s meeting that day with
## thieu regarding the new enclave strategy and said it had produced little
## not already reported in agency channels polgar went on to say that
##
## we wish you luck with the asian ca program but frankly this is
## not going to make any difference the north vietnamese tanks can
## not be stopped with sympathy but only by anti tank weapons and
## aircraft the failure of the united states to live up to the one
## for one provisions of the paris agreement or to hinder north viet
## nam from undertaking all out military effort will inevitably termi
## nate the existence of an independent non communist south
## vietnam and no amount of words will change that
##
## headquarters acknowledged the point but cited orders from higher
## authority to fix responsibility on the communists and to generate support
## for the refugees fleeing the communist advance d
## thc specter of accelerating catastrophe had at this point produced
## some curious reactions also in saigon polgar for example had been
## quick see the implications of the central highlands disaster but on
## march with arvn still fleeing toward the coast from pleiku and
## konturn the cos saw a modest embassy proposal to curtail travel to
## vietnam by mission family members as ridiculous tantamount to an
## official vote of no confidence in the saigon government s survival at the
## same time aside from its sensible concern about dependents travel the
## embassy s dominant reaction to collapse in the north was to try doing
## business as usual polgar complained of time wasted at embassy staff
##
##
##
##
## sp
##
##
## c
##
##
## meetings in discussion of improvements to the mission s combined rec
## reation association facilities and related social events in washington
## irritation with thieu for concealing his enclave strategy and with the
## mission for its poor coverage of the past week was mitigated only by
## general satisfaction with agency reporting the station was the only
## mission component which has come out of events of past week with rep
## utation either intact or enhanced ljd
##
##
## an attempt to restore saigon s moraled
##
## polgar s reporting demonstrated his understanding of sagging viet
## namese morale his perception of passivity in the embassy led him to
## take the lead in an effort to reverse this potentially fatal trend he
## launched a vigorous effort to get his saigon counterparts to identify and
## undertake the organizational psychological and political efforts
## required to salvage what seems to us a rapidly deteriorating situation
## on march he had hosted a working dinner for senior intelligence offi
## cials including generals quang and hinh the next day dcos laflueux
## ·
## went to binh and i ito quang with
## additional briefing material that quang wanted to include in a presenta
## tion to president thieu on the st polgar saw both hoang due nha
## quite changed humble and obviously most concerned about the fate of
## the nation and prime minister khiem whom he found in a state of
## mild shock khiem insisted he had had no idea that the highlands were
## to be abandoned forthwith and reacted incredulously to polgar s state
## ment that thieu had given the americans no advance notice the prime
## minister criticized general staff chief cao van vien but did not look as
## if he intended to be any more forceful on the political front than vien was
## on the military the cos discussed with him at some length the con
## cept of a national unity government but came away with the clear feel
## ing that the prime minister was not going to move with the flair and
## decisiveness which the situation would seem to demand o
## on march polgar saw khiem again this time accompanied by
## the station s photo interpreter and briefed him on arvn losses during
## the flight from pleiku to phu bon that afternoon he repeated the briefing
## saigon march and i i
## i olgar interview july lehmann as polgar saw him lacked the con
## fidcncc even to adapt the emba ssy staff meeting to changed circumstances with the result that sev
## eral meetings were dominated by the proposed construction of a regency hyatt hotel in saigon
## the administrative counselor s problems with overtime pay for local employees also figured
## prominently and the elilbassy s two honr innch break continued
## saigon march l
##
##
##
## sphet
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## for general quang who wanted to borrow the material for use next day
## with thieu the defense attache col william lcgro and his col
## leagues wcrc engaged in similar efforts polgar said but while we are
## doing our best to get the top levels of the government to focus on these
## various problems the station cannot of course fill the vacuum created by
## the absence of the ambassador during this critical situation the cos
## described all this activity to headquarters on sunday march preced
## ing his report with a despairing cable in which he noted north vietnamese
## successes south vietnamese blunders and the lack of any effective
## american reaction hanoi had now committed five divisions from its
## strategic reserve and the cos said he wanted the secretaries of state and
## defense advised that he saw south vietnam going down the drain d
## later on the rd headquarters chose to treat the situation as man
## ageable asking for information on arvn losses and on thieu s military
## planning so that washington could decide what type of equipment
## should be put into the pipeline now headquarters had accepted that da
## nang would probably fall that even tay ninh might have to be aban
## doneel but needed to know where thieu ultimately plans to make a
## stand replying the next day polgar could say of thieu s intentions only
## that he wanted to protect what is essential for the survival of an indepen
## dent south vietnam polgar went on to say that the way events are
## moving this is likely to be smaller than anyone would have considered
## possible even two weeks ago a coastal enclave at da nang might still
## be possible and another farther south from qui nhon to pharr thiet but
## such developments would represent not changes in thieu s strategic
## planning but simply reflections of desperate moves made in the hope of
## conserving arvn fighting resources for a later decisive battlc ir
## washington s relative optimism at this point emerged also in an
## exchange with polgar over evacuation policy although their respective
## positions would shortly be reversed headquarters told the cos on
## march that every agency we talk to worried about the political signals
## implicit in a conspicuous evacuation of american dependents and their
## household effects polgar replied in a biting cable pointing out that
## saigon was teeming with unneeded american refugees from the northern
## provinces and such political signals as we may raise with their evacua
## tion arc inconsequential compared to the extremely negative signals
## being transmitted by the congress of the united states and current mili
## tury developments in south vietnam headquarters hastily backed down
##
##
##
##
## r
## saigon g saigoll h march j
## j land saigon march
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c et
##
## although it did not explicitly give polgar the requested blanket authority
## it approved his list of proposed evacuees and affirmed his authority
## under the regulations to move people out
## at the strategic level polgar still saw a leadership vacuum on both
## the us and south vietnamese sides and he appealed for a visit from
## former macv commander gen fred c weyand to resume the kind of
## informed and detailed discussion that weyand and general abrams had
## once routinely conducted with president thieu such a move may already
## have been in train as headquarters replied the next day march by
## announcing that weyand would head a mission to saigon whose agency
## members included ted shackley and george carver weyand was even
## then at the white house to get his instructions headquarters illuminated
## the washington atmosphere for polgar by adding that its intelligence cus
## tomers were now mainly concerned to know whether south vietnam
## retained the will to resist
## polgar replied on the th that it did in a general way but that the
## trauma of the reverses in central vietnam left open the question of effec
## tive resistance at any given point of attack the south vietnam we have
## known over the years is no more the cos saw the prospect of a rump
## state if hanoi permitted it but the end will come sooner rather than
## later unless political andor military pressure should dissuade hanoi from
## pressing its current advantaget that same dap remaining americans
## were evacuated from tay ninh by helicopter u
## other station reporting cast some doubt on the survival of even a
## general will to resist i idepicted jgs chairman
## cao van vien as personally affected by the defeatist spirit pervading
## large segments of the south vietnamese people and military i i
## i without b strikes the game was over but
## that it would be over anyway if we don t redeploy our forces we are
## dead and if we do redeploy we are still dead d
## in the desperate mood instilled by communist military advances
## thieu advisers quang and binb i idiscussing repressive action
## against the radical opposition which included that bitch ngo ba
## thanh and dissident catholic priests the station noted that this was
##
##
##
## losaigoll g
## saigon mat c t s a nd r r j
## i i
## saigon march
##
##
## r
## t
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## taking place just as prime minister khiem was sounding out the
## responsible opposition to bring them into a cabinet of national
## union
## as this depiction of the vietnamese mood was going to henry kiss
## inger the weyand mission was in the air headed for saigon the group
## was to identify and evaluate the saigon government s military and politi
## cal strategy and determine the aid requirement for a strategy judged to be
## viable if saigon s planning was inadequate the mission was to talk the
## generals into the necessary changes in saigon on march shackley
## reported to dci colby that such planning needed to accept that vietnam
## ese claims about holding da nang were hollow that for all practical pur
## d
## poses it was already lost
##
##
## the fall of da nangd
## i
## i shackley was probably reacting to a description of accelerating
## chaos in da nang sent on march by the station s mr l base chief
## i i airport security had already broken down and only a
## third of the manifested passengers were among those who jammed onto
## the first of the us evacuation aircraft scheduled for that day the second
## night loaded all its intended passengers but only by wa at the end of
## the runway while they were trucked from the terminal s u
## the cos replied the same day that he had already read i i
## report to general quang who promised an immediate briefing of presi
## dent thieu polgar said he had warned quang in the strongest terms that
## without the restoration of some semhlance of order us efforts to extri
## cate the maximum number of people from da nang would be halted
## quang said he would take the necessary action acknowledging that sta
## tion information on the evolving catastrophe in the north was more
## detailed and timely than the reports reaching thieu through his own
## chanuels d
## polgar saw no rint in further exposure of station personnel in da
## nang and instructed lto evacuate his staff at the earliest opportu
## nity i am not willing to risk our personnel to obtain continued reporting
## when it appears that neither us nor vietnamese authorities are capa
## ble of putting that intelligence to any practical use d
##
##
##
##
## r r ialld fvsa n april jl j
##
##
##
##
## sevet
##
##
## c et
##
## at hours quang got back to polgar saying that president
## thiel wanted consul general albert francis to tell mr l commander
## general truong that a continuing us airlift depended on truong s ability
## to restore order at the airfield and to control the roads serving it an hour
## later quang advised that he had reached truong himself but recom
## mended having francis make his representations anyway it was all ill
## vain as military discipline had now simply dissolved a state of even
## wilder chaos the next day march prompted the consul general to
## cancel the airlift entirely d
## evacuation by sea using vessels of the us military sealift com
## mand now remained the only possibility i iand a consulate
## officer set out to move the vietnamese to whom the mission felt a
## specific obligation early on march working under cover of darkness
## to avoid the attention of unsponsored refugees they tried to load a barge
## at the river dock in front of the consulate but the ruse did not succeed
## and as many as unauthorized refugees forced their way on board
## some fell into the water in the general crush and were drowned the
## overloaded barge finally had to be towed out with many of its intended
## passengers still on shore d
## cj and his colleagues tried again the next night but not all the
## promised barges appeared in the confusion and panic those that did
## were towed away only partly loaded again leaving many us sponsored
## refugees behind fortunately for the few remaining americans grealy
## had made arrangements with the captain of an australian owned tugboat
## the osceola to pick up the cia and consulate staffers still in da nang
## with nothing more to be done for the masses of refugees trying to flee
## the americans boarded on the morning of the th taking as many viet
## namese refugees as they could and moved out into da nang harbor jod
## once on the water danger came less from the communist forces
## approaching by land than from armed arvn deserters at one point a
## sampan carrying vietnamese marine deserters approached the osceola
##
## c
## ignoring continuous warning fire from the tug they pulled up to the
## osceola s stern hank boothe one of men confronted them
## there and tonguelashed a marine pointing a pistol at him until appar
## curly confused and frightened the man opened the action to show an
##
##
##
## saigon march fvsa
## fvsa will isic r sic johnson memorandum to chief east asia division major
## general homersmith s report on the last days of vietnam september att smith re
## purt i
## »tu« polgar interview july
##
##
##
##
## l
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## unloaded weapon the leader brandishing both an m automatic rifle
## and an m grenade launcher then meekly obeyed boothe s order to
## join the fishing boats already clustered behind the osceola to
## from the relative safety of the tug the americans watched more
## soldiers and refugees putting out into the harbor on barges or in sam
## pans or fishing boats most uf these vessels could not venture into open
## water without foundering and the ships of the th fleet required to
## remain offshore in international waters could not come close enough to
## pick up refugees by early afternoon thousands of refugees were afloat in
## the harbor caught between the approaching north vietnamese and the
## rough waters of the south china seacjsaw the impending disaster
## and suggested that the osceola sskiiper invike maritime emergency
## practice by sending a distress call over voice link to the station
## in saigon by midafternoon the station had relayed it to the communica
## tions facility inl iwhich in turn broadcast it on the appropriate fre
## quencies to ships at sea j d
## the response was almost immediate as several freighters were
## then passing da nang but the rescue effort revealed another threat to
## the refugees survival some of the barges had left the shore at least a
## day earlier and the tugboats and freighters helping with the rescue did
## not carry enough drinking water to supply the parched vietnamese try
## ing to ameliorate thiscj asked for an air america airdrop which
## the station promptly furnished the aircraft arrived at dusk but the vari
## ous containers hastily collected for the effort all broke one of them hit
## the osceola s antennas interrupting communications until i icom
## municator could improvise a repaircjwas trying to arrange a para
## chute drop for march when a heavy rain postponed the problem long
## enough for the rescue operation to be completed d
## the four cia men and their consulate colleagues spent the night of
## march on the osceola at hours on the th they were still on
## the tug and the station was hoping to see them evacuated before the end
## of the day but transfer to a sengoing vessel turned out to be fully as risky
## as cruising a da nang harbor full of armed vietnamese deserters the
## osceola approached the freighter pioneer commander only to discover
## marine deserters perhaps of them already on board busy robbing
##
## saigon april ithis cable is an account of the
## episode voluutccrcd the station by robert m lanigan the usom officer for quang nam pt ov
## incc who was also on the osceola he had been eager to ensure that boothe s heroism was recog
## nizcd·d
## stigon march ipolgar interview july
## ·
## fvs saigon march aigon
## april icn olgar interview july
##
##
## sphet
##
##
## c et
##
## the refures alifchtin g from a barge and knifing or shooting those who
## resisted and his party crossed the now empty barge without inci
## dent and boarded without resistance from the marines they proceeded to
## help the captain organize watch teams guarding the bridge and the engine
## room the only parts of the ship which marauding deserters had not yet
## penetrated during the course of the night the watch successfully fended
## off marines intent on occupying the bridge but the rapine continued d
## thanks in large measure to i i
## ingenuity and enter
## prise the da nang rescue operation evacuated an estimated refu
## gees from the doomed city many of the three to four thousand
## vietnamese comprising the consulate and base local staff and their fami
## lies were unfortunately not among them i i
## subsequent report does
## not address the question whether the base might have moved its local
## employees at its own discretion it acknowledges the failure to remove
## a very large number of vietnamese consulate and base employees and
## attributes this to the embassy s failure to provide the airlift it had encour
## aged consul general francis to expect this leaves open the question
## why so few of cia s local staff had been moved out in the twelve days
## after the fall of pleiku and kontum and before civil order collapsed in
## da nang also as we have seen an airlift did in fact begin on march
## and ended on francis s initiative not the embassy s when general
## truong failed to restore order at the airport d
## the trauma of impending defeatd
##
## arvn s collapse at da nang contributed to the psychological toll
## that accelerating disaster was already taking in saigon shackley remem
## bered trying to brief ambassador martin on the weyand mission s air
## plane about the communist advance on da nang but martin could not
## or would not absorb the dimensions of the catastrophe and general
## weyand finally signaled shackley to give it up three days later on
## march da nang fell shortly afterward polgar took vince daly a base
## officer recently evacuated in to see martin the ambassador refused to
## accept daly s account of the disaster saying he would fly to da nang
##
##
##
##
## fvsi
## l· fvsi ii has not been determined whether the base was required to tie the evacuation of
## its local employees to that of the consulate s and if not what rationale it used to delay moving
## thclll·d
##
##
##
## set
## a
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## t
## himself to establish the facts only strenuous argument persuaded him
## that he could not land at an airfield controlled by the north vietnamese
## armyd
## probably reflecting the desperate need for some good news the sta
## tion s intelligence product now occasionally depicted cvents in more opti
## mistic terms than they merited one i iremembered
## serious attention in the station to idle vietnamese talk about retaking da
## nang another i i
## recalled i i general
## quang i joked about an incident in lam dong province it
## seemed that a couple of vc sappers had been spotted outside a district
## capital and the panicked local defenders fled toward the province capital
## finding it abandoned they reversed course and headed back through
## their district town encountering no resistance as they dashed toward da
## lat quang saw the dark humor in this but the station
## published a report saying that the regional forces had launched a coun
## terattack on di linh and driven the communists from the city
## the vietnamese were no less affected the disarray was such that
## on march not one senior officer or official was on duty at the pal
## ace when the station called repeatedly to try to coordinate the evacua
## tion of da nang even the president was not entirely in control of
## himself when shackley and polgar saw him on april he seemed
## choked up with emotion indeed as polgar later recalled it he at one
## point broke into tears shackley perceived that shock waves have gone
## through avn and south vietnamese population at large as a result of
## recent military developments in mr and morale had reached an all
## lillie low and a feeling of abandonment by the united states is grow
## ing among all strata of society president thieu was invisible to the
## body politic and prime minister khiem busied himself with fruitless
## efforts to reorganize the government the south vietnamese were unani
## mous on just one thing the need for b bombers to hit the approach
## ing communists r d
## of the communist advance to engender panic in
## the potential
## saigon emerges in i i
## retired gen pham van dongcj
## i i alarmed by the fall of da nang dong
##
## shackley interview august vandeveerinterview september daly recounted the
## marlin incident to vanrlaveer some time later
##
##
## sail n xxoii march saigon april
## iii polgar interview july the shackley
## i olg l lirlai i ig l iiicu represented all unusual concession by martin who usually insisted on
## hcinj present al any meeting with the chief of state he made no such concession to weyand
## cvcn thougl the gcucral a vietnamese speaker was an old thien associate sec polgar interview
## ij olulyi i·d
##
##
## sat
## o
##
## c secret
##
##
##
## i iat this session he asserted
## that the us secretary of defense had just predicted that the communists
## would soon attack and capture saigon dong begged i ito
## get his family evacuated he himself would stay for the moment but
## expected saigon to fall within two weeks
##
##
##
## i
## on the substantive level shackley reported on march that the
## weyand mission had found it necessary to remind the vietnamese at all
## levels that their priorities were to stabilize the military situation and to
## provide evidence that the government could still protect its population
## at this point with its resources in the mekong delta still devoted to the
## now irrelevant pacification program the government had only the
## vaguest formulation of a strategic plan and of the force structure
## needed to implement it at the cia briefing on april thieu seemed
## unaware of the movements of north vietnamese divisions that polgar
## described for him he appeared however to comprehend his military
## position and was alert to its political implications and its threat to gen
## eral morale nevertheless he seemed to shackley to overestimate the
## time available to deal with his problems d
## shackley s cables of march and april posed the question of
## communist intentions he saw two possibilities first hanoi s exploita
## tion of its military advantage to press for an immediate victory on the
## battlefield and second a political settlement with a coalition government
## that would disguise saigon s de facto capitulation neither of these
## messages predicted hanoi s choice but shackley later recalled the
## weyand mission as marking the parting of the interpretative ways
## between washington and the us mission in saigon general weyand
## and his team had arrived believing that hanoi would press for military
## victory and nothing they learned in vietnam persuaded them otherwise
## thus although ambassador martin and cos polgar continued to find
## credibility in signs of communist interest in a coalition fig leaf the final
## weyand report predicted that without accelerated logistic support to
## arvn and the commitment of us combat air support saigon would fall
##
## a military assault
##
## and in fact the north vietnamese juggernaut continued to roll into
## the coastal strip of central vietnam on april only two days after the
## fall of da nang north vietnamese forces approached nha trang just
##
##
## smgon saigon
## cjkxjrvjciv august saigon april
##
##
## s et
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## north of the former us base at cam ranh bay nha trang was now the
## headquarters of arvn s military region and the site of a us consu
## late general and cia base at hours having heard from the khanh
## hoa province chief that the city was out of control the consul general
## authorized immediate helicopter evacuation to the airfield the cia base
## closed down its communications at hours and the last of its staff
## with base chief robert chin took off for saigon at about noon d
## the consul general had planned to evacuate local employees by
## sea that day it appears that chin s vietnamese were to have been
## included but the departure of the us staffers aborted these preparations
## chin s subsequent report to polgar implied that no obligation to these
## employees had gone unfulfilled although as it turned out only per
## cent of our locals showed up in saigon perhaps the rest couldn t make it
## on the other hand some might have stayed behind others who had been
## paid off might be on their own somewhere d
## on the same day april the dci gave polgar the explicit blanket
## authority to move people and household effects that ea division had
## denied him a week earlier on the nd headquarters completed its volte
## face on the evacuation question telling polgar that state would shortly
## require the evacuation of families of us officials and would ask for the
## number of vietnamese to be evacuated if the vietnamese were defeated
## the latter category could reach a million headquarters estimated if all
## were included who might be subject to north vietnamese retribution d
## polgar replied cautiously to washington s call for evacuation prepa
## rations saying that they could in and of themselves set in motion forces
## which will bring about the saigon government s prompt demise
## george carver in a separate and less temperate cable called the pro
## posed moves lunatic yes evacuation was a serious question but
## such blundering steps would precipitate the very crisis they arc suppos
## edly designed to cope with and in the process cause the gvn to topple
## saying that shackley as well as polgar shared this view carver went on
## to insist there be no visible signs of an impending american exodus
## until we decide to take out everyone left when that moment came it
## would probably take an augmented us airborne division and tactical air
##
##
##
##
## suigou ggh i april i
## robert chin mcmonllldlllll for clllcf of station vlctnam evacuation of nha trang base
## aprillmj i
##
##
##
## tl
## set
##
##
## cl
##
##
##
##
## th cia ll qt nhd trtjl g
## p chlfa j dwu al
##
##
##
##
## rrfuxus nrar hila trangfl southward
## support secure the evacuation o f the remaining am ericans and the
## ma ny vietnamese with their families whom in good conscien ce we
## simply co uld it leave behind be slaughtered ·j d
## the del s cult rep ly to polgar said he had di scu ssed the matt er with
## assistant secretary o f slate philip habib and the d ecis ion had been
## mad e evacuate dependent s and thin out remaining prin cipals dealing
## with polgar s ex presse d co ncern for the effect of americ an dep artures on
##
##
##
##
## saigon r april i
## sa igon apri l
## copy retained illlliory slaff files shackle interview august whether his sllnee had
## ijixii inaccurately uuvcyrd by carvr or whether he was simply bowing to headquan cn insis
## ienc c sh ucy laler mid he hadwpooucd lhis l leadquart rl posi lion whi le still in aigon ll c n ill
## be adnpted au c mllf lhe line tone with poiar urging him lo make evacuation plansd
##
##
## sel
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## et
## vietnamese morale colby paraphrased his own message of the previous
## week suggesting that they be explained to the vietnamese in terms of
## the staffing surplus created by the fall of military regions and
## the question of staybehind operations designed to provide infor
## mation from within south vietnam even after a communist victory did
## not involve the same sensitivities ted shackley later said he remembered
## that during his visit he urged tom polgar to push the recruitment of such
## sources and polgar assigned station officer william johnson to supervise
## the effort johnson and his colleages gave ita game try as shackley
## recalled it but none of the agents they deployed ever established commu
## nication it was in any case too late a managerial mindset which rejected
## the prospect of the united states being forced out of vietnam had found
## timely staybehind preparations no more congenial a task than arranging
## to evacuate the station s vietnamese employees
## on april thieu described for shackley and polgar various viet
## namese efforts all of them apparently stalled by the politicians mutual
## jealousies to create a government with a base broad enough to interest
## the communists in a negotiated cease fire the next day polgar told
## headquarters that gen nguyen cao ky and senate president tran van
## lam had combined to try assembling such a government while thieu
## might suppress this move it was also possible that the senate s unani
## mous call for new leadership would contribute to thieu s departure
## implying a difference with martin on this subject polgar judged thieu
## insufficiently flexible to deal with the disparate elements of any govern
## ment of national union in any case as long as he stayed the communists
## could be expected to pursue a military victory dci colby reacted appre
## hensively enjoining polgar not to participate in any move to oust
## thieu· d
## on the morning of april a defecting south vietnamese pilot
## bombed doc lap palace the results included severe damage to general
##
##
## quang s office
##
##
##
##
## lac cy c auncc that contrary to the imprcssiou some contemporary witnesses he had not
## though stnybchiml prospects too poor to merit a serious effort the impression derived he thought
## troru his rejection of the station s proposal to try usingl ifor this purpose see
## shackley interview august
## saigoll saigon april ipolgar inter
## view · july nd
##
##
##
## ret
##
##
## c
##
##
## as the communists pursued their advantage vietnamese reactions
## and those of some in the us mission as well evoked the sight of deer
## impaled on the beams of aooroachinz headliahtsl
##
##
##
##
## an answer from tay ninh
## on april the agent in tay ninh reported that the north vietnam
## ese had decided to go for broke even if the thieu government fell or
## received augmented us aid there would be no negotiations no coalition
## government and communist forces will strike at saigon at an appro
## priate time meanwhile polgar saw the us mission as still resembling
## a rudderless ship despite graham martin s return on april the cos
## bemoaned the need to waste time arguing the validity of the bad news
## pouring in from his intelligence sources and noted that with household
## effects and official cargo piling up on the docks two american ships
## had just sailed empty because the embassy could not organize itself to
## issue loading instructions the ambassador was still trying to move
## washington into increased military and economic aid and in other
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## sertet
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## respects seeking to maintain a business as usual attitude in the face of a
## clearly worsening situation d
## in the same message the cos evaluated current communist
## attacks on rovincial capitals near saigon as supporting the previous day s
## report byl i i and polgar said he therefore anticipated
## a communist move to occupy saigon by june he noted that for two
## weeks there had been no functioning cabinet and that martin had not seen
## thieu in almost a week the ambassador now agreed he said that thieu
## had outstayed his usefulness but would not urge him to leave in the
## absence of a viable alternative polgar concluded that without decisive
## american moves major and useless bloodshed can be avoided only if
## thieu steps down and aside and a credible government of national union
## offers to implement the paris formula on polite surrender terms the
## united states would also have to press for a cease fire with the same
## energy that was used when israel was advancing in egypt in oth
## erwise the vietnamese will be defeated in short order and very few
## of the south vietnamese will be able to escape zd
## the only immediate reply to this was an order from dci colby to
## get cia dependents out of vietnam if other resources were lacking he
## said he would charter the necessary aircraft but polgar remained uncon
## vinced that such urgency was required i iremembered a
## dinner at this time for a departing station officer at which he and d
## i i chip schofield asked polgar what circumstances would
## require evacuating the mission the cos posited the loss of bien hoa
## and interdiction of the highway from saigon to the port at vung tau but
## emphasized the improbability of such an outcome he said he feared that
## any kind of general evacuation announcement would panic the mission
## and in any case he anticipated a coalition government eventually leading
## to a slightly disguised surrender that would obviate the need for an emer
## gency evacuation
## this view stood in apparent contradiction to polgar s april fore
## cast of a decisive north vietnamese offensive perhaps as i i
## later thought possible polgar had designed the more optimistic prediction
##
##
##
##
## sret
## ij
##
## c
## t
##
## at least partly to prevent working level panic if so he shortly began to
## assign real importance to an effort to negotiate a settlement that would
## allow an orderly withdrawal and perhaps even the survival of a small
## us mission one reason for this development may have been pessimism
## about the likelihood of successful evacuation under military pressure
## dcos lagueux had observed from the air the retreat from the central
## highlands and later da nang and was horrified by the chaos polgar
## agreed with his judgment that the orderly evacuation from saigon of all
## americans and all compromised vietnamese was unlikely to succeed in
## anything like similar circumstances and commissioned him to do a
## worst case evacuation scenario for washington
##
##
## conflicting prognoses and prescriptions
## polgar s own perceptions continued to lead him to push for a nego
## tiated surrender in a despairing message of april he predicted that
## the us would fail to generate enough pressure on hanoi to deter it from
## its military course thieu had lost his credibility with friend and foe
## alike and prime minister khiem was having no luck assembling a gov
## ernment rom which hanoi might accept a deferred surrender i i
## i inguyen ba can would have no better luck than khiem
## should he be named prime minister the war is lost polgar said
## acknowledging that as reeently as february he had seen a fair prospect
## for a relatively favorable outcome one that would allow us disengage
## ment undertaken with dignity and honor and the conviction that we are
## leaving south vietnam in better shape than we found it when we took it
## upon ourselves to interfere with the fate of this smaji country but the
## events of march which of course germinated in hanoi and washington
## a lot earlier have changed all that d
## polgar saw just four things to be done accelerate american evacua
## tion but short of a level of intensity which would trigger a panic
## launch an intense effort to get the soviets or french to broker a cease
## fire instigate the replacement of thieu by a government of national
## unity and arrange the orderly evacuation of those south vietnamese
## who cannot reasonably be expected to survive under the new regime
## success with this formula polgar implied would fulfill minimum us
##
##
##
##
## i linterview september lagueux interview novcllibel
## saigon rm aprill li j
##
## sret
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## obligations while allowing hanoi to fulfill its hope to remove thieu
## and the us presence without the spectacle of north vietnamese tanks
## rumbling through saigon d
## ea division chief shackley responded with a synopsis of the
## weyand mission s reception in washington he noted congressional res
## ervations about additional aid to a vietnam having at best minimal or
## marginal prospects for surviving as a truncated nation state president
## gerald ford had explicitly addressed the evacuation of americans and
## vulnerable south vietnamese and shackley wanted to be sure that pol
## gar understood washington s urgent concern about evacuating cia and
## nsa dependents the cos assured shackley on april that everything
## was under control that dependents and surplus employees were on their
## way out and nothing further needs to be done from your end
## the pessimistic evacuation scenario drafted by lagueux reached
## headquarters on april for polgar s april assurances to shackley
## it substituted the judgment that the orderly evacuation of all americans
## and their dependents including vietnamese will not be possible with
## out us military intervention which would itself generate political and
## psychological problems of great magnitude the station estimated that
## the united states now had a clearly stated moral responsibility for the
## evacuation of a quarter of a million people not counting thousands of
## military officers and professional men and their families who would
## doubtless prefer to escape living under the communists there is no rea
## son to believe that the north vietnamese would tolerate such a massive
## exodus ino
## in any case an arvn collapse on any of the approaches to saigon
## could produce additional military disentegration as well as instability
## and social unrest in the capital that would make phased or orderly large
## scale evacuation impractical within two or three days polgar antici
## pared general panic as the result of any effort at large scale evacuation of
## vietnamese over a million and a half might have some claim to it and
## said he had indications that there are those in the army who would hold
## the us civilian population hostage to their own safety and to insure sic
## their own cvacuation d
##
## llid the cable docs not specify what led polgar to believe that hanoi preferred to avoid investing
## saigon hy forcedi
## i land saigon april il j
##
## i
## saigon rrl april i
## lhid polgar may have had in mind a warning by former police chief loan on april that arvn
## troops and vicuuunesc marines at tan son nhut would unquestionably block any aircraft evacuat
## ing only lis nationals us military intervention would make mutters worse according to loan as
## these forces would only have more angry vicmnmescto contend with the statim reported that
## ioan scied u lite s m iathctic to this prospect sec saigon x april i
##
## sret
##
##
## c
##
##
## even landing a division of marines would create more problems
## than it solved and the only solution was to proceed with the removal of
## as many americans and dependents as was inconspicuously possible
## while taking strong measures to facilitate negotiations years later
## ted shackley recalled the message as a good think piece although
## clearly designed to spur washington into more energetic pursuit of a
## negotiated cease fire in this it did not succeed even though the chaos at
## da nang confirmed the high risk of an effort to evacuate saigon consen
## sus opinion in washington as shackley understood and shared it saw the
## evidence of the battlefield and reporting such as that from the authorita
## tivel iagent as presaging a military decision from this perspec
## tive evacuation was the only option however risky just as in polgar s
## view the only reasonable course lay in pursuing a cease fire the result
## was that as of april headquarters and the station were pursuing
## incompatible strategies for the liquidation of the cia commitment in
## vietnam·qd
##
##
##
##
## shackley interview august polgar s confidence in a negotiated settlement permitting a
## coalition government permeated station correspondence at this time the author of a cable on stay
## hehind operations perhaps bill johnson assumed that at very worst au interim non communist
## govcmmcm possibly with some prg representation would obviate the need for an emergency
## evacuation see saigon april i
##
## scret
## h
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## chapter
##
##
## surrender politics and evacuation logistics d
##
##
##
##
## xuan loc the nearest provincial capital east of saigon had become
## the scene of a critical battle on april with the outcome there still unde
## tennined psychological disorientation in saigon seemed to feed on
## itself khiem resigned in favor of nguyen ba can and the new prime
## minister invited i ito become his personal adviser for press
## affairs on april the fierce struggle for xuan lac still raging they
## seriously discussed ways and means to improve saigon s image abroad
## jgs headquarters was equally divorced from reality i heard gen
## i instructing his airborne commander to avoid partisan polit
## ical activity and to emphasize jump training to reduce the proportion of
## men in his units who were not airborne qualified d
## as of april the government remained paralyzed and the
## main policy issue facing station management was that of evacuation on
## this cos polgar found himself in general agreement with ambassador
## martin s approach and still in some contlict with washington martin had
## just successfully appealed a state department order to reduce the mission
## to people by april and told polgar that he now had full author
## ity to determine the size of the establishment he wanted to maintain mar
## tin proposed to reduce the number of contractors but remained very
## reluctant and i polgar must admit for good reason to authorize plan
## ning the movement of any south vietnamese other than american depen
## dents but polgar did not want the vietnamese ignored either and
## worried that the defense attache office in charge of evacuation plan
## ning was drifting into a position leaving out of consideration the
## requirement to move any vietnamese at all this possibility reinforced
##
##
##
##
## set
## r
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## polgar s other concerns the more i think about this problem the more
## convinced i become that we must move in the direction of a political
## solution and there is no time to lose d
## one factor in polgar s thinking was the anticipated failure of the
## supplementary military aid package then before the congress nobody
## here really believes that congress will grant president ford s request and
## the cos had just advised generals quang and binh and the new informa
## tion minister to concentrate their internal propaganda on the level of sup
## plies actually arriving rather than on the prospect of an increased
## authorization when the vote came on april but hanoi could reinforce
## faster than arvn could either rebuild itself or destroy nva units the
## main imperative for polgar remained the ouster of president thieu and
## the installation of a government that might negotiate a cease fire martin
## was still resisting the idea of pressuring thieu to resign but i think i
## have just about brought the ambassador around to the acceptance of the
## cruel facts of lifc d
## headquarters returned to the evacuation theme and polgar
## responded to this renewed pressure by advancing the departure of a num
## ber of vietnamese wives of station officers the cos also advised that
## he had completed plans to reduce station staffing to about where he
## expected it to stay kissinger had just authorized martin to maintain
## embassy staffing at and the ambassador was not contemplating
## significant additional cuts in station manpower d
## however close he was to accepting hanoi s imminent triumph
## martin had not yet decided to encourage thieu s departure on april
## polgar sent him a memorandum from the station s reports chief that sup
## ported both his own apocalyptic view of the consequences of thieu s
## remaining in office and his conviction that a national unity government
## must be formed and that the us must announce its interest in negotia
## tions if we do not take this action immediately we face disaster within
## a week or so d
## disaster on a small scale struck immediately north vietnamese
## forces captured station contract officer i iwhen they took
## phan rang the new mr headquarters l j had been ordered to
## return to bien hoabut confident that no regional headquarters would be
## overrun decided to stay there with his counterpart general nghi both
## wound up in the hands of the communists worse i i i
## claimed oil i i april that it no longer mattered what saigon did he
##
## saigoll xxh april c r l
## sliigl april april l j
##
## ·bid·d
## saigoll april i l
##
##
##
## seret
##
##
## c
##
##
## reported a communist intention to fight on until total victory regardless
## of whether the nguyen van thieu government falls or the us decides to
## give aid to vietnam there will be no negotiations and no tripartite gov
## ernment the report went on to assert that the north would rather sacri
## fice troops in a final drive than waste time trying to achieve victory
## through a coalition government the communists now plan to cele
## brate may ho chi minh s birthday in saigon d
##
##
## polgars campaign for a negotiated surrenderd
##
## despite the accumulating evidence of hanoi s intention to destroy
## the republic of south vietnam with military force polgar refused to
## abandon hope for a negotiated cease fire on april he reacted pas
## sionately to a reported administration statement that the united states
## was engaged in no diplomatic process aimed at a cease fire and political
## settlement if this were true he wrote the paralysis of the american
## executive in face of the continuing north vietnamese military drive and
## in face of the imminent danger of extinction of south vietnam seems to
## me astonishing the cos sought to enlist dci colby in his crusade for
## a diplomatic strategy it seems to us that as the nation s chief intelli
## gence officer he has the justification and perhaps the obligation to
## present to the administration and to congress the predictable conse
## quences of the current policies polgar ended his appeal by insisting
## that the failure of the united states to take the diplomatic steps which
## might we repeat only might prevent or at least delay the ultimate catas
## trophe would pin on us a responsibility for blood which the rains of
## future years cannot wash away d
## on the th the cos reacted with almost equal emotion to a
## shocking report that assistant secretary of state philip habib had told
## us news organizations worried about their vietnamese employees that
## the us government had no plans to evacuate its own local employees
## this announcement if true and circulated in saigon would as a matter
## of absolute certainty spark panic in south vietnam the ambassador had
## just authorized the surreptitious evacuation of some of the press peo
## ple and general quang reacting to a polgar query intimated that the gov
## ernment would not oppose it ending this message in a more matter of fact
##
##
##
## i olgur interview july shackley interview august j polgar mernoran
## duiii washington post article din the context of snepp s later accusation that polgar
## had ignored this information tile former cos noted thal the report was indeed disseminated and
## received the highest possible headguarters evalulitiqndi
## saigon ri april c
## l s et
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## t
## tone the cos said the station continues to proceed on the assumption
## that there will be evacuation of key indigenous persons and their fami
## lies ad
## polgar thus believed that depending on circumstances the united
## states would provoke panic if it evacuated its vietnamese collaborators
## and if it did not in any case the embassy had now set up assembly line
## procedures with the interior ministry and any relative or dependent of
## an american could leave within a matter of hours in this way the ameri
## can community was declining polgar reported by several hundred each
## day thstem was running very smoothly without any trace of
## panie u
## polgar saw no reason at this time to treat the evacuation of the sta
## tion s vietnamese with the same urgency that he had brought to moving
## the press people one reason was his relatively optimistic forecast of
## hanoi s intentions and of the prospects for installing a unity government
## on april he wrote that our perception of the timing of possible sus
## tained nva assaults on saigon may be a few weeks beyond the date that
## some elements in washington are currently contemplating acknowl
## edging that one could push mission evacuation at an even faster pace it
## is our best judgment that we have as a minimum several weeks before
## things may start getting tight around here meanwhile although not at
## liberty to provide details polgar wanted headquarters to know that
## ambassador martin and french ambassador merillon are about to take
## important initiatives vis a vis sic president thicu it appeared that he
## would be pressed to resign ion
## on the same day april a hungarian colonel named janos g
## ioth came to see the cos as chief of staff of the hungarian iccs rep
## resentation i
## i to t h i ja d r eg l ll a r d e al j ng s w i th cth e n o r th vi e tn a m e s e de l eg a
## tion at tan son nhu airport at his meeting with polgar he alluded to
## their social encounter of a week earlier at which the hungarians present
## argued that on the basis of socialist logic the north vietnamese must
## prefer strangulation tactics to a full scale assault on saigon in the days
## following toth said remarks to him and other hungarians by their hanoi
## colleagues had led to several conclusions d
## the first of these saw the north vietnamese as determined to force a
## military decision in the absence of negotiations begun promptly and on
## hanoi s terms second the north was in fact ready to resume negotiations
## provided thai nguyen van thieu gave up the presidency a successor
##
## saigoll x i ix i prii
## saigoll
## lhirln r i ix iprili
##
## lisaigj april i l
##
##
##
## et
##
##
## c
##
##
## government would have to be willing to stop the war in concrete terms
## and the us embassy would have to restrict itself to normal traditional
## diplomatic activity the hungarians thought only a few days remained to
## set up such talks but that the north was genuinely not interested in
## humiliating the united states toth thought it silly on the other hand to
## talk about us military aid to saigon the north vietnamese will cer
## tainly not wait until the new materiel arrives and the south vietnamese
## divisions are reformed d
## toth specified that by humiliation he meant something like the
## ignominious helicopter evacuation of the us mission in phnom penh
## which had just taken place in his opinion the north saw a large scale
## reprise of that event in saigon as provoking us action against the best
## interests of all concerned and wanted to avoid it polgar asked about the
## hungarian interest in all of this and toth asserted there was none that
## hungary just wanted to see the end of unnecessary bloodshed also as
## a country which has lost many wars it has a certain sympathy for the
## losing side the south had now lost and the only question was whether
## the political consequences took effect under civilized circumstances
## like those facilitated by the abdication of kaiser wilhelm ii in or
## only after destruction of the capital city as in berlin in d
## although they still differed apparently on the question of thieu s
## continued tenure martin and polgar shared an intense commitment to
## the pursuit of negotiations the ambassador seized on polgar s talk with
## colonel toth telling kissinger still on april that toth reflected
## hanoi s desiderata much more accurately than the intentions you ve
## been getting recently from hanoi s exhortations to its cadre having thus
## dismissed the reporting from iand elsewhere martin said that
## unless instructed to the contrary by the next day he would instruct pol
## gar to explore the matter further the ambassador went on to summarize
## a discussion with visiting us military commanders of helicopter lift
## capabilities he had determined that a one cycle lift could remove
## j people in addition to the marine security force two cycles would
## allow in any case although he accepted a worst case estimate of
## ten days until the end martin expected another three weeks in which to
## continue the evacuation d
## martin showed polgar his cable with its startlingly bitter complaint
## as it now stands it seems everyone has completed the cya operation in
## washington the intelligence community has drawn the absolutely worst
## ilijidn
## ibid mh ended the meeting by suggesting that in view of saigon s uncertain future it might be
## useful to set up a radio link between his delegation and the us embassyd
## polgar interview july n david butler the fall ofsaigon london sphere books
## x pi l l
## srhet
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## t
## case which is unrealistic but which ·protects them you have given
## me a directive which it is almost impossible for me to fulfill without
## destroying the fragile fabric which still exists the only one whose
## ass is not covered is me there is no way i can come out of this with
## out criticism no matter how unjustified it may be next morning martin
## showed polgar kissinger s reply my ass is not covered i can assure
## you that i will be hanging several yards higher than you when this is all
## over but the secretary of state went on to tell martin that we have this
## morning made an approach to the soviet union isd
## polgar adopted martin s point of view in a cable that day to head
## quarters in which he accused kissinger of a cya play on a grand
## scale kissinger directs the ambassador to do something which would
## produce effects which kissinger in other traffic says he does not want
## furthermore the national security council cover themselves by
## assembling ships and planes for which there are no passengers and
## which could be hued only at the risk of pulling the rug from under the
## saigon government while it is proclaimed that we want to stabilize the
## situation as for the reported southward movement of surface to air
## missiles the cos thought this designed not to interdict tan son nhut air
## port already vulnerable to smaller weaponry but to protect nva com
## mand posts then being set up within range of south vietnamese combat
## aircraft nevertheless both the cos and the ambassador had by now
## greatly scaled down their projections for embassy and station staffing
## kissinger had approved only a one cycle plan for helicopter lift and
## polgar was now reducing to a hard core of some ninety people and zero
## dependents other than working wives
## more atteution to evacuation d
## meanwhile both kissinger and some at the working level in
## saigon found themselves reluctant to trust the fate of vietnamese depen
## dents to the workings of the system still being developed with the viet
## namese kissinger cabled polgar on april asking for help with the
## relatives of two national security council staffers the cos complied
## sending chip schofield proficient in both vietnamese and cantonese to
## neighboring cholon to find the sino vietnamese in laws of nsc official
## ken quinn schofield was at that point getting anxious about his wife s
## vietnamese family and having receivecl no assurances from the station
##
##
## hulkt iw fal f sgr j· polgar said that the butler quotations accord with his
## uwnmemory of lite cable
## saigon bntl i ai i butlerthe fall ofsaigon
## pjd
## st et
##
##
## c
##
##
## he asked polgar to send them on the c transport dedicated to the
## kissinger party having sharply inquired as to their number polgar con
## sented ihad the same sense of being
## on his own but found a different solution when he took his relatives to
## the informal defense attache center for evacuation on one of the supply
## aircraft returning to clark air force base in the philippines
## late in the evening of april polgar summarized the north viet
## namese troop movements that threatened saigon hanoi could readily
## reinforce while arvn reserves were nonexistent or already committed
## but thieu was heartened a vietnamese military contact had told the sta
## tion by a report that the us congress was about to approve million
## in military aid as a result the president was preparing a defiant speech
## sure to irritate the domestic opposition and provoke the north vietnam
## ese into intensified military pressure but if thieu was defiant ambassa
## dor martin had finally come to see his departure as indispensable just
## what he would do and when polgar did not know but the cos under
## stood that martin and kissinger had just exchanged several messages on
## the subject and the ambassador had just made an urgent request to see
## president thieu
## acting on his assurance to kissinger martin had also instructed
## polgar to contact colonel toth at this point the cos was simply to ask
## toth to clarify his allusion to a communist demand for an american
## statement regarding the future of an american embassy in saigon but
## polgar noted to shackley that the prg spokesman at that day s tan son
## nhut press briefing had restated a willingness to begin negotiations
## which tended to confirm that toth had indeed talked to them and accu
## rately conveyed to polgar what they said there was one hitch a new
## prg precondition that ambassador martin be recalled for allegedly hav
## ing functioned as a military adviser in the context of these developments
## and in particular that of thien s proposed departure polgar assured
## shackley that neither he nor anyone else in the station was engaged in
## political action to bring about a change of government in saigon all of
## our senior officers understand fully the need to avoid any semblance of a
## repetition of the events of and none of them aspires to be lou
## conciu s successor d
##
##
##
## saigon schofield interview september linterview august
## neither martin nor polgar opposed the informal daoairlift or any ofthc other de facto evacuation
## schemes thai emerged after the fall of the highlands their objection seems rather to have involved
## any us policy declaration that in their view would implicitly abandon the saigon governmentd
## saigon april i
## saigon the message to which polgar was presumably responding has not been foundd
##
##
## soet
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## washington s alarm about evacuation preparations did not ensure
## and may even have hindered the dispatch of precise instructions to
## saigon shackley advised polgar that a meeting of the interagency wash
## ington special action group on april had discussed president ford s
## order to reduce the american presence in vietnam the deadline was
## unequivocally april but the ceiling was either or people
## the numbers had been used interchangeably washington still intended
## a single airlift operation for americans it would now accommodate
## people but shackley noted that a hour operation would permit
## the evacuation of vietnamese in addition to the americans mean
## while the embassy could call for additional military air transport and at
## least one mission by a boeing in this context shackley advised that
## the wsag meeting had seen no impediment other than the need to avoid
## triggering panic to selective evacuation of vietnamese on the station s
## list of key indigenous personnel the kip list he wanted to know
## which of these polgar was planning to get out on commercial flights
## now ancl who might be moved black that is without documentation
## via military aircraft to clark field or other destinations °d
## as shackley later recalled it polgar responded to this by moving a
## number of kip dependents but again in shackley s recollection the rate
## of evacuation suffered from kissinger s decision to let graham martin
## set the pace while the ambassador and polgar as well were giving nego
## tiatious and their place in them more attention than they were to evacua
## tion logistics there was also polgar s demancl for an aircraft dedicated
## to station use for kip evacuation but this would have required ambassa
## dorial clearance something that shackley saw the cos as reluctant to
## press martin to give him as it happened kissinger was just about to
## reinforce polgar s ancl martin s hopes for negotiations polgar later
## recalled that on the th or st of april kissinger cabled the ambassa
## dor saying that soviet communist party first secretary leonid brezhnev
## had relayed word from hanoi that it sought a political goal and did not
## seek to humiliate the united states d
## meanwhile the evacuation procedures that polgar had reported as
## working smoothly now needed some refinement and the station directed
## i ito get prime minister nguyen ba can to
## approve an agreement negotiated by the embassy with the interior min
## istry to simplify granting exit visas the problem was to find him
## april was a saturday and the prime minister s office was closed with
## not even a duty officer to consult about can s whereaboutscj per
## sisted and finally found the prime minister on sunday can s first action
##
##
## shackley interview august polgar interview july
##
## st
##
##
## c sjret
##
##
## the next day was to endorse the agreement with the interior ministry
## j subsequently heard that the rate of visa issuance had risen tenfold
## but confusion still prevailed even pham van
## dong believed as late as april that a ban on exit permits still
## d
## obtained
##
##
## preparing the liquidation of the regime d
## i iprime minister can thrust upon the
## station the burden of preserving continuity in the south vietnamese gov
## ernment canl i
## wanted to stay long enough to transfer
## his office to his appointed successor but feared this would provoke his
## assassination by extremist elements of the internal opposition i i
## branch chief told him it was absolutely necessary that can remain in
## office but as gen duong van minh emerged as thieu s likely replace
## ment can s fears grew that handing his office over to a minh nominee
## i
## would gci hhn arrestcd ond executed by the onti commuoist hannne
##
##
##
##
## the station labored that weekend not only to keep the prime minis
## ter in office but also to help persuade president thieu to leave it on satur
## day ambassador martin had recognized the inevitability of thieu s
## departure and deputized the station s retired major general timmes to pre
## pare the ground timmes managed to see thieu late that evening and on
## sunday morning while cj was looking for nguyen ba can martin
## was closeted with thieu the ambassador insisted to the president that he
## was not soliciting his resignation but martin noted that there was very lit
## tle time to avoid an attack on saigon if thieu did not step down his gen
## erals would probably ask him to do so thieu listened carefully and
##
##
##
##
## sdret
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## dispassiunately and as they parted thanked martin for his
## frankness say
## ing i will of course do what is best for my country martin replied i
## know that yuu shall
## headquarters was now looking for refuge for the vietnamese
## on the kip list with state department concurrence shackley cabled
## bangkok proposing the thai military facility at nam phong those with
## proper documentation were leaving on us military flights to clark field
## he said and others were to be sent to phu quoc island in the gulf of
## thailand for subsequent pickup by ship but this left a group that would
## have to be exfiltrated black shackley instructed bangkok to get thai
## agreement and report back for the opening of business in washington the
## next day monday aprild
## now displaying a greater sense of urgency polgar had already told
## bangkok that the clark field route was heavily cluttered and that in
## any case it lacked the reliability and security that we must have to the
## kip s who were shackley s concern polgar added vietnamese wives
## children fiancees and in laws of agency staff and contract personnel
## documentation of these people was going as fast as possible but time
## may run out on us d
## on sunday afternoon april shackley described to polgar that
## morning s wsag meeting the attorney general had not yet finished the
## immigration paperwork needed to grant parole status tu vietnamese refu
## gees hut the clear intent of the meeting shackley said was to move them
## anyway to transit points such as thailand the philippines and guam
## thc meeting had also reaffirmed cia s authority to move kip list viet
## namese whose departure now would not contribute to panic shackley
## said that phu quoc was already beginning to look less desirable as a
## pickup point and told polgar to anticipate thailand as an intermediate
## destination shackley summarized the discussion of a final helicopter
## evacuation saying that planning now called for a hour operation
## allowing some vietnamese to he included finallyhe expressed the hope
## that the station could discreetly check on plans at the palace to destroy its
## tiles and could ensure that arrangements were made to destroy anything
## whose capture by hanoi would embarrass the united states d
## on monday morning april polgar contacted colonel toth with
## a request for clarification of whatever demand for a public us declaration
## they might make he also asked toth to try to determine when and
## where negotations might begin toth wanted to know if polgar spoke
##
## lagii lix interview november butler llle fall ofsaigon pp
## i i
## lalld saigon apnili j
## i
## zj
##
## ·
##
##
## c
## oret
## with the ambassador s authority and being reassured on that point said
## he would immediately report to his own ambassador late that afternoon
## toth said that polgar s questions had been passed to the prg representa
## tion and he would immediately relay any reply martin s meeting with
## thieu had apparently had the desired effect as i i
## informed the station of thieu s decision to resign with ambassadorial
## approval polgar took the opportunity to give the hungarians advance
## notice of this pointing out that it would represent compliance with the
## communists first prerequisite for negotiations d
## just hours after polgar s advisory to the hungarians nguyen van
## thieu resigned blaming henry kissinger for having led the south viet
## namese people to death thieu s vice president the feeble septuagenar
## ian tran van huong replaced him as a lifelong anti communist he
## stood no more chance than thieu that hanoi would deal with him and
## the question of a national unity government one that could negotiate a
## surrender remained open however momentous the occasion it did not
## preempt cia s attention that day as the logistics of evacuation com
## manded management s attention both at headquarters and in saigonad
## polgar began with a complaint that headquarters bookkeeping
## errors he was being asked to account for people who had never been in
## vietnam and its insistence on using the privacy channel for this corre
## spondence distracted him from more important activity but the message
## had come through loud and clear that we should draw down and we are
## so doing a head count of dependents and their travel schedule would·
## leave the station by the end of the day he defended the retention of
## locally employed wives of station personnel an essential employee was
## an essential employee and being also a wife seemed irrelevant neverthe
## less polgar understood that the policy is to reduce the essential personnel
## and we are following this conscientiously at the same time he contin
## ued to feel that the sense of panic is greater in washington than here
## which is not to say that we arc not seized with a sense of urgeney d
##
##
##
## saigon apl ii and saigon aprilj i
## i assouth vietnam disintegrated before their eyes
## the american principals took encouragement wherever they could find it the second of the two
## polgar cables cited as one of few optimistic signs coming our way these days a polish invitation
## to a cocktail party for the arrivingminister of the polish delegation to the iccs two days earlier
## martin had closed his eya eomf int to kissinger with what he called a morale hooster o
## i up to eighty percent of the sixth company has conjunctivitis
## and it could spread through the entire battalion suggest a medic be sent down for immediate treat
## mcnt see butler the fall ofsaigon p c j
## stanley karnow vietnam a history penguin books pp butler the fall of
## saigon p
## saigon april i
## t
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## t
## the cos saw administrative inefficiencies in the defense attache
## office and the limitations of available aircraft the c could carry
## only some passengers as aggravated by the ever expanding concept
## of family relationship the station is gaining dependents daily as new
## marriages are contracted or old ones surfaced or fiancees are acquired
## formally or otherwise but the station quota of kissinger s lloo per
## son embassy staffing limit would be reached the next day fortunately
## the saigon public seemed not to expect anything much from congress in
## the way of military aid thieu had just acknowledged this prospect by
## resigning and polgar anticipated no increased hazard to us personnel
## from a negative voteod
## the cos remained adamant on the requirement for a separate desti
## nation for kip principals and their families clark field will be so
## crowded that it would be best to forget about it he disliked the nam
## phong idea and urged headquarters to try to get takhli another base in
## thailand or grande island in subic bay ambassador martin had agreed
## assign the station an entire ship which could handle the entire contin
## gent but this seemed to polgar academic without agreement on a destina
## tion concluding with a change of subject the cos sourly dismissed
## headquarters request of the day before for information on sensitive
## american correspondence held at the palace he knew nothing about it
## and had no leverage to apply he did not even know what to look for and
## he speculated that given the us failure to support south vietnam even
## within the terms of the paris agreement thieu and his cohorts will not
## go out of their way to avoid embarrassment to the us and may even
## decide to publish what they interpret were us commitments made in
## and
## shackley apologized for his inability to take evacuation correspon
## dence out of the restricted channel saying that wsag deliberations and
## decisions were allowed only limited distribution he sympathized with
## the need for working wives but expressed some frustration with the
## absence of hard numbers for dependents as a group he hoped the prom
## ised accounting from saigon would lay that issue to rest five hours later
## shackley cabled his summary of that day s wsag meeting he antici
## pated that washington would require a reduction below the ceiling
## hy saigon s close of business on april and described some tentative
## changes in the format of the helicopter lift the meeting had discussed
## prospects for some negotiated basis on which selected vietnamese could
## be withdrawn and in this regard shackley wanted polgar to know that
##
##
## saigoll x i april li j
## lllhid·d
##
##
##
## t
##
##
## c
##
##
## kissinger had been briefed heforehand on the cos s latest talk with
## colonel toth but whatever these prospects might turn out to be it
## remains clear that trend line in decision making process is for evacuation
## of more people sooner rather than later id
##
##
## disagreement over withdrawal thctics d
## polgar objected strenuously to washington s focus on the evacua
## tion process and made more explicit than ever before his conviction that
## only a negotiated surrender could avert catastrophe the picture which
## you present is certainly not flattering to the american policy makers
## wsag appears to be preoccupied with the mechanics of evacuation
## which could safely be left to the professionals on the ground and is not
## concentrating sufficiently on the policies and political ramifications inher
## ent in the problem overlooking the possibility that his and martin s
## absorption with a negotiated solution might account in part for washing
## ton s involvement in evacuation mechanics polgar went on to say that
## evacuation goals were being met but this was only by exporting a very
## large number of vietnamese to clark field whose subsequent resettle
## mcnt is going to create major problems the cos made it clear that his
## vietnamese were not among those being exported i have held the line
## on station indigenous employees exiting through that process d
## polgar saw thieu s resignation of the previous evening as creating
## a real possibility for negotiated settlement provided that saigon
## moves with the requisite speed in conveying clear signs to the other
## side repeating his antipathy to an emergency evacuation polgar said he
## thought washington s emphasis on it increased the likelihood of its being
## required frankly even dr kissinger s approach to the soviets was
## evacuation oriented and not very practical the upshot was that the
## only elements of the us government currently trying to promote a
## negotiated political solution are ambassador martin and myself d
## polgar was certainly right about the object of kissinger s appeal to
## the soviets he may at that point already have seen the secretary of
## state s message to martin saying the soviets had just replied and it
## appeared that we will be permitted to continue our evacuation includ
## ing the evacuation of vietnamese unimpeded but kissinger also
##
##
##
## i ipolgar acknowledged that
## i saigon april
## he had not been able hold the line with respect to vietnamese dependents a number of our
## staff uud contract employees did utilize dao processing facilities d
## saigon sld
##
## sret
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## encouraged martin s hopes for a negotiated formula and not merely for
## north vietnamese restraint on the battlefield i take the response to indi
## cate that the prg is prepared to undertake negotiations in the tripartite
## saigon prg hanoi formulation d
## it appears that kissinger had told martin more about this than he
## shared with cia headquarters shackley who was then working closely
## with assistant secretary habib later recalled that evacuation was indeed
## the only thing on the wsag agenda and his reply to polgar specified
## that the committee had been excluded from the policy arena shackley
## wanted to rebut the station s argument that it lacked a destination for
## vietnamese evacuees accordingly his message urged po to make
## more liberal use of the defense attache evacuation flights u
## intelligence now indicated that tan son nhut might come under
## artillery fire and shackley advised saigon that washington was anticipat
## ing a substantial helicopter lift from the embassy using both the parking
## lot and the chancery roof with respect to vietnamese evacuees the
## administration had just won congressional approval to parole
## into the united states and in so doing solved the question of a final desti
## nation for refugees in the defense attache channel this was not the
## only possible evacuation route and state was about to ask martin s views
## on the use of ships already at saigon and two more headed in that direc
## tion polgar still had confidence that something may be worked out
## along political lines and shackley s reassurance about a destination did
## not entirely dissolve his reluctance to dump people into clark field he
## was starting he said to use the defense attache channel for indigenous
## employees but with respect to potential kip evacuees wanted to wait for
## the opening of a thai facility from which if things do not turn out too
## badly here we can bring most of them back to vietnam d
## aside from the improbability of any such accommodation by hanoi
## the immediate prospect was for things to get worse the government was
## already crumbling and american facilities outside saigon were con
## corned solely to avoid being overrun on the vietnamese side for exam
## ple general quang was discussing a proposed cabinet session
## at which the members of the government would reassure the country on
## television that the government was still functioning quang observed that
## this had been abandoned when a head count revealed how many ministers
##
##
## nuiir fnil ofsoigo» j
## shilckle y inl l iiicw angust
##
##
##
##
## ji
## lald saigon april
##
##
##
##
##
## j
##
## c et
##
##
## i had already fled
## the us mission had its own problems one of them reported by
## polgar s mr chiet i from bien hoa on april accord
## ing tol i the consul general there alarmed by the dire prognosis
## given him by the corrupt and unreliable rovincej chief luu yem had
## begged yem for a guarantee of protection feared that the oppor
## tunistic and unprincipled yem would use this to extort favors endanger
## ing the american staff and saw no alternative but to close down the
## consulate already dissatisfied with the consul general s performance
## martin promptly tookl ladvice in the few days that remained for
## americans in vietnam base officers commuted to bien hoa from
## saigon jd
## clearing the way for the successiond
##
## meanwhile in the prevailing political vacuum martin and polgar
## worried about a report from french ambassador jean marie merillon
## that duong van minh feared violent action by northern born generals to
## block his accession to the presidency the cos dispatched general
## timmes to confront his old friend nguyen cao ky with the allegation
## ky and two associates who arrived after timmes argued persuasively that
## they had no such thing in mind the station duly relayed this to minh
## who then complained that he felt powerless as long as president huong
## and his predecessor thieu remained influential·od
## the station s longtime relationships with senior vietnamese put it
## in the middle of the elaborate procedural maneuvers intended to clear the
## way for big minh deputy prime minister tran van don reported to
## both the station and to martin about the developing vietnamese consen
## sus in favor of big minh and it was to the station that prime minister
## nguyen ba can reported his intention the evening of april to offer
## his resignation the following day at martin s behest the station per
## suaded him to make the offer in principle and to keep it secret until a new
## cabinet could be proposed martin hoped by this ploy to avoid a danger
## ous additional loss of negotiating momenturn · d
##
##
## schofield inter vie seotember
## and saigon april
## l
## saigon april j
## saigon april jj
##
##
##
## t
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## t
## polgar went on to urge on shackley the absolute need to resist any
## idea of sending in a marine battalion to protect the evacuation it would
## be useless at best but would also provoke the north vietnamese who had
## been quiet for the last hours the cos closed with an angry outburst
## at the white house and kissinger they were being most unhelpful
## unimaginative and completely devoid of any constructive suggestion
## kissinger had done nothing but make a ridiculous request to the soviets
## for a two week cease fire otherwise all the action is here and with the
## french government in paris and hanoi d
## headquarters replied in a more even tone judging it safe to say
## that only ambassador martin the cos and to a lesser extent dr kiss
## inger believed anything of value would come from current vietnamese
## maneuvering while this minority of three may be proven by history to
## be correct the dci is not willing to gamble lives of cia kips on this
## possibility in view of this he has directed that you proceed without fur
## ther delay to move selected kips out of vietnam shackley reminded
## polgar that he already had the needed authority and resources in the form
## of commercial air and the military flights then going to guam he urged
## greater efforts to put kips in the military pipeline adding that he needed
## without fail answers to questions which we have repeatedly put to you
## on the numbers of kips slated for evacuation to the various possible des
## d
## tinatiom j
## shackley acknowledged the crushing pressures on the cos but
## insisted that hc comply with headquarters demands on the kip issue
## these are trying times and the station s total effort is superb we do
## have some differences in perspective on movement of cia kips and
## this must be resolved as outlined above other than that we are all in
## tune good luek d
## on the same day shackley exhorted bangkok to get immediate
## approval from reluctant thai officials to fly kip list personnel to nam
## phong that list had grown by two thirds since polgar s last message on
## the subject and on april numbered some people the cos said
## he was still keeping needed local employees and productive agents and
## was not yet ready to move arvn and police officers but we do n to
## evacuate the greater part of the group in the near future u
## tom polgar now found himself at odds both with headquarters
## over the prospects for a negotiated surrender and with martin over the
## menus of installing a minh government in saigon as we have seen
##
##
##
##
## t
##
##
## c
##
## headquarters and washington policymakers in general with the possi
## ble exception of kissinger anticipated a north vietnamese military drive
## to end the war meanwhile polgar and martin saw real if conditional
## hanoi interest in a coalition government that would postpone the out
## come and perhaps even allow a continued us presence in saigon now
## with thieu out of office though still in saigon the practical problem
## d
## was to find an interlocutor acceptable to the north
## with north vietnamese forces closing the noose around saigon
## the ambassador and the cos disagreed on how best to do this on
## april polgar reported that minh refused to serve as prime minister under
## president huong meanwhile the communists had declared the huong
## regime unacceptable as a negotiating partner which rendered that ques
## tion moot minh now called timmes to advise that he would see huang
## at hours in an effort to get him to step down reporting this to
## headquarters polgar said he thought the arvn generals to be unani
## mous that minh represented the only hope for a negotiated settlement
## and that they would remove huong decisively and quickly if he
## refused to resign minh was also sending two associates to paris presum
## ably to contact the hanoi delegation there and the station advanced him
## d
## a thousand dollars for their expenses
## in the context of these developments polgar reported differences
## with martin over the time remaining to get negotiations started over the
## need to respect constitutional forms while doing this and over the desir
## ability of symbolic concessions in the absence of any sign from the
## other side i was strongly in favor of such concessions the cos also
## found himself on the other side of the argument from kissinger whose
## message that morning had reproached us presumably martin and pol
## gar about the complications with the soviets provoked by thieu s pre
## cipitous resignation kissinger wanted thc mission to prop up the huong
## government while concentrating on the evacuation of deserving vietnam
## esc polgar reacted to this by saying that there was nothing that could
## prop up the huang government short of b s over hanoi d
## as polgar saw it there was no time for anxiety about constitutional
## process and us rigidity was by default transferring the intiative to the
## french who will reap great eredit if they can put this thing together
## developments in saigon were taking place without any participation by
## martin the station however is in contact with all the key players and
## we are keeping the ambassador informed d
##
## saigon april
## ihido l
##
## ibid
## ibid
##
##
## spt
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## t
##
## on thursday evening april huong was still president and no
## one had worked out a formula to transfer power to big minh huong
## had called in martin to say that his effort to make nguyen ngoc huy the
## new prime minister had attracted no support and he wanted advice on
## the way to get minh to take over the ambassador demurred saying he
## had insufficient information and huong went on to complain that the
## continued presence of thieu and khiem created such difficulties that he
## was about to ask them especially thieu to leave lending support to
## polgar s view of the growing french role huong added that he intended
## to see ambassador merillon later that evening the station meanwhile
## reported that it would shortly be seeing big minh and deputy prime
## minister tran van don for updated reporting polgar also chose this
## moment to attempt a direct sounding of communist interest in a negoti
## ated settlement
##
##
##
##
## saigoll april inguyen ngoe huy had been
## all iurcnuiueut station contact fur years and had served as the station s link to the civilian partici
## panls in the mutiny against ngo dinh diem in november see cia and the house of ngo
## chapll rjo·d
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## chapter
##
##
## a military decision d
##
## in the april message that described the standoff between
## tran van huon and duon van minh cos pol ar re orted havin sug
## gested to an
## acquaintance from their days in tiat he exrore commu
## nist reaction to a possible minh government with sources
## around minh as good as ours debriefed his saigon contacts and then
## called colonel giang who represented the communists provisional
## revolutionary government on the four power commission at tan son
## nhul d
## professing interest in what he said was new infonnatiot giang i
## hoped to comment on it in the next hour at polgar s request
## had mentioned that a communist radiobroadcast at noon that day called
## for martin s departure and the removal of us navy ships in vietnamese
## waters but said nothing about evacuating the embassy could it be con
## cluded that the prg had no problem with the continuing presence of an
## american embassy in saigon provided that it refrained from military
## intervention giang answered that it could
## polgar rushed this information to the ambassador the cos saw it
## he told headquarters as suggesting that the pro anticipated a continuing
## us presence in saigon and therefore at least the facade of an indepen
## dent south vietnam and that there will be no north vietnamese occupa
## tion or attack on saigon linking hanoi s military moves to saigon s
## political maneuvering polgar saw the future as still ominous and obvi
## ously full of problems the south vietnamese seemed unable to move
## with any speed regardless of the nature of the emergency and the threat
## to saigon in terms of enemy capabilities continues to increase inten
## tions are of course far more difficult to judge and that is where the politi
## cal events may have a very significant impact for this reason i
##
## saigol april li l
## lbid·d
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## consider the political theater at the moment as taking priority over the
## military one well aware of washington s preoccupations polgar ended
## by assuring headquarters that the station had that day moved an unspeci
## fied large number of kipsd
## the perceptual differences between tile cos and headquarters
## came into sharp relief in shackley s comment on these developments
## giang s comments were intriguing but far from definitive or what one
## could call hard intelligence polgar s inferences from them might be on
## the mark but nevertheless constituted a thin reed on which to base pol
## icy judgments on evacuation criteria the cos should therefore con
## tinue to reduce all categories of personnel while focusing collection on
## the political theater which does indeed have near term priority
## with respect to polgar s hopes for a minh government as interlocutor
## with the communists shackley said he wanted only to note that minh
## was always exasperatingly slow to move the prospect of parlaying
## him into anything but disaster he thought was minima d
## polgar disagreed his optimistic cable of the th had just left when
## a new prg statement that evening clearly reaffirmed the communists
## interest in a political rather than a totally military solution that the
## communists now explicitly demanded withdrawal of us intelligence per
## sonnel and a prohibition on efforts at political influence seemed to polgar
## clearly if implicitly to allow for a continuing us presence and for the
## delivery of humanitarian aid accordingly the cos reported he had
## once again enlisted to make soundings at tan son nhut
## giang responded to hone call by saying that it was too early to
## comment but he invited to stay after the rigular sturday press
## conference two days hence for further discussion asked if the
## scheduling of that session was firm and giang replied of course why
## not to polgar this represented a pretty good indication that no
## attack on tan son nhut is imminent the cos noted in this context
## that the military lull following thieu s resignation had continued unbro
## ken and that the polish ambassador was hosting a party on friday
## evening which the north vietnamese and prg representatives were
## expected to attend so
## polgar also took issue with shackley s pessimism about minh
## reporting on friday april that he general timmes and two of his
## case officers had been working to smooth the way toward a political
## solution at the suggestion of ex prime minister khiem the cos had
## met that morning with a principal adviser to president huong pointing
##
## ljirci
## li j j
## suigoll x jx april
##
##
##
##
##
## sueret
## c
##
## out the probable limits of communist patience and urging a solution
## which both preserved huong s dignity and accommodated minh s
## refusal to accept appointment from him polgar proposed a convocation
## of military political and religious institutions at which huang would
## call for the nomination of someone to accept plenary powers and begin
## negotiations minh s would be the name proposed the adviser former
## interior minister le cong chat promised to convey polgar s idea to
## huong at once
## complementing station efforts to get negotiations started general
## minh was still trying to send a small delegation to hanoi and the com
## munists in a break with precedent were allowing a special liaison flight
## to hanoi the next day in order to accommodate this all these political
## efforts viewed against the background of the continuing lull in military
## activity suggested to polgar that significant and dramatic developments
## should be expected within the next hours and he was not alone he
## said kissinger had vitally important information bearing on the evolu
## tion of the situation here despite these expectations evacuation was
## proceeding and the cos reported having moved surplus vietnamese per
## sonnel and a number of kips and their families he was also reducing
## station personnel to a hard core if only because it is certain that under
## the changed circumstances of a new government the size of the station
## will have be commensurate with the reduced importance of vietnam
## in tenus of the united states policy interest d
## at this point polgar got some qualified support from dci colby
## who said he and he alone had information which he did not specify rele
## vant to the developments predicted by the cos but the focus was still
## on evacuation and colby wanted the station s closest attention to any
## military action around saigon the scale of which would determine
## whether to persist with the minh negotiations or launch an emergency
## airlift the director closed with congratulations on the additional distin
## guished intelligence medal which i hereby award you sd
## unwilling to wait another day for the next contact with prg
## colonel giang polgar gavel jsome foreign broadcast
## information service material on recent communist statements along
##
## ibid saigon april of his suggestion for
## the mechanics of minh s accession polgar added readers of history will recognize that a similar
## scenario was implemented by bismarck in the proclamation of the german empire in the hall of
## mirrors at versailles in
## saigon polgar could not recall years later just what information he was attributing to
## kissinger bui believed that it must have concerned kissinger s expectation that with brezhnev s
## help hc would pull thc rabbit from thc hat vic revent the north vietnamese from entering
## sai on sec pol ar interview jul
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## with an analysis of their apparent import i obtained an appoint
## ment for that friday afternoon april and drove to tan son nhut
## presentinf the corcusions as his own he asked for comments giang
## said that was correct to infer that progress toward a political
## solution would avert an assault on saigon that big minh would be
## acceptable as head of government and that the prg did not object to
## the continued presence of an american embassy the prg was most
## interested lin political developments in saigon according to giang
## who asked to keep him informed i ileft
## with the impression that the communists had set no deadline for the
## creation of a new saigon governmentd
## whilel was on his way to tan son nhut hungarian colonel
## toth came to see the cos at home with regard to procedure he said the
## cos should know that all his messages had been promptly relayed to
## the other side as well as to budapest and toth presumed also to other
## places regarding his own role toth disclaimed any status as an official
## spokesman for the drviprg but said he could convey substantive
## guidance originating with the other side like giang he specified gen
## eral minh as an acceptable candidate to lead the saigon government and
## went all to identify several other saigon politicians whom the commu
## nists would like to see in a new cabinet the pro toth said remained
## particularly interested in a us declaration of noninvolvement in domes
## tic vietnamese affairs including an end to military aid and was amena
## hie to a cease fire in the context of political progress in saigon d
## loth relayed two questions to polgar both having to do with the
## presence and intentions of us military forces in the south china sea
## polgar gave assurances that they were deployed solely to assist an emer
## gency evacuation and turned the conversation to the problem of law and
## order in saigon worried about violence by armed elements hostile to a
## negotiated settlement he asked toth to counsel the vietnamese commu
## nists against moves that might spark foolhardy individual acts we don t
## want any f pilots bombing the palace to protest the sellout of the
## nationalist cause nor do we want a collapse of law and order in saigon
## chaos in this large city would not do either side any good polgar said
##
## saigon april iwith respect tol i
## bona fides with giang it seems likely that the stated concern for the survival of a us embassy if
## nothing else would have suggested to giang that lapproach had official sponsorshipd
## saigon h april i different intermcdiaries
## used different labels for the communist political authority here the prg elsewhere the hanoi
## lcadcrsh p there is no evidence that the control of communist policy was anything but unitary
## and communist references to the prg were presumably intended to help preserve the fiction that
## it and its dominant people s revolutionary communist party were autonomous southern based
## institntions·d
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
## he could not predict just when a new government might take office but
## assured toth that the huong government would shortly indicate clearly
## that national reconciliation is the order of the day ii d
## this brought polgar to the american situation in saigon he told
## toth that the us stood ready to work out an appropriate formula in
## private and not on the front pages of the newspapers he had martin s
## approval he said to propose discussions on an official but informabasis
## with the representatives of the other side toth left to deliver polgar s
## message while the cos returned to the embassy to brief the ambassa
## dor· d
##
##
## nguyen van thieu s fareweud
##
## ambassador martin had taken to heart president huang s com
## plaint about the difficulty of governing with his predecessor still in
## saigon and told thieu he thought it best for him to leave thieu accepted
## the inevitable and martin charged polgar with the arrangements for a
## departure conducted with utmost secrecy as it happened the aircraft
## that president johnson had put at ambassador bunker s disposal for vis
## its to his wife the us ambassador to kathmandu had not been with
## drawn after bunker s departure inquiring about it polgar learned that it
## could be made ready in a matter of hours and that its range would take it
## to taipei thieu designated khiem to handle the arrangements for the
## vietnamese side and preparations began to evacuate a group of four
## teen d
## recognizing that some disgruntled subordinate might try to prevent
## or punish thien s departure the station undertook to conceal it from all
## hut the cia people involved accordingly it instructed khiem to have
## the passengers make their way to the general staff compound near tan
## soil nhut on friday afternoon april limited to one piece of hand
## luggage each they assembled at khiem s residence there thieu waited
## until after dark before walking from his own house in the compound
## even as polgar and ere exploring the latest bid for negotiations
## after finishing with polgar joined general timmes at khiem s
##
## saigon
## ibic one or the differences between headquarters and the station at this time concerned toth s
## hona fides polgar said he thought loth was acting in good faith in carrying messages to me from
## what he considered authoritative vietnamese communist circles shackley thought it more likely
## thatthe hungarian initiative represented part of a concerted communist effort to deceive the us
## about north vietnamese intentions and thus to deter it from using its combat forces to prevent the
## rail or saigon sec polgar interview · july and shackley interview august
##
## qlgar interview july
##
##
##
##
## i
## c
##
##
##
##
## figure saigon and vicinity may
##
##
##
## r
## tan son nhut
##
## i
##
## i
## i
## • macv headquarters
##
##
##
##
## is embassy
##
## pmsidnoo majestic
## tel
## pbibce f°
## gia long
##
##
##
##
## ·
##
## house where they used the grand piano as a de k on which to fill out
## parole documents for a group that in the end numbered twelve
## polgar saw the general staff compound gate and the police check
## point at n son hut airport as the danger points he therefore set out to
## avert any inquiry or inspection by using ambassador martin s official
## vehicle supplemented by three black station sedans with diplomatic
##
##
## sail oil h april i l ji polgar interview july
##
##
##
##
## c
##
## license plates to create the impression of a high level us convoy the
## ploy worked and the guards waved the convoy through to the parking
## area reserved for air america ambassador martin was there to bid fare
## well to the ex president and polgar also boarded the old c l to brief
## the pilot on the formalities to expect in taipei with the aircraft disap
## pearing into the evening sky polgar radioed the station to flashllits
## estimated arrival time to headquarters he wrote wish to aavrse you
## that by direction of highest authority station has successfully evacuated
## former president nguyen van thieu former prime minister tran thien
## khiem and ten others with wheels up at hours local april
## returning to saigon the ambassador and cos sought to present a busi
## iso
## ness as usual air by dropping in at the party at the polish mission
## thieu s departure may have facilitated the subsequent transfer of
## power from tran van huong to general minh but the next day brought
## only intensified anxiety over other aspects of the saigon and us positions
## with respect to hanoi for one thing the north vietnamese chose
## april to renew both psychological and military pressure with strident
## media attacks and stepped up military activity around saigon that forced
## the closing of bien hoa air base in addition the evacuation problem
## remained unsolved the thais had already expressed their reluctance to
## harbor large number of vietnamese refugees and now manila reported
## that ambassador william h sullivan had just promised president mar
## cos to allow no politically sensitive vietnamese that is kips into the
## philippines and the i iechoed polgar s own
## fears when he blamed saigon s paralysis for a perceived decline in the
## prospects for negotiationsin
## but the station persistean its uphill struggle to get a saigon go v
## crnment capable of avoiding military occupation by negotiating a politi
## cal surrender the station discussed with general minh the candidates
## for office colonel toth had listed for the cos these included the
## woman activist ngo ba thanh whom generals quang and binh had
## exactly a month earlier contemplated arresting minh said she would get
## a senior position but he would have no catholic priests in key posi
## tions especially the irresponsible liar father chan tinh proposed by
## the communists no
## while polgar struggled to help prevent a communist assault of
## saigon his reservations about full scale evacuation preparations encour
## aged something of a business as usual spirit at the working level as one
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## of the surplus officers from central vietnam fred stephens went to the
## personnel office to arrange transportation he was startled to find people
## haggling over their itineraries most wanted to go through europe and
## one married couple was trying to talk a harried personnel officer into
## arranging separate itineraries for them after the first stop stephens
## wound up with a seat on what he understood was the last pan american
## flight out of saigon a few days before the end at that point there was so
## little sense of urgency in saigon that only some people boarded the
## planeiro
## at this point some of the remaining support staff had indeed been
## pushed to the limit the station physician charles saunders complained
## to polgar on april that he had seen several people in a state of total
## physical exhaustion this could not go on he said everyone should get
## saturday afternoon off and all of sunday polgar was unsympathetic
## telling headquarters that most people were working hours a day
## days a week because we have to do what must be done anyone who
## couldn t cut the mustard would be shipped out later polgar said he
## would identify those who can take the pressure and perform at peak
## capacity over extended periods and those who caililot
## meanwhile as the station dickered with general minh over the
## composition of a new government a leaked station report and a kiss
## inger rebuke to polgar cast doubt on the future of cia efforts to broker a
## transfer of power in saigon the leak had appeared in the april new
## york times and quoted verbatim from polgar s account sent to head
## quarters only of toth s april initiative regarding negotiations having
## now on april seen the story in saigon polgar attributed it to some
## one close to kissinger if not kissinger himself and said he feared it
## could damage his dialog with the hungarians the cos made it clear that
## a pretty sharply worded messsage from kissinger accounted for this
## suspicion the secretary of state had just reminded him that he kiss
## inger conducted negotiations for the united states and that these would
## take place in paris shackley also sent a reminder at this time he later
## recalled it as a blunt message telling the cos that whatever might be
## transpiring in other channels the station s job was to evacuate agents and
## dependents destroy files and dispose of confidential funds d
## stephens interview aliglls t lo l
## saigon r r april j
## saigon r april i bjind memorandum for the
## record rccupitulutiun of eyes only traffic between cia and cos vietnam relating to the plan
## ning lildaction phascs of the evacuation of the vietnam station and the us mission in vietnam
## nd potgar interview july shackley interview
## anrnst i polgar said i did not think that was among kissinger s beuer moments· o
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
## perhaps kissinger feared that parallel efforts might derail what he
## saw as the hright prospects of his own work with the soviets for along
## with his admonition to polgar came an upbeat message to martin my
## thinking is that following the formation of a minh government there
## will be negotiations leading to agreement on a tripartite government
## kissinger then discussed the future of the embassy in terms reflecting
## his assumption that it would be up to the united states to decide whether
## to keep it open d
## the evaporation of the government in saigon d
## nguyen ba can still nominally the prime minister of south wet
## nam had so far honored his promise to stay but the prospect of minh as
## new head of government or chief of state provoked more jitters and on
## that same saturday april he appealed ror evacua
## tion no one cared anymore about his longevity in office and marlin
## approved the station evacuated him the next day the much maligned
## general quang displayed substantially more grit telling the station on
## the th that although pleased to have his wife safely out of the country
## he would not leave while on active duty he had submitted a request for
## reassignment after thieu s resignation and was waiting for general
## vien s replyno
## for five days after thieu s resignation ambassador martin had
## insisted that new president tran van huong remain in office at least
## until replaced by a process that respected constitutional forms with
## can preparing to leave and the saigon government more than ever para
## lyzed the ambassador reluctantly gave up his resistance at hours
## on april polgar reported that he expected huong to convey the presi
## dency to minh the next day following a procedure similar to the one the
## cos had recommended a few days earlier d
## events of sunday april fulfilled polgar s prediction minh was
## voted full powers and the station expected that the sweating in cere
## mony would draw political and religious groups who have never before
## been seen in saigon s presidential palace the question remained the
## station said whether the change had come in time to divert the commu
## nists from pursuing the military decision of which they were now fully
## capable the near collapse of the government forces in the saigon area
##
## buller the fall usaigoll p
##
## r
## saigon april
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## compounded both by the efforts of the hardline general ky to sabotage
## the new minh regime and by renewed factionalism in the national
## assembly could only reinforce such doubts prospects for successful
## evacuation also dimmed with the news that the communists had cut the
## road from saigon to the port at vung tau and that the thai government
## had just refused permission to use the nam phong camp as a refugee
## camp martin at least was undaunted cabling kissinger about midnight
## that while rockets might continue to fall and roads to be interdicted it
## was the unanimous opinion of the senior personnel here that there will
## be no direct or serious attack on saigon d
## whether or not there were grounds for such optimism renewed mil
## itary pressure around the capital created a demand for information on
## what remained under government control the bien hoa sector was espe
## cially critical and at one point probahly on the th the cos resorted
## to sending out his own reconnaissance patrol analyst frank snepp and
## one or two others drove northward a prudent distance trying to find the
## arvn pcrimetersd
## meanwhile ambassador martin and adm noel gayler com
## mander in chief of pacific forces found themselves increasingly at odds
## with regard to the pace of evacuation preparations at the embassy this
## conflict between the military s concern to be ready for the end and mar
## tin s fear of creating panic came to be symbolized by the fate of a giant
## llame tree in the embassy parking lot chip schofield came to work the
## morning of april and noticed an ax lying next to the tree and a few
## chunks out of the bark upon inquiring he learned that the th fleet had
## ordered the tree cut down but martin had noticed the first blows and
## overruled it someone probably in the defense attache office resumed
## chopping and martin once again vetoed it d
##
##
##
##
## buller the fall of
## saigall p t polgar never forgave martin for the amhassadm s performance during this
## fateful week filmy view the paralysis of the huoug government between and april aided
## and ahcttedby ambassador martin was ii major contributor to the conditions which ered the
## events oil april our lust day in sn see polgar interview july u
## polgar interview july u
## ihid schofield iulerview september ·
## i i
##
##
##
##
## c
##
## one item of good news arrived in the form of a flash cable from
## bangkok the thai government had relented and the united states
## could use nam phong the question now was how much longer the
## united states could use tan son nhut airport the north vietnamese had
## just bombed it with captured aircraft and admiral gayler worried
## about an intelligence report predicting that the airfield would soon
## come under artillery fire but evacuation flights continued on the th
## and one c transport carried out nguyen ba can s family as well as
## national police and cio chief nguyen khac binh and other police
## d
## officers
## flights from tan son nhut were continuing when just after
## hours on monday april duong van minh became the last president
## of the republic of south vietnam to the station he looked amenable to
## further evacuation of vietnamese as well as americans the principal
## question now was that of negotiations with the communists the station
## reported that it knew nothing of minh s specific intentions but noted his
## stated preference for talks in the context of the paris agreemenl polgar
## surmised in a cable to headquarters that contacts would begin in paris
## moving eventually to some mutually acceptable site in south vietnam
## he followed with an exhaustive survey of candidates for ministerial
## posts and offered the wan hope that despite sniping from ky supporters
## minh would display new determination and toughness by sticking to
## the list he had discussed earlier in the month with general timmes d
## beginning the last day d
## polgar and his staff went home about hours that monday
## evening the cos later thought that none of them realized the night of
## april would be their last in saigon there was not to be much sleep that
## night polgar awoke about hours to the thump of incoming artillery
## and his duty officer reported by phone that marines on the embassy roof
## could see flames and explosions at tan son nhut the cos gave instruc
## tions to begin the preparation of emergency fund envelopes for station
## employees a thousand dollars plus a few small bills in thai and hong
## kong currencies and hurried to the embassy whence he could see for
## himself the explosions at the airport these had reportedly already
## heavily damaged the runways and several air america helicopters d
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## waiting for polgar when he got to his cable traffic was a shackley
## message dealing with the april wsag meeting it acknowledged pol
## gar s report of minh s inauguration but otherwise pointedly ignored the
## event and the station s speculation about cabinet organization and negoti
## ating procedure dealing exclusively with the evacuation issue shackley
## acknowledged martin s relatively optimistic estimate of two to three
## weeks while minh negotiated with the communists he also pointed out
## hanoi s clear capability to take the airport under fire whenever it chose
## uncertain about communist intentions washington had authorized gen
## homer smith the defense attache to decide when to suspend c
## flights under artillery or rocket fire regarding the station s vietnamese
## shackley advised that the wsag endorsed cia use of nam phong and
## taipei as it wished he was at the moment trying to obtain c trans
## ports for the station s uselld
## martin was ill the subsequent diagnosis was bronchial pneumo
## nia but polgar thought his presence at the embassy essential and called
## in insist that he come in the ambassador did so about hours but
## until his medication took effect he lacked the strength even to make him
## self heard on the telephone polgar had to relay his instructions to the
## defense attache people at the airport and his reporting to admiral gayler
## and the secretary of state in these early morning hours polgar s reports
## staff was busy keeping headquarters informed of the destruction at tan
## son nhut no one however had yet proposed the so called phase four
## evacuation procedure that prescribed an emergency helicopter lift to
## replace the c shuttleno
## about hours martin received a formal request from president
## minh for the departure within hours of all defense attache personnel
## the ambassador promised to comply and asked minh to ensure their
## orderly and safe departure polgar took minh s request as confirmation
## that the embassy would continue to function but whether the airport
## would coutinue to function was now in dispute between general smith
## at tan son nhut and ambassador martin at the embassy martin refused
## to accept smith s judgment that the runways were now unusable and
## insisted against staff advice on driving to the airport for a personal
## inspection what he saw there convinced him that a helicopter lift was in
## fact now indispensable and about an hour later or around hours
## admiral gayler at clncpac in honolulu ordered martin s recommenda
## tion put into effect d
##
## i
##
## polgar interview july
## nu hutler w fall of saigon p
##
## soetoet
##
##
## c
##
##
## on returning to the embassy at about hours martin allowed
## the controversial tree in the parking lot to be cut down with respect to
## staffing he now instructed polgar to draw up plans for a person cia
## station including sufficient communications personnel to service an
## approximately strong american embassy this in polgar s words
## effectively sidelined the cos and several of his senior assistants and
## diverted their attention from the immediate priorities of the evacuation
## which in any case he understood was proceeding according to plan the
## result of these deliberations was a staffing plan i
##
##
##
##
## at about hours martin told polgar that washington where
## the military s view of the tan son nhut situation now evidently prevailed
## had just put the phase four helicopter lift into effect and we are all
## going there was no general announcement of this as polgar recalled it
## during the next hour the embassy s senior officers heard separately from
## martin or his deputy that the signal had changed the timing of this deci
## sion struck polgar as unfortunate we lost precious daylight hours
## but he had not at any time in the course of the morning considered enter
## ing the debate himself with an appeal to headquarters it would have been
## unthinkable for him to inject himself into this policy matter in any
## case he later saw an important distinction in the fact that the launching of
## phase four did not in itself mean total evacuation of the mission this
## decision did not come until the late afternoon l d
## the end of the political gambitd
##
## although martin was still resisting the inevitable asking presi
## dent ford to let him stay with a skeleton staff polgar now recognized
## ihat the end was near colonel toth paid a call in midmorning he said
## he had concluded that our efforts have failed and that the north viet
## namese will press for raj military solution toth insisted that this came
##
## polgnr interview · july i
## polgar interview july this has an air of rationalization as the cos had overcome any
## inhibitions about entering the policy arena when he urged washington to emphasize a political set
## tlcmcnt and when he complained about kissinger s handling of negotiations through the sovield
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## as a surprise just two days ago he said prg general thuan at tan
## son nhut said he was awaiting clearance to enter into direct discussion
## with the americans polgar saw that it no longer mattered as of
## hours he said the thrust of communist media pronouncements and cur
## rent intelligence left little doubt that this is it closing the embassy
## and station was now a matter of time perhaps only hours l d
## an hour later polgar explicitly acknowledged that station sources
## like the ivc penetration had been right he reported that all
## files and sensitive equipment are being destroyed we have started
## to lift surplus personnel from embassy rooftop to warships off coast
## the minh government was moving with excruciating slowness bien
## hoa had fallen and there was no sign of any effective resistance now
## north of saigon neither arvn nor the air force was disposed to put up
## a stalingrad type defense the end is at hand polgar now recom
## mended in the absence of any political developments to move all
## americans out of saigon we tried to avert this kind of exit to the bitter
## end but we lost as crowds of nervous vietnamese gathered outside the
## embassy polgar left the office to check the security of the compound
## he spotted general quang in his customary blue suit pressed against the
## gate and managed to get it opened far enh for the former presidential
## aide to squeeze himself inside to safety u
## whatever the causes management preoccupation with negotia
## tions confidence in the prospect of a more orderly withdrawal the sud
## denness of the saigon government s collapse inertia or some
## combination of these the station and the mission found themselves on
## april ill prepared for the denouement dcos lagueux discovered to
## his dismay that millions of dollars in currency still reposed in the sta
## tion s vault and he had to arrange atl emergency helicopter run to get it
## out to the uss blue ridge offshore in the south china sea starting in
## thc late afternoon each of four officers carried an eighty pound duffel
## bag of currency and financial records to his assigned helicopter not all
##
##
##
##
## saigon april and saigolll april i
## i ilf toth had advance warning of the bombardment of tan son nhut he had concealed it
## by leaving his delegation in its quarters there on tile night of april only the following morn
## ing did he ask polgar for help the cos delegated bill johnson former saigon base chief now
## responsible for staybchind activity to form convoy and escort the hungarians to the relative safe
## ty of the majestic hotel in downtown sai on see pol ar intervicw july ·
## saigon ipril saigon polgar inter
## view ·
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
## such oversights could be remedied lagueux also learned that the staff
## in charge of the station s vietnamese translators had simply walked
## away from them and now there was nothing to be done for them s d
## it was chaotic everywhere in the mission as chip schofield learned
## when as a vietnamese speaker he volunteered to help man the embassy
## switchboard the economic aid office had assembled all its vietnamese
## employees and their families at its separate compound to await the prom
## ised evacuation convoy and the american staffers then proceeded to the
## chancery but no convoy appeared and no american returned to the
## compound schofield at the telephone began getting anguished appeals
## for instructions from the frightened vietnamese still waiting there he
## had none to give except at the end when it was clear that the people
## there would be left behind a woman asked what to do with the aid
## greenbacks in her custody he told her to keep them d
## by early afternoon of april the last agency outpost in the coun
## tryside had gone out of existence jim delaney the base chief at can
## tho in the mekong delta had wanted to begin moving his local employ
## ees by april but consul general francis mcnamara grounded the
## four air america helicopters asssigned to can tho arguing that to evac
## uate delaney s locals would spark panic delaney s heated argument
## including references to personal and professional contacts the cg had
## already sent out only provoked mcnamara into threatening to have him
## relieved delaney appealed to saigon which the next day overruled the
## cg and authorized the base chief to proceed a chastened mcnamara
## apologized to delaney and offered to give the agency kips priority over
## his owil °d
## but two days later when the ambassador s evacuation coordinator
## george jacobson ordered can tho to evacuate many of the base s
## locals were still awaiting transportation to safety jacobson s instruc
## tions received at hours on the th recalled can tho s four air
## america helicopters to saigon to make up some of the losses suffered
## earlier that morning when the north vietnamese shelled tan son nhut
## thc us navy had declined to commit any helicopter lift to can tho and
## this left the american and local employees of the consulate to make their
## way by boat down the mekong river to the south china sea at noon
##
##
## laguclx interview november imemorandum to the director of central
## intelligence funds abandoned at saigon station i july ithe title of
## the memorandum implies that not all the station s funds were saved but the amount lost is not
## knownd
## schofield interview september
## jamcs delancy memorandum for the chief of station vietnam the final evacuation of can
## tim hasc personnel in mr may i
## call tho base personnel may
## c y memorandum for the rec ord• evacuation of
## i
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## delaney discovered that mcnamara and his party had just left on the
## consulate s navy landing craft then at hours two air america
## helicopters suddenly appeared their pilots had not received jacobson s
## order delaney radioed mcnarnara suggesting a rendezvous with the air
## craft but mcnamara replied that he preferred to continue by boat d
## delaney loaded the aircraft with his americans and a few of his fil
## ipino and vietnamese employees and they flew out to the uss barbour
## county in the south china sea but most of the local staff could not be
## accommodated and some one hundred employees and family members
## were left behind
## like his colleagues in the other military regions delaney had been
## left to his own devices in the matter of evacuation preparations and deci
## sions polgar later said he did not recall issuing any specific instructions to
## his offices in the four military regions the base chiefs were all experi
## enced senior officers i could rely on them to do the right thing d
##
##
## the due hoteld
##
## while delaney and his group were flying out to the barbour
## county accelerating chaos in saigon nullified many evacuation prepara
## tions of particular concern was the due hotel several blocks from the
## embassy which housed many station employees after the air attack on
## tan son nhut on the th the station had sent contract employee joe
## hartmann to the due to set up communications and transportation proce
## dures the communications worked but transportation fell victim to the
## loss of air america helicopters during the airport bombardment at dawn
## on the th as the morning wore on hartmann s repeated requests to the
## embassy s evacuation control center brought no helicopters to the due
## by hours he was reporting a nearly continuous clatter of small
## arms fire from arvn soldiers in the neighborhood the buses ordered to
## evacuate the filipino and vietnamese employees had not appeared and
## robert cantwell polgar s chief of support decided to wait for them no
## longer accordingly he instructed hartmann to move the americans
## out by helicopter id
##
##
##
##
## id·o
## i
## l ol ii mlervicw july
## thomas polgar memorandum for chicf east asia division evacuation of station planning
## uud evenls may i
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
## but cantwell could not supply the airlift and hartmann had to
## improvise he climbed to the hotel roof where he ignited smoke gre
## nades in hopes of attracting the attention of air america pilots flying in
## the vicinity the second grenade drew a helicopter to the rooftop landing
## zone it would take two trips to move all the americans the pilot said
## and he was too iowan fuel to make two round trips to the embassy
## before heading out to sea for refueling by the navy so half the group
## flew to the embassy and the remainder preoccupied during their wait
## with keeping the local employees from joining them on the roof flew
## directly to a navy vessel in the south china sea d
## because of their exposed position at tan son nhut the defense
## attache personnel there got first priority when the th fleet standing
## offshore launched the helicopter lift at just after hours while the
## c helicopters shuttled between the airfield and the fleet the limited
## embassy airlift made only slow progress moving the hundreds of ameri
## cans and vietnamese inside the compound meanwhile the thousands of
## frightened vietnamese outside the perimeter threatened to flood through
## the gates and fences to leave the compound was now impossible and
## the only thing the station and mission could do was to post officers at
## the gates to identify vietnamese contacts who managed to get close
## enough to be lifted bodily over the wall
## polgar and some of his people were there looking for familiar
## faces one of them spotted an arvn colonel a contact in the psycholog
## ical warfare unit and told him to form human wedges of the people he
## wanted to get inside those whom he managed to get to the wall were
## allowed to throw one bag over before being hoisted to safety in the con
## fusion us marine guards unaware of this arrangement threw some of
## the baggage back over the wall their evident purpose was to protect
## against explosives but the result was to deprive some evacuees of irre
## placeable identity papers d
## the acting chief of the station s air branch o b harnage con
## stituted polgar s only resource to rescue both his own vietnamese con
## tacts and other kips stranded at various us facilities scattered across
## saigon harnage requisitioned an air america helicopter and survived
## an afternoon of wild confusion tracking down refugees and plucking
## them from rooftops and parking lots polgar worried particularly about
## the apartment house at gia long street the site of dcos lagueux s
##
##
##
## lbid·d
## butler fall ofsaigon pl polgar interview july d
## polgar interview july some probably lost substantial material assets as wend
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## apartment where notables including tran van don and general binh s
## principal aide had been instructed to assemble as of hours polgar
## d
## feared he would not be able to get them out s
## the cos now asserted that the die is cast we are leaving that
## means everybody including ambassador martin at this point all
## station personnel in embassy or en route to ships by chopper some of
## the marine helicopters serving the lift from tan son nhut were taking
## fire apparently from disgruntled arvn personnel and the embassy was
## now a beleaguered fortress with an uncontrollable crowd of vietnam
## ese blocking all entrances the end ·has come too fast and there is no
## d
## pretty ending to this
## harnage finally reached the group at gia long but there were
## more potential evacuees there than he could handle the station could not
## get a helicopter into thc agency logistics compound and the vietnamese
## there were left behind reporting at hours polgar was nevertheless
## encouraged by the smooth functioning of the lift from the embassy he
## took time to tell headquarters that ted shackley s former driver had
## become one of the heroes of the day ut had left the embassy going over
## the wall and forcing his way through the mob to the lee hotel another
## assembly point where he correctly identified the station s kips and
## escorted them to a safer location from which they were eventually
##
## ex tractcd
## one much larger group of evacuees also enjoyed good luck a large
## radio propaganda operation aimed at north vietnam employed four
## agency case officers and nearly a thousand vietnamese well before
## communist fire closed the saigon airport the station flew them all to
## phu quoc island in the gulf of thailand communications with them
## then failed and some anxious hours followed before headquarters
## arranged with cincpac to direct an american freighter to rescue the
## entire group d
## late afternoon saw a continuous shuttle of c helicopters at the
## embassy while the larger c s worked to rescue a large american con
## tingcnt at the defense attache compound at tan son nhut by this time
## north vietnamese artillery located cast of saigon was launching shells
## over the city to strike the airport on their own authority i
## i idcstrayed their equipment having no other duties they then
## joined a group of station employees in polgar s outer office on the top
## floor marine emerged from the elevator saying he needed l people
##
## saigon h april olgar interview july
## l in
## saigm rij·d
## · lhlnuijlhcrcdsaigon cablcc r j
## polgar interview july ·u
##
##
##
## l
##
## c
##
##
## for the next shuttle from the parking lot i iand schofield
## looked at each other wondering if they ought to seek instructions there
## seemed to be no point in it and they and fifteen others followed the
## d
## marine downstairs l
##
##
## the end of the enterprised
##
## weakened by illness ambassador martin struggled to extend the
## helicopter lift urging kissinger cincpac and the white house to
## keep the c s coming confusion and the infiltration of new refugees
## had required a continuously revised estimate of the numbers remaining
## and washington finally lost patience and declared finis early in the
## evening between and hours a presidential message
## instructed martin that the evacuation would cease at hours the next
## morning apprised of the deadline polgar cabled that this will be
## final message from saigon station it will take us about twenty minutes
## to destroy equipment accordinglyrproximately hours we must
## terminate classified transmission
## it has been a long and hard fight and we have lost polgar wrote
## reflecting his conviction that the fault lay in washington he continued
##
## the severity of the defeat and circumstances of it however
## would seem to call for a reassessment of the policies of niggardly
## half measures which have characterized much of our participation
## here despite the commitment of manpower and resources which
## were certainly generous those who fail to learn from history are
## forced to repeat it let us hope that we will not have another
## saigon experience and that we have learned our lesson saigon
## d
## signing off
##
## but there remained several hours before communications equip
## ment would have to be destroyed and polgar came back on the air at
## hours he reported that the station would be down to eight people
## after the next helicopter departed the commander of the th fleet was
## urging the ambassador to end the evacuation within the next two hours
## but the cos judged this impossible the lift was going well but
##
##
##
##
## jn r t r Â
## unnumbered saigon cable
##
## ijdo l
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## despite best efforts marines there has been steady infiltration into
## embassy compound all day at times as many were coming in as going
## out by helicopter d
## at exactly hours polgar responded by flash precedence to
## another exhortation from headquarters to get all americans out of
## saigon he thought the injunction unnecessary he said noting that while
## only a few officials remained there were still a good many us nationals
## with vietnamese relatives thirty more sorties by the big c helicop
## ters had been promised and with a little luck we should be able to clear
## up compound i doubt ambassador will want to leave on any but last
## chopper or perhaps on last one but for marines there was at the
## moment no sign of major enemy activity but there was also no question
## that could open up just as they did last night d
## dci colby had just sent his own last message to saigon praising
## the station s display over the years and in the last few weeks of
##
## courage integrity dedication and high competence thou
## sands of vietnamese owe their lives and future hopes to your
## efforts your government has profited immensely from the accuracy
## and breadth of your reporting and your country will one day learn
## with admiration of the way you represented its best instincts and
## ideals good luck and many thanks
##
## polgar responded with his own thanks regretting that only he
## dcos lagueux and four communicators remained to receive and cher
## ish the message i cannot match your eloquence but my conscience
## tells me that it was not for lack of our effort or understanding of the situa
## ion that we failed
## the vietnam station s final word at hours on april
## described the evacuation as having slowed to a glacial pace darkness
## was impeding the lise of the poorly lit embassy parking lot and most of
## the large helicopters were servicing the defense attache compound at
## tan son nhut where other americans waited for evacuation polgar
## wrote that saigon was relatively quiet but that experience suggested a
## resumption of enemy fire after hours he hoped he would still be
## there at that time to file a last report rd
##
##
##
##
## r r l j unnumbered saigon cable
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
## but this was not to be at just about hours a marine major
## marched up to ambassador martin and announced that if he did not
## immediately board the waiting helicopter the major would carry him to
## it martin finally accepted the inevitable polgar lagueux and evacua
## tion coordinator jacobson were among those who boarded the aircraft
## with him they flew east to the uss blue ridge where they joined ear
## lier evacuees for the voyage to subic bay d
##
##
##
##
## · polgar interview july
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## epilogue u
## t
##
##
## polgar proceeded from subic bay i ithere he begged for
## headquarters permission to visit station employees and people on the
## kip list among the vietnamese refugees at guam headquarters worried
## about possible press attention but polgar felt a strong moral obligation
## to demonstrate agency interest and concern as for publicity he pro
## posed to keep a low profile in any case he argued possible later
## charges that the agency had abandoned its own vietnamese presented a
## greater risk than media attention to his proposed visit to those who had
## made it out headquarters bowed to this appeal and the cos prepared to
## depart for guam
## i polgar drafted a review of the station s per
## formance since mid march which implicitly defended his reluctance to
## emphasize evacuation preparations he noted that he had correctly pre
## dicted imminent defeat after arvn abandoned the central highlands
## seeing it now as probably hastened by the american sponsored mass
## evacuation which took away any remaining will to fight he defended
## his efforts to promote the negotiated surrender that would have obviated
## an emergency evacuation saying that communist overtures had sug
## gested a glimmer of hope which absent a better alternative had to be
## pursued even after military pressure on saigon resumed on april he
## said communist demands permitted the inference that hanoi expected
## a continuing us presence in saigon but the south vietnamese had dith
## ered after thieu s resignation and by the time of general minh s acces
## sion on april it was probably too late even had minh avoided the
## fatal mistake of a vigorously anti communist inaugural speech estab
## lishing that he had not been alone in holding out hope for negotiations
## polgar went on to note the interdiction of the port of vung tau on the
## th as a violation of an apparent understanding between the soviets
## and high level washington ie henry kissinger d
## i landl l i
## the glimmer of hope formulation considerably understates the degree of confi
## dence in a negotiated settlement which polgar had earlier conveyed to the members of his station
## and to headqlanersd
##
##
##
##
##
## i
## c
##
##
##
##
## ambauador graham
## m atin oft board uss blue
## ridge j or iell
##
##
##
##
## sm h vi t tlumt f navy vesset in distress sfmth china sea may
## plif o b t lrmnlu roigar t i i et
##
##
##
## l
## c
##
##
##
##
## th uss him rjjr
## p tr j of tir tlf ilflqt
##
##
## refu t t arriving at guam
## m ay ilj
##
##
##
##
## hill b r lwnuu iii t
##
##
##
## i
## c
##
##
##
##
## reju rt f arriving at gumn
## may
##
##
##
##
## pjralo by thul ixar
##
##
##
## polgar criticized washington s policy guidance to the embassy dur
## ing the last week as frequently contradictory and at times unrea listic
## when viewed aga inst developments in vietnam if he had been viewed as
## mov ing too fur anti lou fast on various fronts he wrote the north
## vietnamese were moving a great deal faster and he had coordinated
## every one of his moves with ambassador ma rtin but all of this had co me
## naught and ap ril with tan so n nhut under fire t he ame rican
## embassy w is not in an evacuation posture polgar implicitly acknowl
## edged that the station had not been far ahead of the emb assy in thi s
## respect lie and latlueux had spent an hour that morn ing responding
## martin s requirement for i hard core station of peop le that time
## s hould have been spent in moving indigenous personnel into the
## emha ssy compound thu s while the total numh er of vietnamese cvc
## uuicd looks impressive the percen tage of kip s and others o f direct inter
## est to the us governme nt will turn o ut to be disappointi ngl y sm
##
## iiid i ct gar docs floc menlioci he re the co nvicuon he and laglit uli dre w from the n nan g e lpc
## ncix iimi uulelly lrulli l evactlalion from saigon would be impossi ble thi s muit he ve bee n
## lit· llhc k lhc i lc compelliug mhibuor of lund and energelic cvacuation p luni n no
## ii liil have i cii lulld h lf the nullihers of kfps evacuated or the proportion of the lotallhcsc c f j
## i c it ll ie tl
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
## apparently still persuaded that an earlier and more active approach
## to evacuation would have backfired the cos nevertheless courageously
## included himself when he said that the delay by embassy and station to
## move with greater decisiveness toward total evacuation between
## and hours of april was a major error of judgment neverthe
## less if he and the station could have done better and if martin finally
## awakened to the crisis deserved credit for his devotion to moving the
## greatest possible number of vietnamese polgar put final blame on the
## ambassador for the mission s unpreparedness martin simply could not
## bring himself to override organizational boundaries and to use available
## personnel as a team his failure to delegate authority and his continu
## ing concern to win points in debate over policy with washington
## deprived the mission of the leadership without which a hierarchic organi
## zation cannot function polgar concluded in painfully ambivalent fash
## ion while we regret and feel guilty about those we could not take with
## us there was was reason for pride and satisfaction in the numbers suc
## cessfully evacuated we believe that within the perimeters sic of the
## physical means available to us we did the best we could d
## dcl colby had the last conflicted word in a cable that reflected his
## anguish over the outcome in a place to which he had dedicated so much
## time and energy and to which he had developed an intense personal
## commitment sent to polgar on guam it assured the cos of the dcl s
## total confidence that you were acting in every way in full step with pol
## icy your reporting was the basis on which we here were able to press
## certain actions which i believe had some beneficial effect in terms of
## people evacuated colby continued in an elegiac tone his stilted lan
## guage revealing the strain of the effort to praise the station s perfor
## mance during the final catastrophe except for the lament for allies left
## behind he might have been proposing an epitaph not just for the work of
## the final weeks but for all of the agency s endeavors in vietnam since
##
##
## it is all too easy to think about the might have beens which
## would have made the solution ideal in fact however i think you
## should rest in very good conscience at having done a superlative
## job and accomplished much more than many of us might have
## feared it is important now not to nit and pick over the details of
## that performance but to focus on the fact that in the large it was
## successful and achieved a high percentage of what anyone might
## have hoped i know this is no solace to those of us who think in
##
##
##
##
## si cpf
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## terms of individual people left behind but i think it is an important
## attitude to take with respect to the dignity of our country and our
## agencyso
##
##
## the inhibitions of the anti communist mindo
##
## this story of the role of the vietnam station in the american strug
## gle to make military government successful in south vietnam omits the
## military and economic and even some of the political developments that
## would be included in any comprehensive account of the enterprise but
## an account from the cia perspective is not as constricting as might at
## first glance appear to begin with the station s intelligence mission made
## cia management in saigon an informed observer of all significant devel
## opments in south vietnam perhaps more important the station was inti
## mutely involved in the continuous effort to stabilize and liberalize the
## succession of military or military dominated regimes that arose in late
## and finally the station jed the effort never completely successful
## to develop an integrated rural pacification program
## the record of the cia experience in vietnam thus provides the
## material for some judgments about the outcome there and about the qual
## ity of the agency s participation there is ample room for different inter
## pretations but for the author one inference is inescapable this is that
## entirely aside from the quality of the agency s or indeed america s effort
## to save south vietnam the perennial weakness of the saigon government
## and the implacable will of its viet cong and north vietnamese adversaries
## are what determined the outcome the withdrawal of us ground forces
## beginning in and later of combat air support certainly affected the
##
##
##
##
## j i i
## the air wur against the north was to be sure quite another matter and president johnson s per
## sonal attention to the selection of bombing targets became legendary but with respect to the south
## thc onlyserious washington effort to shape american thinking cvcn about strategy let alone tac
## lies came from walt rostow at the white house as national security adviser rostow had been
## a vocal proponent of air bombardment of the north for more than a year before the administration
## adopted that course but his cerebrations about insurgency as a byproduct of the economic mud
## crnizurion process overlooked the anticolonial origins ancltherefore the essentially political nature
## or the vietnam n o
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
## timing of the gvn s collapse but a massive american military presence
## could not permanently substitute for the psychical mobilization of the
## south that always eluded saigon s leadershipu
## but despite the pessimism of some agency analysts it was hardly
## self evident immediately after the fall of ngo dinh diem that the gener
## als would not succeed where diem had failed the station and the rest of
## the us government hoped that however politically untutored the gener
## als would share the widespread american conviction that their principal
## order of business was to inspire active loyalty in the gvn s urban and
## especially its rural constituenciesd
## the cia s initial reaction to the challenge in vietnam had reflected
## not just the spirit of the times but more specifically the activist spirit
## inherited from the ass and encouraged during dwight eisenhower s
## presidency the agency s support of ngo dinh diem beginning in
## reflected the confidence of an organization which took credit for
## the recent defeat of the hmb agrarian revolt in the philippines the plans
## directorate was then basking also in the glow of successful coups d etat
## in iran and guatemala this self assurance survived the bay of
## pigs embarrassment and when the moment came in late to begin
## again in south vietnam the station entertained no doubts about its ability
## to meet the challenge to agency officers in the field the us military
## seemed too uncomprehending and the state department too passive in
## the eyes of the operations people this left cia once again to pick up the
## slacko
## what looked like an early opportunity to take the lead role faded
## with ambassador lodge s resistance to american participation in gvn
## planning for the post diem period but the station would have been con
## fronted with a very tall order even had it acquired the role the vietnam
## ese generals implicitly requested for it in late there is little reason
## to believe that cia could have succeeded where the rest of the us gov
## ernment ultimately failed in the effort to make leaders out of the politi
## cally myopic and mostly self interested arvn officer corps in the event
## the station turned its energies toward more ad hoc programs of urban
##
##
##
## that this judgment represents something more than the wisdom of hindsight is suggested by con
## temporary predictions thai even massive us military involvement would fail to prevent a gvn
## defeat an especially poignant example is the omega war games conducted in early with
## participants who included gen maxwell taylor then military adviser president kennedy dci
## john mccone and air force chief of staff gen curtis lemay even after assumptions were
## modified meet air force objections and the exercise run a second time the gvn and the united
## states went down to decisive defeat see roger warner back fire simon and schuster
## pp d
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## organization and rural pacification these initiatives took advantage of
## the station s many longtime contacts throughout south vietnamese soci
## ety and reflected the characteristically improvisational cia styled
## the activities that evolved after late displayed both the
## strengths and the weaknesses of the clandestine service that created and
## ran them they reflected to begin with the continued recognition that
## despite or even because of military escalation the gvn had to earn the
## active commitment of its people in order to survive in practice the selec
## tion of means to reach this goal relied more on intuitive extemporized
## experimentation than it did on any rigorous analysis of the insurgency
## this approach saved the programs from bureaucratic rigidity but it also
## kept them from systematically addressing the country s structural prob
## lems especially the gulf between city and country and the gvn s politi
## cally crippling colonial styled
## indeed the single weakest aspect of covert political organizing in
## vietnam was precisely the one in which the agency took the most pride
## william colby s perennial celebration of cia political action expertise is
## echoed in much other operational correspondence by recurring refer
## ences to the agency s unique capabilities in this field but in fact the
## station s contribution to political mobilization in vietnam hardly ever
## transcended the logistical in practice cia furnished money materiel
## and advice on organizational technique while leaving program content to
## its sundry vietnamese collaborators d
## the tortured history of political organization in phong dinh prov
## ince exemplifies this approach which indeed had its merits when the
## station s vietnamese contacts produced workable ideas of their own
## but even at its best it perpetuated the almost schizoid agency and us
## government approach to the political aspect of the conflict the gvn
## had to be invigorated and reformed and the peasantry must be won over
## to the government side cia did indeed recognize the need to develop
## peasant leadership at least at the local level but it never questioned the
## contradictory imperative that this be done without disturbing the social
## and economic structure bequeathed by the french colonial regime d
## no one argued that this structure was free of inequities but it
## seemcd to agency and other us officials to be positively idyllic com
## pared with the evil of the communist system that challenged it ameri
## cans took for granted that not only they but all south vietnamese saw the
## decisive moral superiority of the saigon government one result of this
## perception was that cia saw no need to look much beyond anti commu
## nism and promises of economic benefits in the design of its political pro
## grams indeed when it came to the organization of a political front like
## lien minh the question of a substantive agendahardly arosed
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
## true a program like lien minh had the limited essentially cos
## metic purpose of creating a facade of national unity behind president
## thieu but it remains that the agency s covert action managers seldom
## recognized in practice that their political programs assumed a citizenry
## basically disposed both to accept the gvn s legitimacy and to help it
## defeat the viet congo that some both urban dwellers and peasants met
## this expectation did not make it a valid universal principle like the other
## us participants in the drama cia was caught up in the paradox that
## only a basic transformation in the distribution of power could save a gov
## ernment whose interests and identity lay in preserving the status quo d
## the actor as observerd
##
## responsibility to help achieve a policy goal inevitably exerts pres
## sure on intellectual objectivity when the actor has to evaluate the pros
## pects and then the results of his own efforts a perfectly banal
## observation but one that takes on real poignancy when an intelligence
## agency whose basic charter calls for disinterested advice to policymak
## ers becomes an interested party by virtue of its commitment to action
## programs d
## it is clear that cia analysts whether working in saigon or in wash
## ington consistently viewed gvn prospects and the merits of all us pro
## grams aimed at improving those prospects more skeptically than did the
## operations managers as had been the case during the diem period
## chiefs of station in saigon after sometimes thought they had found
## a formula that promised eventual victory peer de silva was the most fer
## vidly optimistic of them but several of his successors also developed a
## personal commitment to the cia role in assuring the gvn s survival
## this was the case with theodore shackley and thomas polgar perhaps
## john hart as well who put their faith not in a pacification scheme as
## de silva did but in the person of nguyen van thieud
## the biases of these managers shaped their own interpretations of
## events and certainly had the potential to distort the intelligence process
## in fact they seem not to have affected to any significant degree either
## the thrust of agency analysis or the content of intelligence reporting from
## saigon no chief of station ever censored the product of his intelligence
## directorate analytical unit and the officers staffing the unit seem not to
## have been intimidated by their successive chiefs personal convictions
## on the intelligence collection side many of the working level case offic
## ers reporting on the south vietnamese political climate dealt with sources
## who were far less sanguine than station management about the gyn s
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## progress and prospects pessimistic accounts from these contacts might
## have to meet rigorous dissemination standards but well sourced factual
## reporting did not fail to be distributedd
## perhaps the single most contentious issue especially in the later
## years was that of corruption in the gvn shackley and polgar both of
## whom questioned its very relevance did not encourage reporting on it
## nut their reluctance reflected not only their judgment of its importance
## but also the scarcity of specific verifiable allegations solid information
## would be disseminated whether it supported managerial proclivities or
## not only in the area of rural pacification did station reporting even
## then mostly operational not intelligence reporting sometimes uncriti
## cally echo managerial preference under de silva the station s posses
## sion of a potentially successful pacification formula became an article of
## faith later under shackley the station tacitly ceded the evaluation of
## rural loyalties to the pacification managers at macv first robert komer
## then william colby toward the end under polgar the villagers prefer
## ence for the gvn was simply taken for granted political allegiance in the
## countryside had then ceased to exist as an intelligence question so
## a tough nut to crack d
## that the station s professional objectivity largely survived the pres
## sures of a simultaneous action role allowed it to provide competent intel
## ligence coverage of its southern ally through the duration of the conflict
## this objectivity did not suffice to ensure equally competent reporting on
## the communist adversary it is of course never easy to penetrate an
## adversary whose organization enjoys high morale and discipline this
## generic difficulty was compounded in south vietnam by the inaccessibil
## ity of communist cadres to direct american manipulation and by the irre
## deemable inefficiency of the gvn s intelligence agencies the most
##
## to
## prolific source of policy level information at any time during the war
## was himself a mere district cadre
## better access eluded cia to the end
## ithe creation of
## jt seems likely that the informal approaches to the nlf that
## began in actually contributed to the near in vulnerability from an
## intelligence perspective of the communist leadership in the south it is
##
## shackley s passivity regarding rural political loyalties may have reflected his knowledge that tbe
## firsl priority otrbc nixon administration was to find a way to liquidate the us commitment in viet
## naru the objective had become to escape military defeat as us interest in nation building fad
## ed so did ihal of the gvn within a year of shackley s arrival repression of the viet cong rural
## upparatus had become the dominant if not tile exclusive iocus of the pacification effortd
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
## difficult to imagine how these overtures could have been received as
## anything but an acknowledgment however reluctant that the united
## states was looking for a way to disengage seen this way at cosvn
## headquarters and in hanoi attempts at informal communication could
## only have helped to bolster the communists conviction that their
## strength of will exceeded that of the americans this expectation was
## essentially realized a year later when president johnson proposed offi
## cial talks and abandoned the quest for a second full term d
## at the very least the modest results of strenuous efforts to obtain
## contl oiled· sources on vietnamese communist policy and plans suggest
## the limitations of agent operations in such circumstances in vietnam
## physical inaccessibility and cultural remoteness only compounded the
## already formidable obstacles posed by communist discipline political
## sophistication and the elan that seems to have arisen from an unshake
## able expectation that the gvn and us resolve would weakend
## flawed as they were cia s action programs including the ones
## described in this volume represented the most nearly coherent compre
## hensive approach to the insurgency taken by any american agency in
## vietnam that these efforts took place in an ultimately losing cause
## docs not detract from their instructive value indeed if it is true that fail
## ure is a better teacher than success the agency s activities in vietnam
## deserve all the more attention precisely because they were not rewarded
## with victoryd
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## note on sources d
## £
##
##
## although the author served in vietnam for two years beginning in
## the spring of his own experience has contributed in only the most
## fragmentary way to the preparation of this volume indeed he has been
## chastened while writing this and two companion studies to discover how
## little he then understood of the environment in which he and his col
## leagues were trying to help shore up a tottering south vietnamese gov
## ernment even for the period of his own service therefore the author has
## relied primarily on the operational files of the directorate of operations
## and on interviews with cia veterans of the periodd
## the author s two forthcoming companion pieces complete the
## agency history of the cia contribution to us efforts to create a viable
## nation state in south vietnam
##
## cia and the house fgo covert action in south vietnam
## cia history staffu
##
## the cia the viet cong and the peasantry rural pacification in
## south vietnam cia history staftd
##
##
## published sources have provided background and supplementary
## detail the most useful of these have been
##
## butler david the fall ojsaigon london sphere books
##
## clarke jeffrey c advice and support the final years washing
## ton dc center of military history
##
## colby william e lost victory chicago contemporary books
## ·
##
## de silva peer sub rosa the uses oj intelligence new york
## times books
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## herring george c america s longest war the united states and
## vietnam new york alfred a knopf second edition
## ·
## lhi and vietnam a jijjerent kind of war austin
## tx the university of texas press u
##
## kahin georgemct intervention how america became involved
## in vietnam garden city new york anchor books
##
## karnow stanley vietnam a history penguin books
##
## kissinger henry a white house years boston little brown and
## co
##
## pentagon papers gravel edition boston beacon press
##
## volumes ii and ill
##
## race jeffrey war comes to long an berkeley university of
## california press
##
## spector ronald after tet the bloodiest year in vietnam new
## york the free press
##
## tang truong nhu a viet cong memoir vintage books
##
## us department of slate foreign relations ofthe united states
## volume i vietnam washington dc us government
## printing office
##
##
##
##
## se
##
##
## c sefet
##
##
##
##
## index
##
## symbols
## wise men ·
## young turks
## disenchantment with khanh backgroundof
## numerics on ky s presidential
## committee candidacy
## use of saigon station
## buutran quoc
## a
## abrams creighton c
## complaints about arvn
## abzug bella cambodia
## acheson dean us incursioninto
## air america can nguyen ba
## allen george
## all vietnam bloc
## army dean can lao labor party
## an quang buddhists cantwell robert
## armed forces council cao huynh van
## carver george
##
## b
## views on evacuation
## catholic priests anti corruption
## be nguyen
## movement
## berger samuel
## catholics vietnamese
## binh nguyen khac iii
## central intelligence agency
##
## presence in south vietnams
##
## saigon station
## boothe henry
## central intelli£ence agency cia
## i i
## i b l t d dii ht js
## ts
##
## struggle movement
## bundy mcgeorge and green beret incident
## bundy william and nationalliberation front
##
## bunker ellsworth
## assessment of military situation
##
## after paris agreement
##
## assessments of
## offensive
## j
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## assessments of arvn saigon vietnam station
## attitude toward buddhists
##
## contact with nlf
## contacts with buddhists
## and national liberation
## front
## contacts with hungarians
##
## sources in dai viet party
## contacts with south vietnam
## sources in south vietnam
## dissidents
## government
## efforts to improve south
## sources in viet cong
## vietnams intelligence
##
## capability
## sources on ky
## evacuation policy
## sources on thieu
## evaluation of its participation in
## station s assessments after paris
## vietnam war agreement
##
## staybehind operations
## evaluation of station chiefs
## subsidy to lien minh
## implementation of truce subsidy to nsdf
## intelligence after fall of
## da nang
## intelligence on offensive
##
## involvement in presidential ilte c h ru c a i s u rv e il la n ce o cf northi
## election in south
## vietnamese
## vietnam
## involvement with military
## leadership
## central intelligence organization
## pacification
## cio
## iperception of ky i chat le cong
## chau
## political actions chin robert
##
## chinh phan trong
## us
## propaganda
## i i
## cio see central intelligence
## relations with buddhists
## organization
## relations with khanh
## clements william
## relations with ky
## clifford clark
## relations with south vietnam
## colby william
## government
##
## relations with thieu
## reporting on easter offensive
##
##
## post evacuation assessment
##
## c
##
## concin lucien f
##
## dismissal by taylor ford gerald
## constituent assembly vietnamese fortas abe
## francis albert
## corruption in south vietnam free democratic force fdf
## coup against khanh fulbright j william
##
## d g
## da nang gayler noel
## fall of
## giap vo nguyen
## daivietparty
## goldwater barry
## daly vince
## gombos karoly
## dang trail bach
## i j
## green beret incident
## de silva peer is
## gregg donald
## gustin dave
## perceptions of khanh
## delaney jim h
## democracy party
## diem ngo dinh habib philip
## diem bui hai tran van
## dinh ton that haig alexander
## don tran van ii haldeman h r
## hao nguyen van
## harkins paul
## dong pham van harnage o b
## harriman w averell
## donohue thomas hart john
## i dunn bertram i
## opinion of loan
## dzu ngo
## becomes cos saigon
## hartmann joe
## e helms richard
##
## easter offensive hien tran ngoc
## assessmcnts of high national council
## i
## ievacuation hilsman roger
## hoa hao
## hoan nguyen ton
## humphrey hubert
##
##
##
##
## se
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
## hungarian diplomatic and intelligence relations with miller
## contacts resigns as commander of armed
## forces
## resigns as prime minister
## huang nguyen van khiem tran thien
##
##
## huong tran van
##
## huy nguyen ngoc
## khoi dang due
## kiem tan buu
## i
## kim le van
## iran kissinger henry
##
##
## j
##
## jacobson george
## negotiations with thieu
## johnson gordon
## rebukes polgar
## johnson lyndon n
##
## komer robert
## selection of new cossaigon
## kaplowitz wilfred
## johnson u alexis
## ky nguyen cao
## johnson william
##
## jorgensen gordon
##
##
##
## k
## and youth organization
## karamcssines tom
## attitude toward cia
## katrosh ralph
## becomes prime minister
## lj
## personality of
## and thieu
## presidenti al candidacy
## relations with thicu and ky
## relations with thieu
## katzcnbach nicholas
## rivalry with khanh
## khang le nguyen
## khanh nguyen ·
## l
##
## lagueux conrad
## attitude toward taylor
## lsi
## cia perception of
##
## connections with vietnamese
## laird melvin
## communists
## leadership abilities lam tran vul
## move against khiem
##
## sp
## ··
##
## c
##
## lamson incursion into laos
##
## landreth rodney
## lanigan robert m arid thieu s resignation
## lansdale edward attitude toward state
## lapham lewis department
## attitude toward washington
## layton gilbert
## lazarsky joseph controls us access to thieu
## legro william leadership shortcomings
## lehmann wolfgang relationship with thieu
## suspicion of us press
## lemay curtis use of saigon station
## views on evacuation
## i i mau vu van
## lewis walt
## lien minh national alliance for mccone john
## assessment of situation in
## social revolution
## vietnam
##
## mchugh patrick
## linh nguyen ngoc
## mcnamara francis
## loan nguyen ngoc
## mcnamara robert
##
## on dealings with nlf
##
## meany george
## cia subsidy to
## us perceptions of
## lodge henry cabot
##
##
##
## meiggs dana
##
## i
## merillon jean marie
## methven stuart
## military directorate vietnamese
## perception of buddhist struggle
## movement military revolutionary conunittee
## relations with saigon mrc
## station military revolutionary council
## returns for second tour as miller russell
## ambassador
## ly le khac
##
## minh duong van big minh
## m
## n
## markham james
## martin graham
##
## assumes presidency
## minh tran van little minh
## j
## becomes head of armed forces
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## mission council
## north vietnam
## agents in south vietnam
## attack on pleiku lind kontum
## nunn sam
##
##
## mrc military revolutionary
## o
## committee
## omega war games
## operation shock
## n osceola
##
## national inteliigence coordinating p
## committee
## national interrogation center
## pacification
## nic
##
## national liberation front nlf
## paris peace agreement
##
## effecl on military situation
## i
##
## contacts with us
## modifications to
## national police
## parispeacetalks
## national salvation front nsf
## restrictions on intelligence
## about
## national social democratic front pharn van dong
## nsdf phat huynh tan
## natsios nick phat lam van
## nelson william phong nguyen xuan
## nes david
## new york times phu pham van
## ngai nguyen van phuong tran kim
## ngan nguyen van
## pioneer commander
## nha trang
## polgar thomas ill
## nha hoang duc lis
## j
## nhicu lc van
##
## nhu ngo dinh
## nicol donald j
##
## nitze paul
## iso
## nixon richard
## no
## j j
##
##
## nol lon
##
##
##
##
##
## s pcjiff
## o
##
## c
##
## provincial reconnaissance units
## prus
## provisional revolutionary
## government prg
##
## advocates cease fire q
## advocates negotiated
## surrender quang dang van
## assesses station s performance
##
##
## criticizes martin
##
## assessment of effect of loss of
##
## central highlands
##
## assessment of military
## quang thich tri
## situation
## assessment of situation after quat phan huy
## paris agreement quinn ken
## assessment of south vietnam
## prospects r
## attitude toward kissinger
## avocates negotiated ramsey douglas
## surrender
## changes to station reporting
## i i
## resor stanley
## differences with washington richardson john
## evacuation robertson william rip
## dispute with colby rolling thunder
## perceptions of situation in south rostow walter
## vietnam
## flaws in perception of war
## pushes for thien s rowland robert b
## resignation
## rusk dean
## relations with abrams
## reatiuns with ambassador
## martin s
## relations with bunker
## relations with kissinger saunders charles
## views on evacuation schofield chip
##
## views north vietnamese scowcroft brent
## intentions scrong ted
## works for last minute political sexton john
## settlement shackley theodore
##
## presidential election
## in south vietnam
##
##
##
##
## sc
##
##
## c
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
## biography
## smith david
## smith homer
## snepp frank
## south vietnam
## presidential election
## lsi
## economic situation
## political conditions in
## problems in security services
## spear moncrieff american perception of
## special branch south vietnamese attitude toward cia
## police attitiude toward ky
## special forces us attitude toward nixon
## spera ai attitude toward political
## stephens fred action
## struggle movement
## sullivan william
## suu pham khac attitude toward women
## becomes chief of state
## cia appraisal of
## t concern for son
## coup plots against
## tan tran si
## health
## taylor maxwell
## leadership failures
##
## leaves south vietnam
## attitude toward cia personality of
## relations with khanh reaction to easter offensive
## resigns as ambassador
## reaction to fall of da nang
## tct offensive
## relations with cia
## effect on cia personnel and relations with kissinger
## facilities
## intelligence failure relations with ky
## intelligence on
## resignation
## postmortems on resistance to political action
## thang nguyen due rift with prime minister
## thanh ngo bu ds khiem
## thao pham ngoc view on communist threat
## thi nguyen chanh views on peace agreement
## thieme earl
## thicu nguyen van
##
## x
##
##
##
##
## i
##
## c
##
##
## views on south vietnamese vien linh quang
## politics vien nguyen luu
## visits us viet cong
## tho le due attacks
## tho nguyen huu attacks against us
## tiuunes charles j vietnamization
## vy nguyen van
## tinh chan
## toan nguyen van
## tong truong binh
## w
## tonkin gulf resolution walt lewis w
## toth janos g westmoreland william r
##
## tra tran van weyand fred
## tri quang weyand mission
## tri do cao wheeler earle
## trinh dinh chinh whitehouse charles sheldon
## tro iig huynh van
## tung le quang
## iwilson jasper i
## u
## us information service uss
## x
## us mission council xuan mai huu
##
## v y
## vance cyrus yem luu
## vandaveer robert yen pham thi
## vang mai hi
## valin john paul
## vien can van
##
##
##
##
##
## sp
## #This methods takes a lot of time
#head(strwrap(pdfDB))
#lets remove white space.. We see so many whitespaces, Carriage return, Vertical #and horizontal tabs due to page formatting. Let’s remove these
pdfDB <- tm_map(pdfDB, stripWhitespace)
#inspect the output
temp <-as.character(pdfDB[[3]])
print(temp[10])## [1] "c introduction the cork in the bottle d the day before his inauguration as president of the united states john f kennedy met president dwight d eisenhower and several cabinet officers at the white house kennedy had solicited the meeting partly for cosmetic rea sons reassuring the publie as to the harmony of the transition but also because he was in his own words anxious to get some commitment from the outgoing administration as to how they would deal with laos receiving kennedy in the cabinet room on january eisenhower and his advis ers had more to say about the tiny country s strategic importance than about specific means of keeping the cork in the botlloe as they put it to prevent communist dominion over most of the far east i the western oriented royal laotian government rlg was tbreatened both by an army mutiny and by a north vietnamese sponsored communist insurgent movement the pathet lao the mutinous rlg units were the army s best certainly capable of taking on the best of the dissident forces but most of the army reflected the lethargy of its officer corps which was drawn from the colonial elite that had served the french and now lacked either the energy or the legitimacy for effective leadershipd well aware of its own military impotence the rlg feared that asking the southeast asia treaty organization seato to intercede would only pro voke further north vietnamese incursions eisenhower recognized laotian anxiety but thought that if the country fell to the communists it would bring unbelievable pressure to bear on thailand cambodia and south vietnam he considered laos so important that in the words of one kennedy adviser if it reached the stage where we could not persuade others to act with us then he would be willing as a last desperate hope to intervene unilaterally d it seems that kennedy had to wait until he took office to learn of the airlift of weapons and equipment already on its way to a tiny village perched on one i memoranda by participants at the meeting foreign relations of the united states hlume xxiv the laos crisis hereafter cited as frus d sec imr n "#and, the, a etc are stop words.. let's remove 'em
pdfDB <- tm_map(pdfDB, removeWords, stopwords("english"))
#pdfDB <- tm_map(pdfDB, removeWords, stopwords("Vietnamese"))
print(temp[10])## [1] "c introduction the cork in the bottle d the day before his inauguration as president of the united states john f kennedy met president dwight d eisenhower and several cabinet officers at the white house kennedy had solicited the meeting partly for cosmetic rea sons reassuring the publie as to the harmony of the transition but also because he was in his own words anxious to get some commitment from the outgoing administration as to how they would deal with laos receiving kennedy in the cabinet room on january eisenhower and his advis ers had more to say about the tiny country s strategic importance than about specific means of keeping the cork in the botlloe as they put it to prevent communist dominion over most of the far east i the western oriented royal laotian government rlg was tbreatened both by an army mutiny and by a north vietnamese sponsored communist insurgent movement the pathet lao the mutinous rlg units were the army s best certainly capable of taking on the best of the dissident forces but most of the army reflected the lethargy of its officer corps which was drawn from the colonial elite that had served the french and now lacked either the energy or the legitimacy for effective leadershipd well aware of its own military impotence the rlg feared that asking the southeast asia treaty organization seato to intercede would only pro voke further north vietnamese incursions eisenhower recognized laotian anxiety but thought that if the country fell to the communists it would bring unbelievable pressure to bear on thailand cambodia and south vietnam he considered laos so important that in the words of one kennedy adviser if it reached the stage where we could not persuade others to act with us then he would be willing as a last desperate hope to intervene unilaterally d it seems that kennedy had to wait until he took office to learn of the airlift of weapons and equipment already on its way to a tiny village perched on one i memoranda by participants at the meeting foreign relations of the united states hlume xxiv the laos crisis hereafter cited as frus d sec imr n "library(SnowballC) #for stemming
#unnecessary prefixes and suffixes
#pdfDB <- tm_map(pdfDB, stemDocument)
#temp <-as.character(pdfDB[[3]])
#print("after Stemming")
#print(temp[10])
dtm <- DocumentTermMatrix(pdfDB)
inspect(dtm[1:2, 101:17])## <<DocumentTermMatrix (documents: 2, terms: 85)>>
## Non-/sparse entries: 53/117
## Sparsity : 69%
## Maximal term length: 15
## Weighting : term frequency (tf)
## Sample :
## Terms
## Docs aban abandon abandoned abdicated ability able ably
## 1_CIA_AND_THE_GENERALS.pdf 2 8 9 0 15 13 3
## 5_THE_WAY_WE_DO_THINGS.pdf 1 2 1 3 6 9 1
## Terms
## Docs aborted abortive abrams
## 1_CIA_AND_THE_GENERALS.pdf 2 1 14
## 5_THE_WAY_WE_DO_THINGS.pdf 2 2 0freq <- colSums(as.matrix(dtm))
length(freq)## [1] 22234#sort in desc order
ordering <- order(freq, decreasing = TRUE)
#most freq words
freq[head(ordering)]## station north hmong vietnamese pao vietnam
## 943 849 815 736 714 709#least freq words
freq[tail(ordering)]## zfiq znrown zonelj zort zoz zuidance
## 1 1 1 1 1 1#graphical analysis
#Plotting this
barplot(ylab = "freq of Occurence", xlab = "words", freq[head(ordering, n= 20)],cex.axis = 0.8, cex.names=0.9, las=2, col="dodgerblue3",
density=c(30,10,20,35,15,25),
angle=60, width=c(60,20,35,50,30,40), space = 1, main = "Freq of Occ vs Words", ylim = c(0, 1000))
findFreqTerms(dtm, lowfreq = 100)## [1] "action" "activity" "agency" "agreement" "air"
## [6] "aircraft" "almost" "along" "already" "also"
## [11] "ambassador" "american" "among" "another" "april"
## [16] "area" "army" "around" "asked" "attack"
## [21] "august" "back" "ban" "base" "battalions"
## [26] "began" "bill" "border" "bunker" "called"
## [31] "came" "case" "cease" "chapter" "chief"
## [36] "cia" "colby" "com" "combat" "command"
## [41] "commander" "communist" "communists" "con" "continued"
## [46] "control" "cos" "day" "days" "december"
## [51] "defense" "department" "diem" "drv" "earlier"
## [56] "early" "east" "effort" "efforts" "embassy"
## [61] "end" "enemy" "evacuation" "even" "fact"
## [66] "far" "february" "field" "fire" "first"
## [71] "force" "forces" "found" "four" "frus"
## [76] "gen" "general" "geneva" "get" "government"
## [81] "ground" "guerrilla" "hanoi" "headquarters" "helicopter"
## [86] "help" "high" "hmong" "house" "ibid"
## [91] "included" "ing" "intelligence" "interview" "irregulars"
## [96] "january" "jars" "july" "june" "just"
## [101] "khanh" "kissinger" "kong" "lair" "lao"
## [106] "laos" "laotian" "late" "later" "leadership"
## [111] "least" "led" "left" "level" "like"
## [116] "little" "long" "macv" "made" "major"
## [121] "make" "man" "many" "march" "martin"
## [126] "may" "meanwhile" "meeting" "memorandum" "men"
## [131] "mid" "might" "military" "miller" "minh"
## [136] "minister" "mission" "move" "much" "muong"
## [141] "nam" "national" "never" "new" "next"
## [146] "nguyen" "north" "november" "now" "nva"
## [151] "october" "offensive" "office" "officer" "officers"
## [156] "one" "operation" "operations" "order" "panhandle"
## [161] "pao" "pathet" "people" "perhaps" "phoumi"
## [166] "plain" "point" "polgar" "policy" "political"
## [171] "position" "presence" "president" "pressure" "prime"
## [176] "pro" "program" "proposed" "province" "quang"
## [181] "question" "radio" "remained" "report" "reported"
## [186] "reporting" "resistance" "role" "route" "said"
## [191] "saigon" "sam" "saw" "second" "secretary"
## [196] "security" "see" "seemed" "september" "set"
## [201] "several" "shackley" "son" "south" "souvanna"
## [206] "special" "staff" "state" "states" "station"
## [211] "still" "supply" "support" "tactical" "take"
## [216] "team" "teams" "thieu" "thought" "three"
## [221] "tieng" "time" "tion" "told" "took"
## [226] "tovar" "toward" "trail" "troops" "trying"
## [231] "two" "united" "units" "use" "van"
## [236] "vang" "vientiane" "viet" "vietnam" "vietnamese"
## [241] "wanted" "war" "washington" "way" "well"
## [246] "west" "whether" "whose" "will" "within"
## [251] "without" "yang" "year" "years"#correlation
findAssocs(dtm, "project", 0.6)## $project
## abortive
## 1.00
## achieving
## 1.00
## activities
## 1.00
## adapted
## 1.00
## adjacent
## 1.00
## adm
## 1.00
## aerial
## 1.00
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
## lamented
## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
## meodom
## 0.96
## meoheartland
## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
## mercial
## 0.96
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## 0.96
## merciless
## 0.96
## mercurial
## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
## method
## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
## microphonecjwatched
## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
## midst
## 0.96
## midstream
## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
## migrate
## 0.96
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## 0.96
## migratory
## 0.96
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## 0.96
## mikemansfield
## 0.96
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## 0.96
## mikoyanfirst
## 0.96
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## 0.96
## militar
## 0.96
## militaryd
## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
## secity
## 0.96
## seciutlfmr
## 0.96
## secivtlfmr
## 0.96
## seciwtlfmr
## 0.96
## secj
## 0.96
## secjetiim
## 0.96
## secjetiimr
## 0.96
## secjetlfmr
## 0.96
## secjntimr
## 0.96
## secjr
## 0.96
## secjrtiimr
## 0.96
## secjtfmr
## 0.96
## secjtiimr
## 0.96
## secjtiitr
## 0.96
## secjtijmr
## 0.96
## secjtimr
## 0.96
## secjtlfmr
## 0.96
## secjttiimr
## 0.96
## secjvtiimr
## 0.96
## seck
## 0.96
## secketilmil
## 0.96
## secketlfmr
## 0.96
## secketllmr
## 0.96
## seckftfmr
## 0.96
## seckrtllmr
## 0.96
## secktfmr
## 0.96
## secktiimr
## 0.96
## secktimr
## 0.96
## secktjfiir
## 0.96
## secktlfmr
## 0.96
## secktlimr
## 0.96
## secktllmr
## 0.96
## secktlmr
## 0.96
## seclet
## 0.96
## secletfmr
## 0.96
## secletiimr
## 0.96
## secletllmr
## 0.96
## secletlmr
## 0.96
## seclftfmr
## 0.96
## seclftlfmr
## 0.96
## seclii
## 0.96
## seclli
## 0.96
## seclrmlmr
## 0.96
## seclrmtllmr
## 0.96
## seclt
## 0.96
## secltfmr
## 0.96
## secltiimr
## 0.96
## secltimr
## 0.96
## secltjlmr
## 0.96
## secltlfmr
## 0.96
## secltllmr
## 0.96
## secltlmr
## 0.96
## secltmr
## 0.96
## seclutllmr
## 0.96
## seclvtllmr
## 0.96
## secmtllmr
## 0.96
## secn
## 0.96
## secoitimr
## 0.96
## secondary
## 0.96
## secondcia
## 0.96
## seconded
## 0.96
## secondly
## 0.96
## secondphase
## 0.96
## secrctiimr
## 0.96
## secrecrary
## 0.96
## secretaystate
## 0.96
## secrfmr
## 0.96
## secrh
## 0.96
## secrhtllmr
## 0.96
## secrimr
## 0.96
## secrir
## 0.96
## secrltfmr
## 0.96
## secrltllmr
## 0.96
## secrtfmr
## 0.96
## secrtiimr
## 0.96
## secrtlfmr
## 0.96
## secrtlfmr·
## 0.96
## secrtllmr
## 0.96
## secrttr
## 0.96
## sectetllmr
## 0.96
## sectfmr
## 0.96
## sectiiir
## 0.96
## sectiimr
## 0.96
## sectimr
## 0.96
## sectjlmr
## 0.96
## sectktllmr
## 0.96
## sectlfmr
## 0.96
## sectmr
## 0.96
## sectors
## 0.96
## secttfmr
## 0.96
## secttimr
## 0.96
## secujffairs
## 0.96
## secuktlfmr
## 0.96
## secure
## 0.96
## securit
## 0.96
## securitr
## 0.96
## secusffmr
## 0.96
## secutjimr
## 0.96
## secutlimr
## 0.96
## secvtiimr
## 0.96
## sedatives
## 0.96
## sedmtllmr
## 0.96
## sedone
## 0.96
## sedrftilmr
## 0.96
## sedrmtlfmr
## 0.96
## sedtetiimr
## 0.96
## seduced
## 0.96
## seeable
## 0.96
## seeds
## 0.96
## seefetfmr
## 0.96
## seeforces
## 0.96
## seeftiimr
## 0.96
## seeftlmr
## 0.96
## seein
## 0.96
## seeingit
## 0.96
## seektfm
## 0.96
## seeming
## 0.96
## seesaw
## 0.96
## seetiimr
## 0.96
## seetimr
## 0.96
## seetlfmr
## 0.96
## seetlmr
## 0.96
## sefetiimr
## 0.96
## sefetlfmr
## 0.96
## sefjetiimr
## 0.96
## sefret
## 0.96
## sefretimr
## 0.96
## sefretllmr
## 0.96
## sefrjtiimr
## 0.96
## seft
## 0.96
## seftlfmr
## 0.96
## seftlimr
## 0.96
## seftllmr
## 0.96
## seftlmr
## 0.96
## seftr
## 0.96
## seg
## 0.96
## segment
## 0.96
## sei
## 0.96
## seiimr
## 0.96
## seimtlfmr
## 0.96
## seiret
## 0.96
## seiretlmr
## 0.96
## seize
## 0.96
## seizin
## 0.96
## seizing
## 0.96
## sej
## 0.96
## sejetfmr
## 0.96
## sejetiimr
## 0.96
## sejetlfmr
## 0.96
## sejetlmr
## 0.96
## sejftiimr
## 0.96
## sejletiimr
## 0.96
## sejmtiimr
## 0.96
## sejmtlfmr
## 0.96
## sejptllmr
## 0.96
## sejretfmr
## 0.96
## sejretiimr
## 0.96
## sejretimr
## 0.96
## sejretlfmr
## 0.96
## sejretlrmr
## 0.96
## sejrtlfmr
## 0.96
## sejtlfmr
## 0.96
## sejuttiimr
## 0.96
## sejytlfmr
## 0.96
## seketiimr
## 0.96
## seketimr
## 0.96
## sektmr
## 0.96
## seletiim
## 0.96
## seletimr
## 0.96
## seli
## 0.96
## selling
## 0.96
## selretiimr
## 0.96
## selretllmr
## 0.96
## seltfmr
## 0.96
## seltiimr
## 0.96
## seltimr
## 0.96
## seltlfmr
## 0.96
## seltllmr
## 0.96
## selvtfmr
## 0.96
## selvtiimr
## 0.96
## semantics
## 0.96
## sembled
## 0.96
## semiautomatic
## 0.96
## semiconscious
## 0.96
## semiliterate
## 0.96
## sen
## 0.96
## sensitiv
## 0.96
## sensitivity
## 0.96
## sensitized
## 0.96
## sensor
## 0.96
## sensors
## 0.96
## sensorsd
## 0.96
## sented
## 0.96
## sentfmr
## 0.96
## senti
## 0.96
## sentimentii
## 0.96
## sentinels
## 0.96
## senting
## 0.96
## seotlmr
## 0.96
## sepa
## 0.96
## separated
## 0.96
## separately
## 0.96
## separating
## 0.96
## separation
## 0.96
## separatism
## 0.96
## septemberd
## 0.96
## seqmtiimr
## 0.96
## sequel
## 0.96
## sequence
## 0.96
## sequenceof
## 0.96
## sequestered
## 0.96
## serendipitously
## 0.96
## seretfmr
## 0.96
## seretiimr
## 0.96
## seretlfmr
## 0.96
## serftllmr
## 0.96
## serfttmr
## 0.96
## seriatim
## 0.96
## serietlfmr
## 0.96
## serietlmr
## 0.96
## serititfmr
## 0.96
## serk
## 0.96
## serkftimr
## 0.96
## serkftlfmr
## 0.96
## serklftllmr
## 0.96
## serl
## 0.96
## serlcttlllr
## 0.96
## serletiimr
## 0.96
## serletilmr
## 0.96
## serletlfmr
## 0.96
## serletllmr
## 0.96
## serlf
## 0.96
## serll
## 0.96
## serllftlmr
## 0.96
## serlrtiimr
## 0.96
## serlti
## 0.96
## serltiimr
## 0.96
## serlttfmr
## 0.96
## serlvtlimr
## 0.96
## serlvtllmr
## 0.96
## serol
## 0.96
## seroletllmr
## 0.96
## serolrtllmr
## 0.96
## serrit
## 0.96
## sers
## 0.96
## sert
## 0.96
## sertfmr
## 0.96
## sertimr
## 0.96
## sertlfm
## 0.96
## sertlfmr
## 0.96
## sertliliir
## 0.96
## sertlmr
## 0.96
## sertmr
## 0.96
## seruvtiimr
## 0.96
## servative
## 0.96
## servin
## 0.96
## servingxieng
## 0.96
## setetiimr
## 0.96
## seti
## 0.96
## setiimr
## 0.96
## setimr
## 0.96
## setjimr
## 0.96
## setlfmr
## 0.96
## setr
## 0.96
## settlementassumed
## 0.96
## settlements
## 0.96
## settling
## 0.96
## setup
## 0.96
## seuketlimr
## 0.96
## sev
## 0.96
## seve
## 0.96
## seventeen
## 0.96
## severaloutposts
## 0.96
## severed
## 0.96
## sevtlimr
## 0.96
## sewing
## 0.96
## sewtlfmr
## 0.96
## sf·etiilr
## 0.96
## sfc
## 0.96
## sfctim
## 0.96
## sfhtlfmr
## 0.96
## sfmlhl
## 0.96
## sfr
## 0.96
## sfttmr
## 0.96
## sgovemment
## 0.96
## sgu
## 0.96
## sgumoraie
## 0.96
## sgus
## 0.96
## shacklnterviewli
## 0.96
## shadaw
## 0.96
## shado
## 0.96
## shafo
## 0.96
## shakeup
## 0.96
## shaky
## 0.96
## shan
## 0.96
## sharing
## 0.96
## sharpening
## 0.96
## sharper
## 0.96
## shattering
## 0.96
## sheep
## 0.96
## sheet
## 0.96
## sheets
## 0.96
## sheil
## 0.96
## shek
## 0.96
## shelf
## 0.96
## shell
## 0.96
## shelling
## 0.96
## shells
## 0.96
## shelter
## 0.96
## sheltered
## 0.96
## sherman
## 0.96
## shi
## 0.96
## shield
## 0.96
## shifting
## 0.96
## shine
## 0.96
## shining
## 0.96
## shipments
## 0.96
## shirley
## 0.96
## shivering
## 0.96
## sho
## 0.96
## shoals
## 0.96
## shocked
## 0.96
## shoes
## 0.96
## shoestring
## 0.96
## shootin
## 0.96
## shootout
## 0.96
## shop
## 0.96
## shorn
## 0.96
## shorp
## 0.96
## short
## 0.96
## shorten
## 0.96
## shortened
## 0.96
## shortening
## 0.96
## shortfall
## 0.96
## shortiy
## 0.96
## shortl
## 0.96
## shotgun
## 0.96
## shou
## 0.96
## shouldering
## 0.96
## shouted
## 0.96
## shouting
## 0.96
## shoved
## 0.96
## shoving
## 0.96
## showdown
## 0.96
## shower
## 0.96
## showered
## 0.96
## shows
## 0.96
## shrapnel
## 0.96
## shredding
## 0.96
## shriek
## 0.96
## shrink
## 0.96
## shrinking
## 0.96
## shrouded
## 0.96
## shrunk
## 0.96
## shuddering
## 0.96
## shun
## 0.96
## shutting
## 0.96
## shuttling
## 0.96
## sians
## 0.96
## siasm
## 0.96
## sibid·d
## 0.96
## sibility
## 0.96
## sibo
## 0.96
## siboravong
## 0.96
## sicker
## 0.96
## sickness
## 0.96
## sid
## 0.96
## sideband
## 0.96
## sided
## 0.96
## sidedlaier
## 0.96
## siderable
## 0.96
## sidered
## 0.96
## sidesd
## 0.96
## sideshow
## 0.96
## sidney
## 0.96
## sidy
## 0.96
## sieges
## 0.96
## sified
## 0.96
## sighed
## 0.96
## sighting
## 0.96
## sights
## 0.96
## signaledabout
## 0.96
## signaling
## 0.96
## signatories
## 0.96
## significantsupport
## 0.96
## signified
## 0.96
## siha
## 0.96
## sihan
## 0.96
## siharath
## 0.96
## siho
## 0.96
## sii
## 0.96
## siiaiou
## 0.96
## sikorsky
## 0.96
## sile
## 0.96
## silenced
## 0.96
## silently
## 0.96
## silhouette
## 0.96
## silt
## 0.96
## simple
## 0.96
## simplyry
## 0.96
## simulators
## 0.96
## sin
## 0.96
## singleaircraft
## 0.96
## singular
## 0.96
## sintimations
## 0.96
## sion
## 0.96
## sionary
## 0.96
## sioned
## 0.96
## sionmaking
## 0.96
## sir
## 0.96
## sisouk
## 0.96
## sisouphan
## 0.96
## sister
## 0.96
## sit
## 0.96
## sitein
## 0.96
## sitejust
## 0.96
## sites
## 0.96
## sithone
## 0.96
## situationl
## 0.96
## situations
## 0.96
## situution
## 0.96
## sive
## 0.96
## sives
## 0.96
## sixtee
## 0.96
## sixteen
## 0.96
## sizable
## 0.96
## size
## 0.96
## sized
## 0.96
## sjcl
## 0.96
## sjos
## 0.96
## sjostrom
## 0.96
## sjostromc
## 0.96
## skating
## 0.96
## skep
## 0.96
## skerti
## 0.96
## sketchily
## 0.96
## sketchy
## 0.96
## ski
## 0.96
## skies
## 0.96
## skillful
## 0.96
## skimmed
## 0.96
## skimming
## 0.96
## skinned
## 0.96
## skirmish
## 0.96
## skirmishes
## 0.96
## skirmishing
## 0.96
## skittish
## 0.96
## skvcrane
## 0.96
## skvraider
## 0.96
## skycrane
## 0.96
## skyline
## 0.96
## skyraider
## 0.96
## slance
## 0.96
## slang
## 0.96
## slapped
## 0.96
## slash
## 0.96
## slatetelegram
## 0.96
## slaughter
## 0.96
## slaughterhouse
## 0.96
## slave
## 0.96
## sledding
## 0.96
## sleeping
## 0.96
## sleight
## 0.96
## slice
## 0.96
## slide
## 0.96
## sling
## 0.96
## slipe
## 0.96
## slipping
## 0.96
## slju
## 0.96
## sloclin
## 0.96
## slogan
## 0.96
## slojle
## 0.96
## slope
## 0.96
## sloped
## 0.96
## slopes
## 0.96
## sloping
## 0.96
## slountil
## 0.96
## slowing
## 0.96
## slowly
## 0.96
## sluggish
## 0.96
## slump
## 0.96
## slun
## 0.96
## slung
## 0.96
## slush
## 0.96
## sma
## 0.96
## smacked
## 0.96
## smail
## 0.96
## sman
## 0.96
## smashed
## 0.96
## sme
## 0.96
## smessage
## 0.96
## smiling
## 0.96
## smithsonian
## 0.96
## smokejumper
## 0.96
## smoker
## 0.96
## smokers
## 0.96
## smoky
## 0.96
## snaaow
## 0.96
## snaked
## 0.96
## snaking
## 0.96
## snapped
## 0.96
## snatch
## 0.96
## sneak
## 0.96
## sneaking
## 0.96
## sneezed
## 0.96
## snie
## 0.96
## snje
## 0.96
## snppord
## 0.96
## snuggling
## 0.96
## sobbing
## 0.96
## sobered
## 0.96
## socio
## 0.96
## sod
## 0.96
## sodoing
## 0.96
## sog
## 0.96
## soil
## 0.96
## sol
## 0.96
## solbert
## 0.96
## solemn
## 0.96
## solemnized
## 0.96
## solicit
## 0.96
## solicitude
## 0.96
## solidation
## 0.96
## solidly
## 0.96
## sollth
## 0.96
## solomon
## 0.96
## solve
## 0.96
## solving
## 0.96
## somboon
## 0.96
## someday
## 0.96
## somedoubt
## 0.96
## somedpeople
## 0.96
## somes
## 0.96
## sometimes
## 0.96
## sometimesthought
## 0.96
## somly
## 0.96
## somlyd
## 0.96
## somsanith
## 0.96
## sonages
## 0.96
## soned
## 0.96
## song
## 0.96
## sonic
## 0.96
## sono
## 0.96
## sonth
## 0.96
## soooc
## 0.96
## soothe
## 0.96
## soothing
## 0.96
## sophisticated
## 0.96
## sorcerer
## 0.96
## sorely
## 0.96
## sorn
## 0.96
## sortie
## 0.96
## sorts
## 0.96
## sorues
## 0.96
## sory
## 0.96
## sot
## 0.96
## sou
## 0.96
## soui
## 0.96
## souid
## 0.96
## souk
## 0.96
## soul
## 0.96
## soula
## 0.96
## souls
## 0.96
## sounthone
## 0.96
## soupha
## 0.96
## souphanou
## 0.96
## souphanouvong
## 0.96
## sour
## 0.96
## sous
## 0.96
## soutb
## 0.96
## soutchay
## 0.96
## south·
## 0.96
## southeast
## 0.96
## southeastasia
## 0.96
## southeastasian
## 0.96
## southi
## 0.96
## southljo
## 0.96
## southwes
## 0.96
## southwestern
## 0.96
## southwestv
## 0.96
## souvan
## 0.96
## souvanna
## 0.96
## souvannj
## 0.96
## souya
## 0.96
## sover
## 0.96
## sovereign
## 0.96
## sovereignty
## 0.96
## sovi
## 0.96
## sowing
## 0.96
## sown
## 0.96
## span
## 0.96
## sparinglyjd
## 0.96
## sparked
## 0.96
## sparred
## 0.96
## sparse
## 0.96
## spasm
## 0.96
## spasmodic
## 0.96
## spasms
## 0.96
## spattered
## 0.96
## spearhead
## 0.96
## spearheaded
## 0.96
## specially
## 0.96
## specifications
## 0.96
## specifiedl
## 0.96
## spectacular
## 0.96
## speed
## 0.96
## spend
## 0.96
## spersonal
## 0.96
## spicuous
## 0.96
## spider
## 0.96
## spike
## 0.96
## spirited
## 0.96
## spirits
## 0.96
## spite
## 0.96
## splayed
## 0.96
## splintering
## 0.96
## split
## 0.96
## spo
## 0.96
## spoiling
## 0.96
## spoled
## 0.96
## sponsoring
## 0.96
## spontane
## 0.96
## spooked
## 0.96
## spooky
## 0.96
## spotless
## 0.96
## spots
## 0.96
## spotter
## 0.96
## spport
## 0.96
## sprang
## 0.96
## springboard
## 0.96
## springfield
## 0.96
## spun
## 0.96
## spurious
## 0.96
## spurred
## 0.96
## squad
## 0.96
## squadro
## 0.96
## squadron
## 0.96
## squadronsbe
## 0.96
## squadronssee
## 0.96
## square
## 0.96
## squaring
## 0.96
## squeezed
## 0.96
## srecollectiond
## 0.96
## sretr
## 0.96
## srsition
## 0.96
## srt
## 0.96
## ss·ured
## 0.96
## ssd
## 0.96
## ssecrec
## 0.96
## ssio
## 0.96
## stabilization
## 0.96
## stabilized
## 0.96
## stack
## 0.96
## stacked
## 0.96
## stacks
## 0.96
## staffbreitweiser
## 0.96
## staffed
## 0.96
## staffer
## 0.96
## staffl
## 0.96
## staffto
## 0.96
## staged
## 0.96
## staggered
## 0.96
## staging
## 0.96
## stains
## 0.96
## staked
## 0.96
## stakes
## 0.96
## stalked
## 0.96
## stall
## 0.96
## stalwart
## 0.96
## stan
## 0.96
## stance
## 0.96
## stances
## 0.96
## standardiza
## 0.96
## standdown
## 0.96
## standpoint
## 0.96
## staneed
## 0.96
## stantial
## 0.96
## staple
## 0.96
## star
## 0.96
## staring
## 0.96
## starn
## 0.96
## starred
## 0.96
## stars
## 0.96
## starters
## 0.96
## startling
## 0.96
## starto
## 0.96
## starved
## 0.96
## statefour
## 0.96
## stately
## 0.96
## states·d
## 0.96
## statesd
## 0.96
## statesman
## 0.96
## statesshould
## 0.96
## statetelegram
## 0.96
## static
## 0.96
## statiog
## 0.96
## stationing
## 0.96
## stature
## 0.96
## statute
## 0.96
## staved
## 0.96
## staving
## 0.96
## stayeci
## 0.96
## std
## 0.96
## stealth
## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 0.96
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
## pork
## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
## potato
## 1.00
## potency
## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
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## 1.00
## rankled
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## 1.00
## secity
## 1.00
## seciutlfmr
## 1.00
## secivtlfmr
## 1.00
## seciwtlfmr
## 1.00
## secj
## 1.00
## secjetiim
## 1.00
## secjetiimr
## 1.00
## secjetlfmr
## 1.00
## secjntimr
## 1.00
## secjr
## 1.00
## secjrtiimr
## 1.00
## secjtfmr
## 1.00
## secjtiimr
## 1.00
## secjtiitr
## 1.00
## secjtijmr
## 1.00
## secjtimr
## 1.00
## secjtlfmr
## 1.00
## secjttiimr
## 1.00
## secjvtiimr
## 1.00
## seck
## 1.00
## secketilmil
## 1.00
## secketlfmr
## 1.00
## secketllmr
## 1.00
## seckftfmr
## 1.00
## seckrtllmr
## 1.00
## secktfmr
## 1.00
## secktiimr
## 1.00
## secktimr
## 1.00
## secktjfiir
## 1.00
## secktlfmr
## 1.00
## secktlimr
## 1.00
## secktllmr
## 1.00
## secktlmr
## 1.00
## secl
## 1.00
## seclet
## 1.00
## secletfmr
## 1.00
## secletiimr
## 1.00
## secletllmr
## 1.00
## secletlmr
## 1.00
## seclftfmr
## 1.00
## seclftlfmr
## 1.00
## seclii
## 1.00
## seclli
## 1.00
## seclrmlmr
## 1.00
## seclrmtllmr
## 1.00
## seclt
## 1.00
## secltfmr
## 1.00
## secltiimr
## 1.00
## secltimr
## 1.00
## secltjlmr
## 1.00
## secltlfmr
## 1.00
## secltllmr
## 1.00
## secltlmr
## 1.00
## secltmr
## 1.00
## seclutllmr
## 1.00
## seclvtllmr
## 1.00
## secmtllmr
## 1.00
## secn
## 1.00
## secoitimr
## 1.00
## secondary
## 1.00
## secondcia
## 1.00
## seconded
## 1.00
## secondly
## 1.00
## secondphase
## 1.00
## secrctiimr
## 1.00
## secrecrary
## 1.00
## secretaystate
## 1.00
## secrfmr
## 1.00
## secrh
## 1.00
## secrhtllmr
## 1.00
## secrimr
## 1.00
## secrir
## 1.00
## secrltfmr
## 1.00
## secrltllmr
## 1.00
## secrtfmr
## 1.00
## secrtiimr
## 1.00
## secrtlfmr
## 1.00
## secrtlfmr·
## 1.00
## secrtllmr
## 1.00
## secrttr
## 1.00
## sectetllmr
## 1.00
## sectfmr
## 1.00
## sectiiir
## 1.00
## sectiimr
## 1.00
## sectimr
## 1.00
## sectjlmr
## 1.00
## sectktllmr
## 1.00
## sectlfmr
## 1.00
## sectmr
## 1.00
## sector
## 1.00
## sectors
## 1.00
## secttfmr
## 1.00
## secttimr
## 1.00
## secujffairs
## 1.00
## secuktlfmr
## 1.00
## secure
## 1.00
## securing
## 1.00
## securit
## 1.00
## securitr
## 1.00
## secusffmr
## 1.00
## secutjimr
## 1.00
## secutlimr
## 1.00
## secvtiimr
## 1.00
## sedatives
## 1.00
## sedmtllmr
## 1.00
## sedone
## 1.00
## sedrftilmr
## 1.00
## sedrmtlfmr
## 1.00
## sedtetiimr
## 1.00
## seduced
## 1.00
## seeable
## 1.00
## seeds
## 1.00
## seefetfmr
## 1.00
## seeforces
## 1.00
## seeftiimr
## 1.00
## seeftlmr
## 1.00
## seein
## 1.00
## seeingit
## 1.00
## seeking
## 1.00
## seektfm
## 1.00
## seeming
## 1.00
## seesaw
## 1.00
## seetiimr
## 1.00
## seetimr
## 1.00
## seetlfmr
## 1.00
## seetlmr
## 1.00
## sefetiimr
## 1.00
## sefetlfmr
## 1.00
## sefjetiimr
## 1.00
## sefret
## 1.00
## sefretimr
## 1.00
## sefretllmr
## 1.00
## sefrjtiimr
## 1.00
## seft
## 1.00
## seftlfmr
## 1.00
## seftlimr
## 1.00
## seftllmr
## 1.00
## seftlmr
## 1.00
## seftr
## 1.00
## seg
## 1.00
## segment
## 1.00
## sei
## 1.00
## seiimr
## 1.00
## seimtlfmr
## 1.00
## seiret
## 1.00
## seiretlmr
## 1.00
## seize
## 1.00
## seizin
## 1.00
## seizing
## 1.00
## sej
## 1.00
## sejetfmr
## 1.00
## sejetiimr
## 1.00
## sejetlfmr
## 1.00
## sejetlmr
## 1.00
## sejftiimr
## 1.00
## sejletiimr
## 1.00
## sejmtiimr
## 1.00
## sejmtlfmr
## 1.00
## sejptllmr
## 1.00
## sejretfmr
## 1.00
## sejretiimr
## 1.00
## sejretimr
## 1.00
## sejretlfmr
## 1.00
## sejretlrmr
## 1.00
## sejrtlfmr
## 1.00
## sejtlfmr
## 1.00
## sejuttiimr
## 1.00
## sejytlfmr
## 1.00
## seketiimr
## 1.00
## seketimr
## 1.00
## sektmr
## 1.00
## seletiim
## 1.00
## seletimr
## 1.00
## self
## 1.00
## seli
## 1.00
## selling
## 1.00
## selretiimr
## 1.00
## selretllmr
## 1.00
## seltfmr
## 1.00
## seltiimr
## 1.00
## seltimr
## 1.00
## seltlfmr
## 1.00
## seltllmr
## 1.00
## selvtfmr
## 1.00
## selvtiimr
## 1.00
## semantics
## 1.00
## sembled
## 1.00
## semiautomatic
## 1.00
## semiconscious
## 1.00
## semiliterate
## 1.00
## sen
## 1.00
## sensitiv
## 1.00
## sensitivity
## 1.00
## sensitized
## 1.00
## sensor
## 1.00
## sensors
## 1.00
## sensorsd
## 1.00
## sented
## 1.00
## sentfmr
## 1.00
## senti
## 1.00
## sentimentii
## 1.00
## sentinels
## 1.00
## senting
## 1.00
## seotlmr
## 1.00
## sepa
## 1.00
## separated
## 1.00
## separately
## 1.00
## separating
## 1.00
## separation
## 1.00
## separatism
## 1.00
## septemberd
## 1.00
## seqmtiimr
## 1.00
## sequel
## 1.00
## sequence
## 1.00
## sequenceof
## 1.00
## sequestered
## 1.00
## serendipitously
## 1.00
## seretfmr
## 1.00
## seretiimr
## 1.00
## seretlfmr
## 1.00
## serftllmr
## 1.00
## serfttmr
## 1.00
## seriatim
## 1.00
## serietlfmr
## 1.00
## serietlmr
## 1.00
## serititfmr
## 1.00
## serk
## 1.00
## serkftimr
## 1.00
## serkftlfmr
## 1.00
## serklftllmr
## 1.00
## serl
## 1.00
## serlcttlllr
## 1.00
## serletiimr
## 1.00
## serletilmr
## 1.00
## serletlfmr
## 1.00
## serletllmr
## 1.00
## serlf
## 1.00
## serll
## 1.00
## serllftlmr
## 1.00
## serlrtiimr
## 1.00
## serlti
## 1.00
## serltiimr
## 1.00
## serlttfmr
## 1.00
## serlvtlimr
## 1.00
## serlvtllmr
## 1.00
## serol
## 1.00
## seroletllmr
## 1.00
## serolrtllmr
## 1.00
## serrit
## 1.00
## sers
## 1.00
## sert
## 1.00
## sertfmr
## 1.00
## sertimr
## 1.00
## sertlfm
## 1.00
## sertlfmr
## 1.00
## sertliliir
## 1.00
## sertlmr
## 1.00
## sertmr
## 1.00
## seruvtiimr
## 1.00
## servative
## 1.00
## servin
## 1.00
## servingxieng
## 1.00
## setetiimr
## 1.00
## seti
## 1.00
## setiimr
## 1.00
## setimr
## 1.00
## setjimr
## 1.00
## setlfmr
## 1.00
## setr
## 1.00
## settlementassumed
## 1.00
## settlements
## 1.00
## settling
## 1.00
## setup
## 1.00
## seuketlimr
## 1.00
## sev
## 1.00
## seve
## 1.00
## seventeen
## 1.00
## severaloutposts
## 1.00
## severed
## 1.00
## sevtlimr
## 1.00
## sewing
## 1.00
## sewtlfmr
## 1.00
## sf·etiilr
## 1.00
## sfc
## 1.00
## sfctim
## 1.00
## sfhtlfmr
## 1.00
## sfmlhl
## 1.00
## sfr
## 1.00
## sfttmr
## 1.00
## sgovemment
## 1.00
## sgu
## 1.00
## sgumoraie
## 1.00
## sgus
## 1.00
## shack
## 1.00
## shacklnterviewli
## 1.00
## shadaw
## 1.00
## shado
## 1.00
## shadow
## 1.00
## shafo
## 1.00
## shakeup
## 1.00
## shaky
## 1.00
## shan
## 1.00
## sharing
## 1.00
## sharpening
## 1.00
## sharper
## 1.00
## shattering
## 1.00
## sheep
## 1.00
## sheet
## 1.00
## sheets
## 1.00
## sheil
## 1.00
## shek
## 1.00
## shelf
## 1.00
## shell
## 1.00
## shelling
## 1.00
## shells
## 1.00
## shelter
## 1.00
## sheltered
## 1.00
## sherman
## 1.00
## shi
## 1.00
## shield
## 1.00
## shifting
## 1.00
## shine
## 1.00
## shining
## 1.00
## shipments
## 1.00
## shirley
## 1.00
## shivering
## 1.00
## sho
## 1.00
## shoals
## 1.00
## shocked
## 1.00
## shoes
## 1.00
## shoestring
## 1.00
## shootin
## 1.00
## shootout
## 1.00
## shop
## 1.00
## shorn
## 1.00
## shorp
## 1.00
## short
## 1.00
## shorten
## 1.00
## shortened
## 1.00
## shortening
## 1.00
## shortfall
## 1.00
## shortiy
## 1.00
## shortl
## 1.00
## shot
## 1.00
## shotgun
## 1.00
## shou
## 1.00
## shouldering
## 1.00
## shouted
## 1.00
## shouting
## 1.00
## shoved
## 1.00
## shoving
## 1.00
## show
## 1.00
## showdown
## 1.00
## shower
## 1.00
## showered
## 1.00
## shows
## 1.00
## shrapnel
## 1.00
## shredding
## 1.00
## shriek
## 1.00
## shrink
## 1.00
## shrinking
## 1.00
## shrouded
## 1.00
## shrunk
## 1.00
## shuddering
## 1.00
## shun
## 1.00
## shutting
## 1.00
## shuttling
## 1.00
## sians
## 1.00
## siasm
## 1.00
## sibid·d
## 1.00
## sibility
## 1.00
## sibo
## 1.00
## siboravong
## 1.00
## sicker
## 1.00
## sickness
## 1.00
## sid
## 1.00
## sideband
## 1.00
## sided
## 1.00
## sidedlaier
## 1.00
## siderable
## 1.00
## sidered
## 1.00
## sides
## 1.00
## sidesd
## 1.00
## sideshow
## 1.00
## sidney
## 1.00
## sidy
## 1.00
## siege
## 1.00
## sieges
## 1.00
## sified
## 1.00
## sighed
## 1.00
## sight
## 1.00
## sighting
## 1.00
## sights
## 1.00
## signaledabout
## 1.00
## signaling
## 1.00
## signatories
## 1.00
## significantsupport
## 1.00
## signified
## 1.00
## siha
## 1.00
## sihan
## 1.00
## siharath
## 1.00
## siho
## 1.00
## sii
## 1.00
## siiaiou
## 1.00
## sikorsky
## 1.00
## sile
## 1.00
## silenced
## 1.00
## silently
## 1.00
## silhouette
## 1.00
## silt
## 1.00
## simple
## 1.00
## simplyry
## 1.00
## simulators
## 1.00
## sin
## 1.00
## single
## 1.00
## singleaircraft
## 1.00
## singular
## 1.00
## sintimations
## 1.00
## sion
## 1.00
## sionary
## 1.00
## sioned
## 1.00
## sionmaking
## 1.00
## sir
## 1.00
## sisouk
## 1.00
## sisouphan
## 1.00
## sister
## 1.00
## sit
## 1.00
## sitein
## 1.00
## sitejust
## 1.00
## sites
## 1.00
## sithone
## 1.00
## situated
## 1.00
## situationl
## 1.00
## situations
## 1.00
## situution
## 1.00
## sive
## 1.00
## sives
## 1.00
## six
## 1.00
## sixtee
## 1.00
## sixteen
## 1.00
## sizable
## 1.00
## sized
## 1.00
## sjcl
## 1.00
## sjos
## 1.00
## sjostrom
## 1.00
## sjostromc
## 1.00
## skating
## 1.00
## skep
## 1.00
## skerti
## 1.00
## sketchily
## 1.00
## sketchy
## 1.00
## ski
## 1.00
## skies
## 1.00
## skill
## 1.00
## skillful
## 1.00
## skimmed
## 1.00
## skimming
## 1.00
## skinned
## 1.00
## skirmish
## 1.00
## skirmishes
## 1.00
## skirmishing
## 1.00
## skittish
## 1.00
## skvcrane
## 1.00
## skvraider
## 1.00
## sky
## 1.00
## skycrane
## 1.00
## skyline
## 1.00
## skyraider
## 1.00
## slance
## 1.00
## slang
## 1.00
## slapped
## 1.00
## slash
## 1.00
## slatetelegram
## 1.00
## slaughter
## 1.00
## slaughterhouse
## 1.00
## slave
## 1.00
## sledding
## 1.00
## sleeping
## 1.00
## sleight
## 1.00
## slice
## 1.00
## slide
## 1.00
## sling
## 1.00
## slipe
## 1.00
## slipping
## 1.00
## slju
## 1.00
## sloclin
## 1.00
## slogan
## 1.00
## slojle
## 1.00
## slope
## 1.00
## sloped
## 1.00
## slopes
## 1.00
## sloping
## 1.00
## slountil
## 1.00
## slow
## 1.00
## slowing
## 1.00
## slowly
## 1.00
## sluggish
## 1.00
## slump
## 1.00
## slun
## 1.00
## slung
## 1.00
## slush
## 1.00
## sma
## 1.00
## smacked
## 1.00
## smail
## 1.00
## smaller
## 1.00
## sman
## 1.00
## smashed
## 1.00
## sme
## 1.00
## smessage
## 1.00
## smiling
## 1.00
## smithsonian
## 1.00
## smoke
## 1.00
## smokejumper
## 1.00
## smoker
## 1.00
## smokers
## 1.00
## smoky
## 1.00
## snaaow
## 1.00
## snaked
## 1.00
## snaking
## 1.00
## snapped
## 1.00
## snatch
## 1.00
## sneak
## 1.00
## sneaking
## 1.00
## sneezed
## 1.00
## snie
## 1.00
## snje
## 1.00
## snppord
## 1.00
## snuggling
## 1.00
## sobbing
## 1.00
## sobered
## 1.00
## socio
## 1.00
## sod
## 1.00
## sodoing
## 1.00
## sog
## 1.00
## soil
## 1.00
## sol
## 1.00
## solbert
## 1.00
## soldier
## 1.00
## solemn
## 1.00
## solemnized
## 1.00
## solicit
## 1.00
## solicitude
## 1.00
## solidation
## 1.00
## solidly
## 1.00
## sollth
## 1.00
## solomon
## 1.00
## solve
## 1.00
## solving
## 1.00
## somboon
## 1.00
## someday
## 1.00
## somedoubt
## 1.00
## somedpeople
## 1.00
## somes
## 1.00
## something
## 1.00
## sometimes
## 1.00
## sometimesthought
## 1.00
## somly
## 1.00
## somlyd
## 1.00
## somsanith
## 1.00
## sonages
## 1.00
## soned
## 1.00
## song
## 1.00
## sonic
## 1.00
## sono
## 1.00
## sonth
## 1.00
## soon
## 1.00
## soooc
## 1.00
## soothe
## 1.00
## soothing
## 1.00
## sophisticated
## 1.00
## sorcerer
## 1.00
## sorely
## 1.00
## sorn
## 1.00
## sortie
## 1.00
## sorties
## 1.00
## sorts
## 1.00
## sorues
## 1.00
## sory
## 1.00
## sot
## 1.00
## sou
## 1.00
## soui
## 1.00
## souid
## 1.00
## souk
## 1.00
## soul
## 1.00
## soula
## 1.00
## souls
## 1.00
## sounthone
## 1.00
## soupha
## 1.00
## souphanou
## 1.00
## souphanouvong
## 1.00
## sour
## 1.00
## sous
## 1.00
## soutb
## 1.00
## soutchay
## 1.00
## south·
## 1.00
## southeast
## 1.00
## southeastasia
## 1.00
## southeastasian
## 1.00
## southern
## 1.00
## southi
## 1.00
## southljo
## 1.00
## southwes
## 1.00
## southwestern
## 1.00
## southwestv
## 1.00
## souvan
## 1.00
## souvanna
## 1.00
## souvannj
## 1.00
## souya
## 1.00
## sover
## 1.00
## sovereign
## 1.00
## sovereignty
## 1.00
## sovi
## 1.00
## sowing
## 1.00
## sown
## 1.00
## span
## 1.00
## sparinglyjd
## 1.00
## sparked
## 1.00
## sparred
## 1.00
## sparse
## 1.00
## spasm
## 1.00
## spasmodic
## 1.00
## spasms
## 1.00
## spattered
## 1.00
## spe
## 1.00
## spearhead
## 1.00
## spearheaded
## 1.00
## special
## 1.00
## specially
## 1.00
## specifications
## 1.00
## specifiedl
## 1.00
## spectacular
## 1.00
## specter
## 1.00
## speed
## 1.00
## spend
## 1.00
## spersonal
## 1.00
## spicuous
## 1.00
## spider
## 1.00
## spike
## 1.00
## spirited
## 1.00
## spirits
## 1.00
## spite
## 1.00
## splayed
## 1.00
## splintering
## 1.00
## split
## 1.00
## spo
## 1.00
## spoiling
## 1.00
## spoled
## 1.00
## sponsoring
## 1.00
## spontane
## 1.00
## spooked
## 1.00
## spooky
## 1.00
## spotless
## 1.00
## spots
## 1.00
## spotter
## 1.00
## spport
## 1.00
## sprang
## 1.00
## springboard
## 1.00
## springfield
## 1.00
## spun
## 1.00
## spurious
## 1.00
## spurred
## 1.00
## squad
## 1.00
## squadro
## 1.00
## squadron
## 1.00
## squadronsbe
## 1.00
## squadronssee
## 1.00
## square
## 1.00
## squaring
## 1.00
## squeezed
## 1.00
## squeezing
## 1.00
## srecollectiond
## 1.00
## sretr
## 1.00
## srsition
## 1.00
## srt
## 1.00
## ss·ured
## 1.00
## ssd
## 1.00
## ssecrec
## 1.00
## ssio
## 1.00
## stabilization
## 1.00
## stabilized
## 1.00
## stack
## 1.00
## stacked
## 1.00
## stacks
## 1.00
## staffbreitweiser
## 1.00
## staffed
## 1.00
## staffer
## 1.00
## staffl
## 1.00
## staffto
## 1.00
## staged
## 1.00
## staggered
## 1.00
## staging
## 1.00
## stains
## 1.00
## staked
## 1.00
## stakes
## 1.00
## stalked
## 1.00
## stall
## 1.00
## stalwart
## 1.00
## stan
## 1.00
## stance
## 1.00
## stances
## 1.00
## standardiza
## 1.00
## standdown
## 1.00
## standpoint
## 1.00
## staneed
## 1.00
## stantial
## 1.00
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## blooded
## 0.93
## bloodied
## 0.93
## bloodletting
## 0.93
## bloody
## 0.93
## blowd
## 0.93
## bluff
## 0.93
## bluntly
## 0.93
## blur
## 0.93
## blurred
## 0.93
## bly
## 0.93
## bns
## 0.93
## bnt
## 0.93
## bnterview
## 0.93
## boards
## 0.93
## boasted
## 0.93
## bodied
## 0.93
## bodyd
## 0.93
## bogged
## 0.93
## boiled
## 0.93
## boilerplate
## 0.93
## boiling
## 0.93
## boldest
## 0.93
## bolic
## 0.93
## bolo
## 0.93
## bolov
## 0.93
## bolovcns
## 0.93
## bolovens
## 0.93
## bolstered
## 0.93
## bolstering
## 0.93
## bolt
## 0.93
## bolts
## 0.93
## bombarded
## 0.93
## bomber
## 0.93
## bombersj
## 0.93
## bombin
## 0.93
## bombingof
## 0.93
## bombings
## 0.93
## bombs
## 0.93
## bombsd
## 0.93
## bomm
## 0.93
## bond
## 0.93
## bonded
## 0.93
## bonuses
## 0.93
## bonusesl
## 0.93
## boo
## 0.93
## booby
## 0.93
## booins
## 0.93
## booms
## 0.93
## boon
## 0.93
## boost
## 0.93
## boosted
## 0.93
## boosting
## 0.93
## booty
## 0.93
## bordering
## 0.93
## borderno
## 0.93
## borrower
## 0.93
## bos
## 0.93
## bosses
## 0.93
## bot
## 0.93
## botb
## 0.93
## bothered
## 0.93
## bothl
## 0.93
## botlloe
## 0.93
## bottle
## 0.93
## bottomed
## 0.93
## bouam
## 0.93
## bouddhara
## 0.93
## boulder
## 0.93
## boun
## 0.93
## bounce
## 0.93
## bounced
## 0.93
## bouncint
## 0.93
## bounding
## 0.93
## bounds
## 0.93
## bounleuang
## 0.93
## bounleut
## 0.93
## bounllonl
## 0.93
## bounpone
## 0.93
## bounties
## 0.93
## boupha
## 0.93
## bouquet
## 0.93
## boury
## 0.93
## bout
## 0.93
## bouts
## 0.93
## bowles
## 0.93
## boxd
## 0.93
## boxes
## 0.93
## boxing
## 0.93
## boyant
## 0.93
## boyhood
## 0.93
## boyishness
## 0.93
## boyle
## 0.93
## boys
## 0.93
## bra
## 0.93
## brace
## 0.93
## bracketed
## 0.93
## bradley
## 0.93
## brady
## 0.93
## brains
## 0.93
## brake
## 0.93
## brakes
## 0.93
## branches
## 0.93
## branding
## 0.93
## bravado
## 0.93
## brave
## 0.93
## braved
## 0.93
## bravest
## 0.93
## bravo
## 0.93
## breached
## 0.93
## breaching
## 0.93
## break
## 0.93
## breakup
## 0.93
## breast
## 0.93
## breath
## 0.93
## breathing
## 0.93
## bred
## 0.93
## breech
## 0.93
## bribery
## 0.93
## brick
## 0.93
## bridled
## 0.93
## briefest
## 0.93
## brilliance
## 0.93
## brilliant
## 0.93
## bringing
## 0.93
## brings
## 0.93
## britain
## 0.93
## broiler
## 0.93
## broilers
## 0.93
## brokering
## 0.93
## bromley
## 0.93
## bron
## 0.93
## brood
## 0.93
## brownfield
## 0.93
## brownie
## 0.93
## bruises
## 0.93
## brur
## 0.93
## brushed
## 0.93
## brushes
## 0.93
## buckle
## 0.93
## buckling
## 0.93
## budge
## 0.93
## budget
## 0.93
## budgetary
## 0.93
## buell
## 0.93
## buffalo
## 0.93
## buffaloes
## 0.93
## bug
## 0.93
## buildings
## 0.93
## bul
## 0.93
## bulky
## 0.93
## bulldozer
## 0.93
## bullet
## 0.93
## bullets
## 0.93
## bump
## 0.93
## bunch
## 0.93
## bunkers
## 0.93
## bunkpicked
## 0.93
## bunnese
## 0.93
## buoy
## 0.93
## buoyed
## 0.93
## burdens
## 0.93
## bureaucratic
## 0.93
## buried
## 0.93
## burke
## 0.93
## burmese
## 0.93
## burn
## 0.93
## burning
## 0.93
## burns
## 0.93
## bursts
## 0.93
## bury
## 0.93
## bush
## 0.93
## busily
## 0.93
## businesslike
## 0.93
## businesssaw
## 0.93
## butalso
## 0.93
## butdad
## 0.93
## butdand
## 0.93
## buti
## 0.93
## bution
## 0.93
## butl
## 0.93
## butr
## 0.93
## butstill
## 0.93
## butthis
## 0.93
## buttress
## 0.93
## buttressed
## 0.93
## buttressing
## 0.93
## butts
## 0.93
## buying
## 0.93
## byl
## 0.93
## bypass
## 0.93
## bypassing
## 0.93
## byzantine
## 0.93
## c••
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## calamity
## 0.93
## calcu
## 0.93
## calculates
## 0.93
## calculations
## 0.93
## calculus
## 0.93
## caliber
## 0.93
## calibrate
## 0.93
## calibrated
## 0.93
## calledd
## 0.93
## calledforintelligence
## 0.93
## calmly
## 0.93
## calo
## 0.93
## camair
## 0.93
## cambodia·
## 0.93
## camehometo
## 0.93
## camera
## 0.93
## cameras
## 0.93
## camou
## 0.93
## camouflage
## 0.93
## camped
## 0.93
## campsite
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## canada
## 0.93
## cand
## 0.93
## canfy
## 0.93
## canght
## 0.93
## cannol
## 0.93
## canopy
## 0.93
## canopyd
## 0.93
## canununder
## 0.93
## canyon
## 0.93
## caoital
## 0.93
## caotion
## 0.93
## capabil
## 0.93
## capitalize
## 0.93
## caplurcd
## 0.93
## capped
## 0.93
## capt
## 0.93
## captive
## 0.93
## captivity
## 0.93
## car
## 0.93
## caravan
## 0.93
## carbine
## 0.93
## carbines
## 0.93
## cardboard
## 0.93
## careened
## 0.93
## careerd
## 0.93
## carefree
## 0.93
## caretaker
## 0.93
## cargos
## 0.93
## caribou
## 0.93
## caricature
## 0.93
## carlisle
## 0.93
## carlon
## 0.93
## carlv
## 0.93
## carnage
## 0.93
## carne
## 0.93
## carpet
## 0.93
## carries
## 0.93
## carripd
## 0.93
## carroll
## 0.93
## carryi
## 0.93
## carryingl
## 0.93
## carryirig
## 0.93
## carve
## 0.93
## caseofficer
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## casings
## 0.93
## castle
## 0.93
## castros
## 0.93
## casualties
## 0.93
## casualty
## 0.93
## catastro
## 0.93
## catastrophic
## 0.93
## catastrorhe
## 0.93
## catatonic
## 0.93
## cated
## 0.93
## cating
## 0.93
## cations
## 0.93
## caught
## 0.93
## cauldrons
## 0.93
## causal
## 0.93
## caution
## 0.93
## cautionenot
## 0.93
## cavalry
## 0.93
## cave
## 0.93
## caves
## 0.93
## ccation
## 0.93
## cccp
## 0.93
## ccd
## 0.93
## cciu
## 0.93
## cconducted
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## cease·fired
## 0.93
## ceasefire
## 0.93
## ceaseflred
## 0.93
## ceaseofiro
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## ceded
## 0.93
## ceding
## 0.93
## ceeceeclmschleclujlmgamlsslontoroneotatthoce
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## ceeding
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## centrating
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## centurion
## 0.93
## century
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## ceremonies
## 0.93
## ceremoniously
## 0.93
## ceremony
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## certificates
## 0.93
## certitude
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## cessation
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## chain
## 0.93
## chalkboard
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## champassak
## 0.93
## champassakl
## 0.93
## champion
## 0.93
## championed
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## chancy
## 0.93
## changejd
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## chapman
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## characteristics
## 0.93
## chargedwitb
## 0.93
## charging
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## chartered
## 0.93
## chased
## 0.93
## chatngc
## 0.93
## chatter
## 0.93
## chavane
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## cheap
## 0.93
## checked
## 0.93
## checker
## 0.93
## checking
## 0.93
## checo
## 0.93
## cheek
## 0.93
## cheer
## 0.93
## cheered
## 0.93
## cheerful
## 0.93
## cheerfully
## 0.93
## chemicals
## 0.93
## chemists
## 0.93
## chennault
## 0.93
## cherished
## 0.93
## chess
## 0.93
## chessboard
## 0.93
## chest
## 0.93
## chew
## 0.93
## chewed
## 0.93
## chewing
## 0.93
## chfef
## 0.93
## chiang
## 0.93
## chic
## 0.93
## chickens
## 0.93
## chicks
## 0.93
## chicom
## 0.93
## chieftain
## 0.93
## chieftains
## 0.93
## chil
## 0.93
## child
## 0.93
## child·d
## 0.93
## childhood
## 0.93
## chimed
## 0.93
## chimney
## 0.93
## chinaimo
## 0.93
## chinat
## 0.93
## chinesefreighters
## 0.93
## chinook
## 0.93
## chips
## 0.93
## cho
## 0.93
## choke
## 0.93
## chokepoint
## 0.93
## chokepoints
## 0.93
## choking
## 0.93
## chong
## 0.93
## chooses
## 0.93
## choppers
## 0.93
## choreograph
## 0.93
## choreography
## 0.93
## choreographyby
## 0.93
## choreographybyc
## 0.93
## christian
## 0.93
## chronicle
## 0.93
## chto
## 0.93
## chtton
## 0.93
## chuck
## 0.93
## chuptrr
## 0.93
## churches
## 0.93
## ciably
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## ciao
## 0.93
## ciargj
## 0.93
## cid
## 0.93
## cigar
## 0.93
## cigarettes
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## cimmented
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## cinctly
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## cipher
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## cir
## 0.93
## circle
## 0.93
## circled
## 0.93
## circling
## 0.93
## circuit
## 0.93
## circulate
## 0.93
## circum
## 0.93
## circumspect
## 0.93
## circumstancesd
## 0.93
## circumstantial
## 0.93
## circumvented
## 0.93
## cit
## 0.93
## citedas
## 0.93
## citedthe
## 0.93
## citing
## 0.93
## ciuj
## 0.93
## civc
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## civic
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## cjcommander
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## claimed·d
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## clamor
## 0.93
## clan
## 0.93
## clandestino
## 0.93
## clans
## 0.93
## clarence
## 0.93
## clari
## 0.93
## clarifying
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## clashed
## 0.93
## classic
## 0.93
## classification
## 0.93
## classmate
## 0.93
## clattering
## 0.93
## clawed
## 0.93
## clay
## 0.93
## claymore
## 0.93
## clayton
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## clea
## 0.93
## cleanly
## 0.93
## cleanup
## 0.93
## cleared
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## clients
## 0.93
## cliffs
## 0.93
## clifton
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## clili
## 0.93
## climactic
## 0.93
## climate
## 0.93
## climaxed
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## clllrlie
## 0.93
## clock
## 0.93
## clockd
## 0.93
## clockwise
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## clos
## 0.93
## closely
## 0.93
## cloth
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## club
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## clusion
## 0.93
## clusive
## 0.93
## cluster
## 0.93
## clusters
## 0.93
## clutched
## 0.93
## clutching
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## cmn
## 0.93
## cmorandum
## 0.93
## cmpty
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## cob
## 0.93
## cobbled
## 0.93
## cobra
## 0.93
## coccasionally
## 0.93
## cochairmen
## 0.93
## cock
## 0.93
## cockpit
## 0.93
## cockpits
## 0.93
## cocky
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## codes
## 0.93
## coe
## 0.93
## coercing
## 0.93
## coercion
## 0.93
## coeur
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## coffee
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## coldest
## 0.93
## coldly
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## collaborated
## 0.93
## collaborative
## 0.93
## collboy
## 0.93
## colleagues
## 0.93
## colleares
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## collectively
## 0.93
## collegiality
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## colluded
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## colonialists
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## colu
## 0.93
## columbia
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## combatd
## 0.93
## combating
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## commissioning
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## committeep
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## communal
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## communicating
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## comparing
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## compulsively
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## comrades
## 0.93
## comunists
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## concealment
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## conceding
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## concertina
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## confirming
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## conflicted
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## conquest
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## consequence
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## consolidation
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## constitutionally
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## consulting
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## consumption
## 0.93
## cont
## 0.93
## contained
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## contented
## 0.93
## contentiouscease
## 0.93
## contentiousceaseflred
## 0.93
## contenuscease
## 0.93
## contero
## 0.93
## contested
## 0.93
## contesting
## 0.93
## contiguous
## 0.93
## continental
## 0.93
## continually
## 0.93
## continuation
## 0.93
## continuingunseasonable
## 0.93
## contnbute
## 0.93
## contractor
## 0.93
## contradicted
## 0.93
## contradicti
## 0.93
## contraption
## 0.93
## contrasted
## 0.93
## contri
## 0.93
## contribute
## 0.93
## contributory
## 0.93
## controldand
## 0.93
## controller
## 0.93
## controllers
## 0.93
## controlover
## 0.93
## controverting
## 0.93
## conundrum
## 0.93
## conununists
## 0.93
## conven
## 0.93
## convenient
## 0.93
## convening
## 0.93
## converged
## 0.93
## converging
## 0.93
## conversaqtions
## 0.93
## conversion
## 0.93
## convincing
## 0.93
## convoyj
## 0.93
## convulsions
## 0.93
## coocunter
## 0.93
## cooked
## 0.93
## cookerd
## 0.93
## cooking
## 0.93
## coolly
## 0.93
## coop
## 0.93
## cooperating
## 0.93
## cooperatived
## 0.93
## coordi
## 0.93
## coordinated
## 0.93
## coordination
## 0.93
## coped
## 0.93
## copilot
## 0.93
## copter
## 0.93
## copters
## 0.93
## cord
## 0.93
## cords
## 0.93
## cork
## 0.93
## corn
## 0.93
## corne
## 0.93
## corner
## 0.93
## cornmandw
## 0.93
## cornmunica
## 0.93
## corollary
## 0.93
## corpo
## 0.93
## corporate
## 0.93
## corpsj
## 0.93
## correspondingly
## 0.93
## corridor
## 0.93
## corrrp
## 0.93
## corrugated
## 0.93
## corvee
## 0.93
## cosb
## 0.93
## coscrto
## 0.93
## cosi
## 0.93
## cosl
## 0.93
## cot
## 0.93
## cotton
## 0.93
## cou
## 0.93
## couldnothandle
## 0.93
## couldtolerate
## 0.93
## coule
## 0.93
## counesv
## 0.93
## counseled
## 0.93
## counsels
## 0.93
## counselsd
## 0.93
## countably
## 0.93
## counterac
## 0.93
## counterat
## 0.93
## counterattack
## 0.93
## counterattacks
## 0.93
## counterbalance
## 0.93
## counterbattery
## 0.93
## counterco
## 0.93
## countered
## 0.93
## counteredd
## 0.93
## counterguerrilla
## 0.93
## counteroffensive
## 0.93
## counterpoint
## 0.93
## counterproductive
## 0.93
## counterpu
## 0.93
## counterpunch
## 0.93
## counterstrokes
## 0.93
## counterthrust
## 0.93
## countryi
## 0.93
## countrysidew
## 0.93
## couocil
## 0.93
## coupd
## 0.93
## cour
## 0.93
## couraging
## 0.93
## couriers
## 0.93
## courses
## 0.93
## coursesv
## 0.93
## courtesv
## 0.93
## courtesy
## 0.93
## courting
## 0.93
## courtt
## 0.93
## cove
## 0.93
## cover
## 0.93
## covering
## 0.93
## cowades
## 0.93
## cowboys
## 0.93
## cowling
## 0.93
## cown
## 0.93
## cpo
## 0.93
## cracker
## 0.93
## crashes
## 0.93
## cratered
## 0.93
## cratering
## 0.93
## craters
## 0.93
## crates
## 0.93
## crawled
## 0.93
## crawling
## 0.93
## cre
## 0.93
## creco
## 0.93
## cred
## 0.93
## credentials
## 0.93
## crest
## 0.93
## cresting
## 0.93
## crests
## 0.93
## crete
## 0.93
## crewdj
## 0.93
## cri
## 0.93
## cricket
## 0.93
## cring
## 0.93
## crip
## 0.93
## cripple
## 0.93
## critiisms
## 0.93
## crook
## 0.93
## crop
## 0.93
## crossfire
## 0.93
## crowing
## 0.93
## crucially
## 0.93
## crumbled
## 0.93
## crustiest
## 0.93
## crybabies
## 0.93
## crystalline
## 0.93
## crystallize
## 0.93
## cshlo
## 0.93
## cstil
## 0.93
## ctic
## 0.93
## ctiimr
## 0.93
## ctio
## 0.93
## ctj
## 0.93
## ctllllojlag
## 0.93
## ctun
## 0.93
## cub
## 0.93
## cuban
## 0.93
## cude
## 0.93
## cue
## 0.93
## cuf
## 0.93
## cui
## 0.93
## culated
## 0.93
## culled
## 0.93
## culpability
## 0.93
## culprit
## 0.93
## cultivated
## 0.93
## culturally
## 0.93
## cum
## 0.93
## cumbersome
## 0.93
## cumstances
## 0.93
## cumulus
## 0.93
## curdling
## 0.93
## curl
## 0.93
## curled
## 0.93
## currents
## 0.93
## curriculum
## 0.93
## cursing
## 0.93
## curt
## 0.93
## curtailment
## 0.93
## curving
## 0.93
## cusbnun
## 0.93
## cushman
## 0.93
## cussion
## 0.93
## custodian
## 0.93
## customarily
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## cyclical
## 0.93
## cyclone
## 0.93
## cyn
## 0.93
## dabble
## 0.93
## dable
## 0.93
## dam
## 0.93
## damcalled
## 0.93
## dampened
## 0.93
## damping
## 0.93
## dance
## 0.93
## dand
## 0.93
## dandy
## 0.93
## dangerous
## 0.93
## dangerously
## 0.93
## dangers
## 0.93
## dannounced
## 0.93
## daraseng
## 0.93
## dard
## 0.93
## dards
## 0.93
## daring
## 0.93
## dark
## 0.93
## dash
## 0.93
## dat
## 0.93
## database
## 0.93
## date
## 0.93
## dati
## 0.93
## daughters
## 0.93
## daunted
## 0.93
## dawnd
## 0.93
## day·
## 0.93
## daybreak
## 0.93
## dayd
## 0.93
## daylightd
## 0.93
## daytime
## 0.93
## dazzle
## 0.93
## dbeing
## 0.93
## dcstructionby
## 0.93
## ddcr
## 0.93
## ddiscovered
## 0.93
## deaane
## 0.93
## deadlines
## 0.93
## deadly
## 0.93
## deaf
## 0.93
## dealwith
## 0.93
## debacle
## 0.93
## debriefing
## 0.93
## debris
## 0.93
## debt
## 0.93
## decade
## 0.93
## decamp
## 0.93
## decamped
## 0.93
## decay
## 0.93
## decaying
## 0.93
## decentralization
## 0.93
## decessor
## 0.93
## decha
## 0.93
## decidid
## 0.93
## decimate
## 0.93
## declaring
## 0.93
## declin
## 0.93
## decline
## 0.93
## decree
## 0.93
## decreed
## 0.93
## dedi
## 0.93
## dedica
## 0.93
## dedicate
## 0.93
## deemed
## 0.93
## deepened
## 0.93
## deepening
## 0.93
## deepest
## 0.93
## defaulting
## 0.93
## defeatism
## 0.93
## defected
## 0.93
## defections
## 0.93
## defector
## 0.93
## defectors
## 0.93
## defects
## 0.93
## defen
## 0.93
## defender
## 0.93
## defenders·
## 0.93
## defending
## 0.93
## defensed
## 0.93
## defenseviews
## 0.93
## defensi
## 0.93
## defensive
## 0.93
## defensively
## 0.93
## deficit
## 0.93
## define
## 0.93
## defining
## 0.93
## deflated
## 0.93
## defray
## 0.93
## defying
## 0.93
## degradation
## 0.93
## degrees
## 0.93
## dejected
## 0.93
## delegates
## 0.93
## delegating
## 0.93
## deliarrived
## 0.93
## delica
## 0.93
## delieate
## 0.93
## delight
## 0.93
## delineate
## 0.93
## delineation
## 0.93
## delive
## 0.93
## delivery
## 0.93
## delusion·
## 0.93
## demandingmore
## 0.93
## demeaning
## 0.93
## demeanor
## 0.93
## demmons
## 0.93
## demobili
## 0.93
## demobiliza
## 0.93
## demobilization
## 0.93
## demobilize
## 0.93
## demobilized
## 0.93
## demobilizing
## 0.93
## demol
## 0.93
## demoli
## 0.93
## demolished
## 0.93
## demolition
## 0.93
## demonstratedhow
## 0.93
## demonstrating
## 0.93
## demonstrative
## 0.93
## demoralization
## 0.93
## demoralized
## 0.93
## demoristrably
## 0.93
## den·
## 0.93
## denee
## 0.93
## denials
## 0.93
## denied
## 0.93
## denly
## 0.93
## denotes
## 0.93
## denounced
## 0.93
## dense
## 0.93
## denying
## 0.93
## deoutv
## 0.93
## depaied
## 0.93
## deparlure
## 0.93
## depart
## 0.93
## departments
## 0.93
## departmentstudy
## 0.93
## departures
## 0.93
## depend
## 0.93
## dependable
## 0.93
## dependency
## 0.93
## depending
## 0.93
## depleted
## 0.93
## deploy
## 0.93
## deployef
## 0.93
## deploying
## 0.93
## deploymentd
## 0.93
## deposes
## 0.93
## deposit
## 0.93
## deprecating
## 0.93
## depredations
## 0.93
## depression
## 0.93
## deprivation
## 0.93
## deprivations
## 0.93
## depriving
## 0.93
## depths
## 0.93
## deputies
## 0.93
## dering
## 0.93
## derisive
## 0.93
## dernllltarlzed
## 0.93
## derogated
## 0.93
## derogatory
## 0.93
## descend
## 0.93
## description
## 0.93
## desert
## 0.93
## deserted
## 0.93
## desertion
## 0.93
## desertions
## 0.93
## designation
## 0.93
## designations
## 0.93
## designing
## 0.93
## desirability
## 0.93
## desist
## 0.93
## desk
## 0.93
## despairc
## 0.93
## despaired
## 0.93
## desperation
## 0.93
## despitethegrim
## 0.93
## destination
## 0.93
## destinationd
## 0.93
## destined
## 0.93
## destiny
## 0.93
## destroved
## 0.93
## desultory
## 0.93
## detach
## 0.93
## detachments
## 0.93
## detainees
## 0.93
## detected
## 0.93
## determ
## 0.93
## determi
## 0.93
## determina
## 0.93
## determining
## 0.93
## detonate
## 0.93
## detonated
## 0.93
## detonating
## 0.93
## detracted
## 0.93
## deuanecol
## 0.93
## deuve
## 0.93
## devas
## 0.93
## devastate
## 0.93
## deviation
## 0.93
## device
## 0.93
## devicesd
## 0.93
## devlin
## 0.93
## devolve
## 0.93
## devoting
## 0.93
## devouring
## 0.93
## dexercised
## 0.93
## dexpected
## 0.93
## dfound
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## dhelped
## 0.93
## diagnosed
## 0.93
## dial
## 0.93
## diameter
## 0.93
## dian
## 0.93
## diary
## 0.93
## diasporad
## 0.93
## diate
## 0.93
## diatribe
## 0.93
## dicatc
## 0.93
## dicey
## 0.93
## dick
## 0.93
## dict
## 0.93
## dictated
## 0.93
## dictator
## 0.93
## dictatorial
## 0.93
## diction
## 0.93
## dictional
## 0.93
## didhelp
## 0.93
## didl
## 0.93
## didnot
## 0.93
## died
## 0.93
## dien
## 0.93
## diers
## 0.93
## differed
## 0.93
## differen
## 0.93
## differing
## 0.93
## differs
## 0.93
## diffi
## 0.93
## difficul
## 0.93
## diffused
## 0.93
## dig
## 0.93
## digestion
## 0.93
## dike
## 0.93
## dikes
## 0.93
## dil
## 0.93
## dilatory
## 0.93
## dilemmad
## 0.93
## dillon
## 0.93
## dilute
## 0.93
## dim
## 0.93
## dimin
## 0.93
## diminishing
## 0.93
## dinhdiem
## 0.93
## dintcrview·d
## 0.93
## dinterpreter
## 0.93
## dinterviewd
## 0.93
## diplo
## 0.93
## diplomas
## 0.93
## diplomats
## 0.93
## dipping
## 0.93
## dir·ectfround
## 0.93
## directej
## 0.93
## directing
## 0.93
## direction
## 0.93
## directions
## 0.93
## directorof
## 0.93
## dirt
## 0.93
## dirty
## 0.93
## disable
## 0.93
## disabled
## 0.93
## disabling
## 0.93
## disabuse
## 0.93
## disad
## 0.93
## disadvantage
## 0.93
## disappearing
## 0.93
## disappointingly
## 0.93
## disapprove
## 0.93
## disar
## 0.93
## disarmed
## 0.93
## disarmedd
## 0.93
## disas
## 0.93
## disasters
## 0.93
## disband
## 0.93
## disbanded
## 0.93
## disbursement
## 0.93
## discard
## 0.93
## discarded
## 0.93
## discharge
## 0.93
## discharging
## 0.93
## disci
## 0.93
## disciplined
## 0.93
## disclaim
## 0.93
## disclaimer
## 0.93
## disconcerting
## 0.93
## disconcertingly
## 0.93
## discontented
## 0.93
## discount
## 0.93
## discoura
## 0.93
## discouraging
## 0.93
## discov
## 0.93
## discrepancies
## 0.93
## discrepancy
## 0.93
## discrimination
## 0.93
## discus
## 0.93
## discussionr
## 0.93
## disdained
## 0.93
## disdainful
## 0.93
## disease
## 0.93
## disem
## 0.93
## disembarked
## 0.93
## disen
## 0.93
## disgorged
## 0.93
## disgust
## 0.93
## dish
## 0.93
## disheartening
## 0.93
## dishonest
## 0.93
## disingenuous
## 0.93
## disinte
## 0.93
## disintegra
## 0.93
## disintegrate
## 0.93
## disintegrating
## 0.93
## disintelrationn
## 0.93
## dislodge
## 0.93
## dislodged
## 0.93
## dislodging
## 0.93
## dismal
## 0.93
## dismisses
## 0.93
## disor
## 0.93
## disorderly
## 0.93
## disparage
## 0.93
## disparaged
## 0.93
## disparities
## 0.93
## disparity
## 0.93
## dispel
## 0.93
## dispensaries
## 0.93
## dispensary
## 0.93
## dispersal
## 0.93
## disperse
## 0.93
## dispersed
## 0.93
## disperseddtook
## 0.93
## dispersing
## 0.93
## displa
## 0.93
## displaced
## 0.93
## display
## 0.93
## disposed
## 0.93
## dispositions
## 0.93
## dispropor
## 0.93
## disputed
## 0.93
## disrupt
## 0.93
## disrupted
## 0.93
## disrupting
## 0.93
## disruptions
## 0.93
## dissemina
## 0.93
## dissimula
## 0.93
## dissipated
## 0.93
## disso
## 0.93
## dissolu
## 0.93
## dissolvel
## 0.93
## distances
## 0.93
## distant
## 0.93
## distasteful
## 0.93
## distillery
## 0.93
## distinc
## 0.93
## distinction
## 0.93
## distinctions
## 0.93
## distinguish
## 0.93
## distortions
## 0.93
## distraction
## 0.93
## distri
## 0.93
## distrib
## 0.93
## distribu
## 0.93
## distribute
## 0.93
## distributed
## 0.93
## districts
## 0.93
## distrusted
## 0.93
## distrustful
## 0.93
## ditches
## 0.93
## ditionary
## 0.93
## diver
## 0.93
## divergin
## 0.93
## diverse
## 0.93
## diversification
## 0.93
## diversimegular
## 0.93
## diversionary
## 0.93
## diversions
## 0.93
## diversity
## 0.93
## dividing
## 0.93
## divin
## 0.93
## dle
## 0.93
## dled
## 0.93
## dminisÂ
## 0.93
## dmiral
## 0.93
## dmt
## 0.93
## dnc
## 0.93
## dntcrview
## 0.93
## doan
## 0.93
## doctors
## 0.93
## doctrined
## 0.93
## document
## 0.93
## documents
## 0.93
## dod
## 0.93
## dodged
## 0.93
## doesn
## 0.93
## dof
## 0.93
## doffered
## 0.93
## doggo
## 0.93
## dogs
## 0.93
## doll
## 0.93
## dom
## 0.93
## domain
## 0.93
## dome
## 0.93
## domier
## 0.93
## dominating
## 0.93
## domination
## 0.93
## dominion
## 0.93
## dominoes
## 0.93
## dommen
## 0.93
## dongd
## 0.93
## doning
## 0.93
## doouglas
## 0.93
## dorked
## 0.93
## dornier
## 0.93
## dornmen
## 0.93
## dos
## 0.93
## dose
## 0.93
## doshion
## 0.93
## dotg
## 0.93
## douangmala
## 0.93
## doubleday
## 0.93
## doug
## 0.93
## doughboys
## 0.93
## douglas
## 0.93
## douglasblaufarb
## 0.93
## douqlas
## 0.93
## dove
## 0.93
## downdraft
## 0.93
## downdrafts
## 0.93
## downhill
## 0.93
## downl
## 0.93
## downright
## 0.93
## downstream
## 0.93
## downward
## 0.93
## dowrpou
## 0.93
## dozen
## 0.93
## dparticipated
## 0.93
## dpre
## 0.93
## dproceeded
## 0.93
## dprotested
## 0.93
## dradio
## 0.93
## drafting
## 0.93
## drag
## 0.93
## dragging
## 0.93
## drained
## 0.93
## dramatize
## 0.93
## drang
## 0.93
## drastically
## 0.93
## drawback
## 0.93
## drawdown
## 0.93
## dreaded
## 0.93
## dream
## 0.93
## drecallcd
## 0.93
## dred
## 0.93
## dreds
## 0.93
## dren
## 0.93
## dress
## 0.93
## dressed
## 0.93
## drgerus
## 0.93
## dried
## 0.93
## drift
## 0.93
## drivers
## 0.93
## drliver
## 0.93
## drliveries
## 0.93
## dro
## 0.93
## droning
## 0.93
## droppings
## 0.93
## droppitrahedron
## 0.93
## drov
## 0.93
## drthccatv
## 0.93
## drug
## 0.93
## drugd
## 0.93
## drugs
## 0.93
## drugstore
## 0.93
## drummer
## 0.93
## drums
## 0.93
## dsaw
## 0.93
## dteam
## 0.93
## dto
## 0.93
## dtook
## 0.93
## duane
## 0.93
## ducking
## 0.93
## duction
## 0.93
## dufoosesjnjhe
## 0.93
## dug
## 0.93
## dulles
## 0.93
## dumbly
## 0.93
## dummies
## 0.93
## dump
## 0.93
## dump·
## 0.93
## duntrnllf
## 0.93
## duplicity
## 0.93
## durability
## 0.93
## durging
## 0.93
## durin
## 0.93
## dus
## 0.93
## dustthe
## 0.93
## dutch
## 0.93
## dview
## 0.93
## dvised
## 0.93
## dwarfed
## 0.93
## dwight
## 0.93
## dwindled
## 0.93
## dye
## 0.93
## dying
## 0.93
## dynamism
## 0.93
## dysentery
## 0.93
## eacalation
## 0.93
## eaeh
## 0.93
## eagerly
## 0.93
## eagle
## 0.93
## eam
## 0.93
## eame
## 0.93
## eams
## 0.93
## ear
## 0.93
## earance
## 0.93
## eared
## 0.93
## eareful
## 0.93
## earlier·
## 0.93
## earlr
## 0.93
## earmarks
## 0.93
## earry
## 0.93
## earth
## 0.93
## eas
## 0.93
## ease
## 0.93
## eased
## 0.93
## easier
## 0.93
## easron
## 0.93
## east
## 0.93
## easternmost
## 0.93
## eastl
## 0.93
## eastward
## 0.93
## eat
## 0.93
## eating
## 0.93
## eaved
## 0.93
## eaving
## 0.93
## ebb
## 0.93
## ebullient
## 0.93
## ecc
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## fragment
## 0.93
## fragmented
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## frailties
## 0.93
## frained
## 0.93
## framing
## 0.93
## frantically
## 0.93
## fraternal
## 0.93
## fraudu
## 0.93
## frayed
## 0.93
## frays
## 0.93
## frbruarv
## 0.93
## freauent
## 0.93
## freeing
## 0.93
## freelance
## 0.93
## frenzied
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## frequency
## 0.93
## frequent
## 0.93
## fresh
## 0.93
## freyent
## 0.93
## frictions
## 0.93
## friends
## 0.93
## friendship
## 0.93
## frienp
## 0.93
## fright
## 0.93
## frogged
## 0.93
## froi
## 0.93
## froin
## 0.93
## fromcjon
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## frontier
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## frostunf
## 0.93
## frosty
## 0.93
## frowned
## 0.93
## frugality
## 0.93
## fruitful
## 0.93
## fruition
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## frus·
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## frustrating
## 0.93
## frustrationj
## 0.93
## fsj
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## ftiimr
## 0.93
## ftlfmr
## 0.93
## ftlim
## 0.93
## ftul
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## fuji
## 0.93
## fulfilling
## 0.93
## fulfillment
## 0.93
## fulltime
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## fumed
## 0.93
## func
## 0.93
## functionin
## 0.93
## funning
## 0.93
## fuo
## 0.93
## furces
## 0.93
## furious
## 0.93
## furnih
## 0.93
## furvivors
## 0.93
## fuselage
## 0.93
## fusely
## 0.93
## fusillade
## 0.93
## future·
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## gait
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## gallantry
## 0.93
## gallon
## 0.93
## galvanized
## 0.93
## gam
## 0.93
## ganda
## 0.93
## gangs
## 0.93
## ganization
## 0.93
## garbled
## 0.93
## garment
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## garrison
## 0.93
## garrisoned
## 0.93
## garrisons
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## gasoli
## 0.93
## gaston
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## gauntlet
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## genera
## 0.93
## generaf
## 0.93
## genevai
## 0.93
## genius
## 0.93
## genocidal
## 0.93
## genteel
## 0.93
## gentle
## 0.93
## gently
## 0.93
## geography
## 0.93
## geopolitical
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## gering
## 0.93
## gerum·d
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## gest
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## giants
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## gingerly
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## givennva
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## graduation
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## grandiose
## 0.93
## grandiosely
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## grapes
## 0.93
## graphic
## 0.93
## graphical
## 0.93
## graphically
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## grassroots
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## grate
## 0.93
## grated
## 0.93
## gratefully
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## gratified
## 0.93
## gratifying
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## gravely
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## greaer
## 0.93
## grease
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## greeting
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## ground·jsd
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## groundwar
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## grudging
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## gruntled
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## guaranteeing
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## guerriuasd
## 0.93
## guerrluas
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## hamlet
## 0.93
## hammer
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## hardships
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## hearty
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## heaviest
## 0.93
## heavyweight
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## hectares
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## hoarding
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## holed
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## hombined
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## hopeless
## 0.93
## hopelessly
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## hospital
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## hostilitiesd
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## housemeetingon
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## hrnonqqovernment
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## huey
## 0.93
## huffman
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## humoring
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## hune
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## iiibaraiilx
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## iij
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## johnston
## 0.93
## joincat
## 0.93
## joining
## 0.93
## jointefforts
## 0.93
## joke
## 0.93
## jolly
## 0.93
## jolted
## 0.93
## jon
## 0.93
## jones
## 0.93
## jor
## 0.93
## journal
## 0.93
## journalistic
## 0.93
## joy
## 0.93
## jplayed
## 0.93
## jraced
## 0.93
## jrecalled
## 0.93
## jredicted
## 0.93
## jregretted
## 0.93
## jrenades
## 0.93
## jreporting
## 0.93
## jretimr
## 0.93
## jrevent
## 0.93
## jrjrfolillgl
## 0.93
## jround
## 0.93
## jsaw
## 0.93
## jtc
## 0.93
## jthenew
## 0.93
## jthought
## 0.93
## jto
## 0.93
## jtrained
## 0.93
## jtuiuiir
## 0.93
## jubilant
## 0.93
## jubilation
## 0.93
## judd
## 0.93
## judicious
## 0.93
## jue
## 0.93
## jujdgl
## 0.93
## julyd
## 0.93
## jump
## 0.93
## jumped
## 0.93
## jumper
## 0.93
## jumping
## 0.93
## jumpy
## 0.93
## junable
## 0.93
## junc
## 0.93
## junction
## 0.93
## junctions
## 0.93
## junei
## 0.93
## juneif
## 0.93
## juniord
## 0.93
## junket
## 0.93
## junr
## 0.93
## jup
## 0.93
## jure
## 0.93
## juris
## 0.93
## jurisdicti
## 0.93
## jurisdiction
## 0.93
## jury
## 0.93
## jus
## 0.93
## justifica
## 0.93
## jvang
## 0.93
## jwas
## 0.93
## jwho
## 0.93
## jwjn
## 0.93
## jwltt
## 0.93
## kabo
## 0.93
## kai
## 0.93
## kamikaze
## 0.93
## karai
## 0.93
## karamessines
## 0.93
## kararnessines
## 0.93
## karl
## 0.93
## kase
## 0.93
## kba
## 0.93
## kcmf
## 0.93
## kdf
## 0.93
## kecp
## 0.93
## kee
## 0.93
## keenly
## 0.93
## keeps
## 0.93
## keepthesecombatants
## 0.93
## keng
## 0.93
## kennedyd
## 0.93
## kennedydegaullel
## 0.93
## kep
## 0.93
## ket
## 0.93
## ketsana
## 0.93
## kev
## 0.93
## keyed
## 0.93
## keystone
## 0.93
## kha
## 0.93
## khai
## 0.93
## khalioo
## 0.93
## kham
## 0.93
## khamouane
## 0.93
## khampanh
## 0.93
## khan
## 0.93
## khangd
## 0.93
## khao
## 0.93
## khay
## 0.93
## khek
## 0.93
## kheng
## 0.93
## khet
## 0.93
## khmer
## 0.93
## khmu
## 0.93
## khnl
## 0.93
## kho
## 0.93
## khoman
## 0.93
## khommadam
## 0.93
## khong
## 0.93
## khongsedone
## 0.93
## khouangas
## 0.93
## khouarig
## 0.93
## khoueng
## 0.93
## khought
## 0.93
## khoun
## 0.93
## kick
## 0.93
## kicker
## 0.93
## kidnapping
## 0.93
## kiem
## 0.93
## killedcjand
## 0.93
## kills
## 0.93
## kilo
## 0.93
## kilos
## 0.93
## kindled
## 0.93
## kinds
## 0.93
## king
## 0.93
## kingdom
## 0.93
## kingdoms
## 0.93
## kinsman
## 0.93
## kinsmen
## 0.93
## kistockinger
## 0.93
## kit
## 0.93
## kits
## 0.93
## kline
## 0.93
## klllwang
## 0.93
## klwllg
## 0.93
## kmt
## 0.93
## knee
## 0.93
## kneel
## 0.93
## knocking
## 0.93
## knotregard
## 0.93
## knowl
## 0.93
## knowledged
## 0.93
## kok
## 0.93
## koli
## 0.93
## kompong
## 0.93
## kong
## 0.93
## kongle
## 0.93
## korat
## 0.93
## kot
## 0.93
## kou
## 0.93
## koup
## 0.93
## kouprasith
## 0.93
## krogh
## 0.93
## krushchev
## 0.93
## ktllmr
## 0.93
## kukrit
## 0.93
## kuomintang
## 0.93
## kuornintang
## 0.93
## l•••
## 0.93
## labeled
## 0.93
## laccommodated
## 0.93
## laccompanied
## 0.93
## lacerbic
## 0.93
## lackeys
## 0.93
## lacknowledged
## 0.93
## lackof
## 0.93
## laconic
## 0.93
## laconically
## 0.93
## lactivities
## 0.93
## laden
## 0.93
## lads
## 0.93
## ladvisers
## 0.93
## lag
## 0.93
## lage
## 0.93
## lagers
## 0.93
## lagging
## 0.93
## lagreed
## 0.93
## lagricultural
## 0.93
## lahu
## 0.93
## laii
## 0.93
## laimed
## 0.93
## laine
## 0.93
## lair
## 0.93
## lair·d
## 0.93
## lairdl
## 0.93
## lairl
## 0.93
## lairli
## 0.93
## lairlj
## 0.93
## lairn
## 0.93
## lairt
## 0.93
## lairu
## 0.93
## lak
## 0.93
## lalcr·
## 0.93
## lamed
## 0.93
## lamented
## 0.93
## lames
## 0.93
## lamplighter
## 0.93
## land·d
## 0.93
## landers
## 0.93
## landings
## 0.93
## landlines
## 0.93
## landlocked
## 0.93
## landscape
## 0.93
## lane
## 0.93
## languish
## 0.93
## lanham
## 0.93
## lanks
## 0.93
## lannouncing
## 0.93
## lanphouthacoul
## 0.93
## lans
## 0.93
## lanticipated
## 0.93
## lao
## 0.93
## laoscontinued
## 0.93
## laosd
## 0.93
## laosjd
## 0.93
## laosjoining
## 0.93
## laosjust
## 0.93
## laosn
## 0.93
## laoso
## 0.93
## laosp
## 0.93
## laoti
## 0.93
## laotia
## 0.93
## laotiennes
## 0.93
## laou
## 0.93
## lappealed
## 0.93
## lapplied
## 0.93
## lapprised
## 0.93
## lapsing
## 0.93
## larger
## 0.93
## largesld
## 0.93
## largesse
## 0.93
## largetd
## 0.93
## largu
## 0.93
## largued
## 0.93
## lark
## 0.93
## larry
## 0.93
## lars
## 0.93
## lashed
## 0.93
## lasked
## 0.93
## laso
## 0.93
## lasserted
## 0.93
## lassigned
## 0.93
## lassured
## 0.93
## lasted
## 0.93
## lasting
## 0.93
## lateral
## 0.93
## lateseptember
## 0.93
## lati
## 0.93
## latin
## 0.93
## lating
## 0.93
## lattempt
## 0.93
## lause
## 0.93
## lawaited
## 0.93
## lawn
## 0.93
## lawyers
## 0.93
## layed
## 0.93
## layers
## 0.93
## laying
## 0.93
## lbase
## 0.93
## lbid·u
## 0.93
## lbill
## 0.93
## lcj
## 0.93
## lcmnitzer
## 0.93
## lconboy
## 0.93
## lcs
## 0.93
## ldoubted
## 0.93
## leach
## 0.93
## leade
## 0.93
## leaderi
## 0.93
## leaderl
## 0.93
## leaderleiss
## 0.93
## leadersd
## 0.93
## leadershin
## 0.93
## leadershipd
## 0.93
## leadershipdepended
## 0.93
## leadtime
## 0.93
## leadtimes
## 0.93
## leaking
## 0.93
## lean
## 0.93
## leaning
## 0.93
## leanings
## 0.93
## leaoed
## 0.93
## leap
## 0.93
## leaped
## 0.93
## leapfrog
## 0.93
## learning
## 0.93
## lease
## 0.93
## leash
## 0.93
## leastrogram
## 0.93
## leathery
## 0.93
## leav
## 0.93
## lections
## 0.93
## lectively
## 0.93
## ledge
## 0.93
## ledged
## 0.93
## lef
## 0.93
## leffectiveness
## 0.93
## leffort
## 0.93
## leftist
## 0.93
## leftists
## 0.93
## leftovers
## 0.93
## leftthe
## 0.93
## leg
## 0.93
## legacyd
## 0.93
## legal
## 0.93
## legalistic
## 0.93
## legality
## 0.93
## legalized
## 0.93
## legend
## 0.93
## legendary
## 0.93
## legion
## 0.93
## legislated
## 0.93
## legislati
## 0.93
## legislators
## 0.93
## legs
## 0.93
## lei
## 0.93
## leisure
## 0.93
## lelected
## 0.93
## lem·
## 0.93
## lemnitzer
## 0.93
## lemphasized
## 0.93
## leng
## 0.93
## lenge
## 0.93
## lenged
## 0.93
## length
## 0.93
## lengthened
## 0.93
## lengths
## 0.93
## leo
## 0.93
## leos
## 0.93
## ler
## 0.93
## lernnitzer
## 0.93
## lerymen
## 0.93
## les
## 0.93
## lese
## 0.93
## lessened
## 0.93
## lesserevil
## 0.93
## lestimated
## 0.93
## letifmk
## 0.93
## letiimk
## 0.93
## letiimr
## 0.93
## letllmr
## 0.93
## leto
## 0.93
## lets
## 0.93
## letting
## 0.93
## leunits
## 0.93
## leve
## 0.93
## leven
## 0.93
## lexcitedly
## 0.93
## lexercise
## 0.93
## lexpected
## 0.93
## lexperienced
## 0.93
## lexplained
## 0.93
## ley
## 0.93
## lfilled
## 0.93
## lfite
## 0.93
## lfled
## 0.93
## lftiimr
## 0.93
## lful
## 0.93
## lginry
## 0.93
## lhad
## 0.93
## lhr
## 0.93
## lhreten
## 0.93
## li»
## 0.93
## lia
## 0.93
## liability
## 0.93
## lian
## 0.93
## liberalized
## 0.93
## liberated
## 0.93
## licc
## 0.93
## lich
## 0.93
## licopla
## 0.93
## lidillg
## 0.93
## lie
## 0.93
## lieutenants
## 0.93
## lif
## 0.93
## lifeline
## 0.93
## lifmr
## 0.93
## lifted
## 0.93
## lify
## 0.93
## lighting
## 0.93
## lightning
## 0.93
## lights
## 0.93
## lightweight
## 0.93
## lih
## 0.93
## liinlerview·d
## 0.93
## likee
## 0.93
## likes
## 0.93
## likewise
## 0.93
## lillustrated
## 0.93
## lilt
## 0.93
## lima
## 0.93
## limated
## 0.93
## limestone
## 0.93
## limitation
## 0.93
## limiting
## 0.93
## limned
## 0.93
## limr
## 0.93
## linchpin
## 0.93
## lindley
## 0.93
## linebacker
## 0.93
## linebackeril
## 0.93
## lines
## 0.93
## linesi
## 0.93
## ling
## 0.93
## lingering
## 0.93
## linguistic
## 0.93
## linilvo
## 0.93
## lininz
## 0.93
## linkage
## 0.93
## linkin
## 0.93
## linkup
## 0.93
## linsisted
## 0.93
## linterview·d
## 0.93
## linterview·n
## 0.93
## linterviewdi
## 0.93
## linterviewl
## 0.93
## linterviewsd
## 0.93
## linto
## 0.93
## linvited
## 0.93
## lionlla
## 0.93
## liorogruflhi
## 0.93
## lip
## 0.93
## lirregulars
## 0.93
## liscavo
## 0.93
## lish
## 0.93
## listen
## 0.93
## listory
## 0.93
## litany
## 0.93
## literally
## 0.93
## literate
## 0.93
## litiimr
## 0.93
## lition
## 0.93
## littered
## 0.93
## littering
## 0.93
## littlcs
## 0.93
## livelier
## 0.93
## lively
## 0.93
## livestock
## 0.93
## ljf
## 0.93
## ljjidd
## 0.93
## ljo
## 0.93
## ljoo
## 0.93
## ljshared
## 0.93
## ljt
## 0.93
## lkr
## 0.93
## ll·
## 0.93
## lleaped
## 0.93
## lley
## 0.93
## llf
## 0.93
## llg
## 0.93
## llistened
## 0.93
## lllf
## 0.93
## lllg
## 0.93
## llll
## 0.93
## lllllliliinl
## 0.93
## llo
## 0.93
## lmh
## 0.93
## lmj
## 0.93
## lmm
## 0.93
## lmr
## 0.93
## lmu
## 0.93
## lnc
## 0.93
## lnii
## 0.93
## lnjli
## 0.93
## lnoted
## 0.93
## lnow
## 0.93
## lnrll
## 0.93
## lnstructions
## 0.93
## loa
## 0.93
## loading
## 0.93
## loaned
## 0.93
## lobbed
## 0.93
## lobligation
## 0.93
## lobservations
## 0.93
## loca
## 0.93
## localities
## 0.93
## localized
## 0.93
## locall
## 0.93
## locate
## 0.93
## locet
## 0.93
## lock
## 0.93
## locus
## 0.93
## lod
## 0.93
## lodged
## 0.93
## lodgings
## 0.93
## lof
## 0.93
## lofficers
## 0.93
## loft
## 0.93
## log
## 0.93
## logic
## 0.93
## logistically
## 0.93
## logjam
## 0.93
## logrolling
## 0.93
## logs
## 0.93
## loiter
## 0.93
## loiting
## 0.93
## lolling
## 0.93
## lollniliiiiiiltj
## 0.93
## lom
## 0.93
## lomiles
## 0.93
## lonce
## 0.93
## lone
## 0.93
## longd
## 0.93
## longstanding
## 0.93
## longtieng
## 0.93
## lonz
## 0.93
## lookinn
## 0.93
## loomed
## 0.93
## looming
## 0.93
## looms
## 0.93
## loooeach
## 0.93
## loose
## 0.93
## loosening
## 0.93
## lore
## 0.93
## lorn
## 0.93
## loutof
## 0.93
## love
## 0.93
## loven
## 0.93
## lowest
## 0.93
## lowland
## 0.93
## lowlands
## 0.93
## lownd
## 0.93
## loy
## 0.93
## loyaltywanting
## 0.93
## lrac
## 0.93
## lrft
## 0.93
## lrn
## 0.93
## lrrcgutars
## 0.93
## lsfoung
## 0.93
## lso
## 0.93
## lsouk
## 0.93
## ltarrived
## 0.93
## ltfmr
## 0.93
## lthe
## 0.93
## ltigrn
## 0.93
## ltlfm
## 0.93
## ltlfmr
## 0.93
## luang
## 0.93
## luanra
## 0.93
## lucius
## 0.93
## ludicrous
## 0.93
## lue
## 0.93
## lug
## 0.93
## lugged
## 0.93
## lugging
## 0.93
## luir
## 0.93
## luity
## 0.93
## lumbering
## 0.93
## lunar
## 0.93
## lunc
## 0.93
## lunder
## 0.93
## lunderwent
## 0.93
## lungpower
## 0.93
## lunit
## 0.93
## lunits
## 0.93
## lurged
## 0.93
## lurk
## 0.93
## lurking
## 0.93
## lused
## 0.93
## lusing
## 0.93
## lute
## 0.93
## lutio
## 0.93
## lutionary
## 0.93
## lvtimr
## 0.93
## lwashington
## 0.93
## lwent
## 0.93
## lwmil
## 0.93
## lworked
## 0.93
## lycee
## 0.93
## lyfoung
## 0.93
## lyman
## 0.93
## lynchd
## 0.93
## lyptic
## 0.93
## maag
## 0.93
## maagi
## 0.93
## machetes
## 0.93
## machincguns
## 0.93
## machinegun
## 0.93
## machineguns
## 0.93
## machines
## 0.93
## macvisog
## 0.93
## madea
## 0.93
## maded
## 0.93
## madethe
## 0.93
## madison
## 0.93
## maeng
## 0.93
## magazine
## 0.93
## magic
## 0.93
## maginot
## 0.93
## magnificent
## 0.93
## magnify
## 0.93
## magsaysay
## 0.93
## mahaanosith
## 0.93
## mahaxay
## 0.93
## mainstay
## 0.93
## maintained
## 0.93
## maintenance
## 0.93
## majeste
## 0.93
## majml
## 0.93
## majorbases
## 0.93
## makeshift
## 0.93
## makeup
## 0.93
## makorn
## 0.93
## mal
## 0.93
## malaria
## 0.93
## maldeployment
## 0.93
## males
## 0.93
## malfeasance
## 0.93
## maliciously
## 0.93
## malignant
## 0.93
## malleable
## 0.93
## mally
## 0.93
## mana
## 0.93
## managementby
## 0.93
## managers
## 0.93
## managewent
## 0.93
## managing
## 0.93
## manding
## 0.93
## mandstructure
## 0.93
## manent
## 0.93
## maneu
## 0.93
## maneuvered
## 0.93
## mangement
## 0.93
## mangkra
## 0.93
## manh
## 0.93
## manifestly
## 0.93
## manifests
## 0.93
## manipulate
## 0.93
## mann
## 0.93
## manthat
## 0.93
## manyas
## 0.93
## mapo
## 0.93
## mapreading
## 0.93
## marching
## 0.93
## mareh
## 0.93
## margin
## 0.93
## marginal
## 0.93
## marginally
## 0.93
## margins
## 0.93
## marinesat
## 0.93
## markc
## 0.93
## markd
## 0.93
## marked
## 0.93
## markedly
## 0.93
## marker
## 0.93
## market
## 0.93
## marki
## 0.93
## marko
## 0.93
## marks
## 0.93
## marksman
## 0.93
## marksmen
## 0.93
## maro
## 0.93
## marrh
## 0.93
## marry
## 0.93
## martial
## 0.93
## maru
## 0.93
## marveled
## 0.93
## masked
## 0.93
## massacre
## 0.93
## massed
## 0.93
## massing
## 0.93
## massively
## 0.93
## master
## 0.93
## mastered
## 0.93
## masterful
## 0.93
## mastery
## 0.93
## mately
## 0.93
## materially
## 0.93
## materials
## 0.93
## mates
## 0.93
## math
## 0.93
## matured
## 0.93
## maturity
## 0.93
## mauled
## 0.93
## mave
## 0.93
## maximize
## 0.93
## maxwelld
## 0.93
## mayd
## 0.93
## mayloo·
## 0.93
## mba
## 0.93
## mcavoy
## 0.93
## mccen
## 0.93
## mccoy
## 0.93
## mcetin
## 0.93
## mclaos
## 0.93
## mcmurtrie
## 0.93
## mcnamaral
## 0.93
## mco
## 0.93
## mcoas
## 0.93
## mcorrigible
## 0.93
## meaing
## 0.93
## meals
## 0.93
## mealtime
## 0.93
## meanjhile
## 0.93
## means
## 0.93
## meanwhil
## 0.93
## meanwhilej
## 0.93
## meanwhilellbusied
## 0.93
## measurable
## 0.93
## measures
## 0.93
## meat
## 0.93
## mechanic
## 0.93
## mechanism
## 0.93
## mediate
## 0.93
## mediating
## 0.93
## mediation
## 0.93
## mediator
## 0.93
## medical
## 0.93
## medicine
## 0.93
## medicines
## 0.93
## meetin
## 0.93
## meetiog
## 0.93
## mehkong
## 0.93
## mekongd
## 0.93
## mekqil
## 0.93
## melancholy
## 0.93
## meliorate
## 0.93
## melt
## 0.93
## melted
## 0.93
## memo
## 0.93
## memor
## 0.93
## memoradum
## 0.93
## memorandumfrom
## 0.93
## memories
## 0.93
## menace
## 0.93
## mendation
## 0.93
## meng
## 0.93
## menial
## 0.93
## mentary
## 0.93
## mentioning
## 0.93
## meo
## 0.93
## meodom
## 0.93
## meoheartland
## 0.93
## meos
## 0.93
## mercenaries
## 0.93
## mercial
## 0.93
## mercies
## 0.93
## merciless
## 0.93
## mercurial
## 0.93
## mercy
## 0.93
## mere
## 0.93
## merely
## 0.93
## merger
## 0.93
## meritsd
## 0.93
## merle
## 0.93
## merlyforces
## 0.93
## merritt
## 0.93
## mesa
## 0.93
## messengers
## 0.93
## messy
## 0.93
## metal
## 0.93
## metaphor
## 0.93
## metastasized
## 0.93
## metcjand
## 0.93
## meth
## 0.93
## method
## 0.93
## methodically
## 0.93
## methods
## 0.93
## methvenj
## 0.93
## methventovar
## 0.93
## meticulously
## 0.93
## metisse
## 0.93
## metv
## 0.93
## meyer
## 0.93
## mhl
## 0.93
## michael
## 0.93
## microphone
## 0.93
## microphonecjwatched
## 0.93
## micunovic
## 0.93
## midaftemoon
## 0.93
## midst
## 0.93
## midstream
## 0.93
## midyear
## 0.93
## migra
## 0.93
## migrate
## 0.93
## migrated
## 0.93
## migratory
## 0.93
## mike
## 0.93
## mikemansfield
## 0.93
## mikoyan
## 0.93
## mikoyanfirst
## 0.93
## milita
## 0.93
## militar
## 0.93
## militaryd
## 0.93
## militaryregion
## 0.93
## militiamen
## 0.93
## militias
## 0.93
## miljoll
## 0.93
## milk
## 0.93
## millpond
## 0.93
## miloix
## 0.93
## minatory
## 0.93
## mindno
## 0.93
## minh·
## 0.93
## minimize
## 0.93
## minimized
## 0.93
## minimizing
## 0.93
## ministecj
## 0.93
## minoritiesd
## 0.93
## minuet
## 0.93
## minuscule
## 0.93
## miraculous
## 0.93
## mirror
## 0.93
## mirrored
## 0.93
## miscellaneous
## 0.93
## mischance
## 0.93
## mischiefmaking
## 0.93
## miscommunicationd
## 0.93
## miscreant
## 0.93
## mise
## 0.93
## misfired
## 0.93
## misfortunes
## 0.93
## mishrugged
## 0.93
## misnomer
## 0.93
## misperception
## 0.93
## missile
## 0.93
## missilestruck
## 0.93
## missing
## 0.93
## missingfarang
## 0.93
## missionaries
## 0.93
## missionto
## 0.93
## missionwide
## 0.93
## missoula
## 0.93
## mistak
## 0.93
## mistaken
## 0.93
## mistakes
## 0.93
## mistimes
## 0.93
## misunderstanding
## 0.93
## mitteeever
## 0.93
## mittie
## 0.93
## mix
## 0.93
## mixed
## 0.93
## mlaiofl
## 0.93
## mllitar
## 0.93
## mlr
## 0.93
## mlro
## 0.93
## mltlons
## 0.93
## mmanding
## 0.93
## mmu
## 0.93
## mmun
## 0.93
## mmunication
## 0.93
## mmuniza
## 0.93
## mnng
## 0.93
## moat
## 0.93
## mobile
## 0.93
## mobiles
## 0.93
## mocked
## 0.93
## mocr
## 0.93
## mod
## 0.93
## modate
## 0.93
## mode
## 0.93
## models
## 0.93
## modeo
## 0.93
## moderating
## 0.93
## modern
## 0.93
## modestly
## 0.93
## modicum
## 0.93
## modities·
## 0.93
## moil
## 0.93
## mojlified
## 0.93
## mol
## 0.93
## moldering
## 0.93
## molli
## 0.93
## momen
## 0.93
## momentary
## 0.93
## momyer
## 0.93
## mon
## 0.93
## monageguerruscj
## 0.93
## monarch
## 0.93
## monarchy
## 0.93
## mond
## 0.93
## monitored
## 0.93
## monitoring
## 0.93
## monitors
## 0.93
## monkeys
## 0.93
## monolithic
## 0.93
## monopolizing
## 0.93
## monopoly
## 0.93
## monstrosity
## 0.93
## monstrous
## 0.93
## montana
## 0.93
## monthly
## 0.93
## months·
## 0.93
## monthsl
## 0.93
## moore
## 0.93
## moorer
## 0.93
## moorried
## 0.93
## mor
## 0.93
## mora
## 0.93
## moral
## 0.93
## moralej
## 0.93
## morattico
## 0.93
## moredee
## 0.93
## moreindeterminate
## 0.93
## morningr
## 0.93
## morrison
## 0.93
## mortality
## 0.93
## mortally
## 0.93
## mortar
## 0.93
## mortars
## 0.93
## mortarsd
## 0.93
## mostlv
## 0.93
## mostof
## 0.93
## mother
## 0.93
## moti
## 0.93
## moting
## 0.93
## motiond
## 0.93
## motionless
## 0.93
## motivate
## 0.93
## motley
## 0.93
## motor
## 0.93
## motorable
## 0.93
## mou
## 0.93
## moua
## 0.93
## mounds
## 0.93
## moung
## 0.93
## mountain
## 0.93
## mountaintop
## 0.93
## mounting
## 0.93
## movem
## 0.93
## movers
## 0.93
## movingond
## 0.93
## mowed
## 0.93
## mpas
## 0.93
## mporized
## 0.93
## mpressions
## 0.93
## mrcrdicnon
## 0.93
## mri
## 0.93
## msgt
## 0.93
## msq
## 0.93
## mtly
## 0.93
## mua
## 0.93
## muddied
## 0.93
## mula
## 0.93
## mule
## 0.93
## multiballalion
## 0.93
## multibaltalion
## 0.93
## multibattalion
## 0.93
## multiengine
## 0.93
## multiethnic
## 0.93
## multiplex
## 0.93
## multiplied
## 0.93
## multipronged
## 0.93
## mumbled
## 0.93
## mundane
## 0.93
## mundt
## 0.93
## munication
## 0.93
## munications
## 0.93
## munitions
## 0.93
## munuions
## 0.93
## muongsoui
## 0.93
## muorig
## 0.93
## murdered
## 0.93
## murderous
## 0.93
## musing
## 0.93
## musket
## 0.93
## mustano
## 0.93
## mutations
## 0.93
## muted
## 0.93
## mutes
## 0.93
## mutibattalion
## 0.93
## mutineer
## 0.93
## mutinied
## 0.93
## mutinous
## 0.93
## muttered
## 0.93
## muzzle
## 0.93
## myste
## 0.93
## mysteriously
## 0.93
## mystical
## 0.93
## n·l
## 0.93
## n·m
## 0.93
## nage
## 0.93
## nai
## 0.93
## naiban
## 0.93
## naikhong
## 0.93
## nail
## 0.93
## nails
## 0.93
## nain
## 0.93
## naissance
## 0.93
## naively
## 0.93
## nakhet
## 0.93
## nakom
## 0.93
## nakorn
## 0.93
## nal
## 0.93
## nalkay
## 0.93
## namef
## 0.93
## nameof
## 0.93
## namesd
## 0.93
## namiza
## 0.93
## nance
## 0.93
## nank
## 0.93
## nants
## 0.93
## napalm
## 0.93
## nape
## 0.93
## narcoics
## 0.93
## narcotics
## 0.93
## narctcs
## 0.93
## nare
## 0.93
## narn
## 0.93
## narnca
## 0.93
## narnesel
## 0.93
## narrowed
## 0.93
## narrower
## 0.93
## nates
## 0.93
## nationalism
## 0.93
## nationalities
## 0.93
## nationallntelli
## 0.93
## natives
## 0.93
## nato
## 0.93
## natty
## 0.93
## naturaliza
## 0.93
## naturalization
## 0.93
## nav
## 0.93
## nbc
## 0.93
## nch
## 0.93
## nco
## 0.93
## ncrasies
## 0.93
## ncua
## 0.93
## nding
## 0.93
## ndrome
## 0.93
## ndry
## 0.93
## nearer
## 0.93
## nearerd
## 0.93
## nearing
## 0.93
## nearl
## 0.93
## nearlv
## 0.93
## neartchepone
## 0.93
## nec
## 0.93
## necessitate
## 0.93
## necessities
## 0.93
## necessity
## 0.93
## needsthey
## 0.93
## needy
## 0.93
## negate
## 0.93
## neglect
## 0.93
## neglected
## 0.93
## negligence
## 0.93
## negotiation
## 0.93
## negotiators
## 0.93
## nei
## 0.93
## neighboring
## 0.93
## neighbors
## 0.93
## neither
## 0.93
## nelr
## 0.93
## nels
## 0.93
## neng
## 0.93
## nent
## 0.93
## neo
## 0.93
## nerability
## 0.93
## nerable
## 0.93
## nerves
## 0.93
## nervously
## 0.93
## nest
## 0.93
## network·d
## 0.93
## networks
## 0.93
## neu
## 0.93
## neua
## 0.93
## neuad
## 0.93
## neuaeffort
## 0.93
## neulralists
## 0.93
## neutralized
## 0.93
## neutralizing
## 0.93
## neutrals
## 0.93
## nev
## 0.93
## neva
## 0.93
## newcomer
## 0.93
## newfound
## 0.93
## newsweek
## 0.93
## nex
## 0.93
## nexus
## 0.93
## nfar
## 0.93
## ngam
## 0.93
## ngat
## 0.93
## ngeun
## 0.93
## nghia
## 0.93
## nghial
## 0.93
## ngtot
## 0.93
## ngum
## 0.93
## nhai
## 0.93
## nhls
## 0.93
## nications
## 0.93
## nicians
## 0.93
## nicked
## 0.93
## nickname
## 0.93
## nied
## 0.93
## nifim
## 0.93
## nightfall
## 0.93
## nightly
## 0.93
## nightt
## 0.93
## nigt
## 0.93
## niii••
## 0.93
## nijht
## 0.93
## nim
## 0.93
## nimble
## 0.93
## nimity
## 0.93
## nimrod
## 0.93
## nineteen
## 0.93
## ninth
## 0.93
## nip
## 0.93
## nishing
## 0.93
## nislsd
## 0.93
## nist
## 0.93
## nition
## 0.93
## nix
## 0.93
## nixijl
## 0.93
## nize
## 0.93
## nja
## 0.93
## nlg
## 0.93
## nlhs
## 0.93
## nly
## 0.93
## nmndj
## 0.93
## nnd
## 0.93
## nnits
## 0.93
## noargument
## 0.93
## nobil
## 0.93
## nok
## 0.93
## nollh
## 0.93
## nolllmrn
## 0.93
## nomatch
## 0.93
## nomenclature
## 0.93
## nominal
## 0.93
## nominally
## 0.93
## noncom
## 0.93
## noncombatants
## 0.93
## noncommunist
## 0.93
## noncontroversial
## 0.93
## nonessential
## 0.93
## nong
## 0.93
## noninterference
## 0.93
## nonlethal
## 0.93
## nonmilitary
## 0.93
## norman
## 0.93
## nortb
## 0.93
## north
## 0.93
## north·
## 0.93
## northemlaosd
## 0.93
## northviet
## 0.93
## norti
## 0.93
## nosavan
## 0.93
## nose
## 0.93
## noso
## 0.93
## nostalgic
## 0.93
## notbe
## 0.93
## notes
## 0.93
## notexplain
## 0.93
## nothin
## 0.93
## notified
## 0.93
## notions
## 0.93
## noto
## 0.93
## notobject
## 0.93
## notonesuch
## 0.93
## notonly
## 0.93
## notori
## 0.93
## notprematurely
## 0.93
## nottheast
## 0.93
## nottravel
## 0.93
## notwithstanding
## 0.93
## noukville
## 0.93
## nouvong
## 0.93
## nowhere
## 0.93
## nrw
## 0.93
## nsi
## 0.93
## nsiderable
## 0.93
## nspicuously
## 0.93
## ntcjview
## 0.93
## ntcrvicw
## 0.93
## nted
## 0.93
## ntelligence
## 0.93
## ntervewjinterview·d
## 0.93
## ntervicw
## 0.93
## ntervicwd
## 0.93
## nterviewd
## 0.93
## nth
## 0.93
## ntight
## 0.93
## ntwlt
## 0.93
## nuclear
## 0.93
## nudge
## 0.93
## nui
## 0.93
## nuisanced
## 0.93
## numbering
## 0.93
## numberof
## 0.93
## numbersl
## 0.93
## numer
## 0.93
## nun
## 0.93
## nunez
## 0.93
## nungs
## 0.93
## nurtured
## 0.93
## nuts
## 0.93
## nva
## 0.93
## nvad
## 0.93
## nvalpl
## 0.93
## nvapathet
## 0.93
## nversa
## 0.93
## nwwd
## 0.93
## nya
## 0.93
## oach
## 0.93
## oas••
## 0.93
## obdurate
## 0.93
## obedient
## 0.93
## obfuscate
## 0.93
## objec
## 0.93
## objecting
## 0.93
## objectived
## 0.93
## obliga
## 0.93
## oblique
## 0.93
## obliterated
## 0.93
## obser
## 0.93
## observa
## 0.93
## observationd
## 0.93
## observations
## 0.93
## observing
## 0.93
## obsessed
## 0.93
## obsession
## 0.93
## obsolete
## 0.93
## obstreperous
## 0.93
## obstruction
## 0.93
## obstructionism
## 0.93
## obtain
## 0.93
## obtaining
## 0.93
## obvious
## 0.93
## occasional
## 0.93
## occasioned
## 0.93
## occasions
## 0.93
## occsdents
## 0.93
## occurrence
## 0.93
## occuying
## 0.93
## oconversalion
## 0.93
## oconversation
## 0.93
## octane
## 0.93
## octo
## 0.93
## oddstaffmade
## 0.93
## odious
## 0.93
## odlca
## 0.93
## oear
## 0.93
## oees
## 0.93
## oej
## 0.93
## oes
## 0.93
## ofamerican
## 0.93
## ofarms
## 0.93
## ofaxieng
## 0.93
## ofb
## 0.93
## ofengagementd
## 0.93
## offe
## 0.93
## offense
## 0.93
## offenses
## 0.93
## offensives
## 0.93
## offensivg
## 0.93
## offensivo
## 0.93
## offensved
## 0.93
## offering
## 0.93
## offexsi
## 0.93
## officerat
## 0.93
## officercj
## 0.93
## officerfor
## 0.93
## officerl
## 0.93
## officersall
## 0.93
## officeryo
## 0.93
## officet
## 0.93
## officialht
## 0.93
## officialsused
## 0.93
## offset
## 0.93
## offsetting
## 0.93
## offt
## 0.93
## ofheroin
## 0.93
## ofhn
## 0.93
## ofintelligence
## 0.93
## ofjames
## 0.93
## ofjars
## 0.93
## ofjors
## 0.93
## ofjt
## 0.93
## ofjuly
## 0.93
## oflaos
## 0.93
## oflerin
## 0.93
## ofmr
## 0.93
## ofneutralization
## 0.93
## ofngo
## 0.93
## ofnowhere
## 0.93
## ofpows
## 0.93
## ofsouth
## 0.93
## ofta
## 0.93
## oftactics
## 0.93
## ofte
## 0.93
## ofu
## 0.93
## ofyao
## 0.93
## oger
## 0.93
## ogistical
## 0.93
## oii
## 0.93
## oilj
## 0.93
## oillit
## 0.93
## oils
## 0.93
## oily
## 0.93
## oined
## 0.93
## oing
## 0.93
## oit
## 0.93
## oiui
## 0.93
## ojfensived
## 0.93
## ojicl
## 0.93
## ojjemin
## 0.93
## olain
## 0.93
## olderman
## 0.93
## oldrs
## 0.93
## olhcr
## 0.93
## olhl
## 0.93
## oliti
## 0.93
## olln
## 0.93
## oltlw
## 0.93
## oman
## 0.93
## omar
## 0.93
## omen
## 0.93
## omh
## 0.93
## ominous
## 0.93
## ominously
## 0.93
## ommend
## 0.93
## ommunications
## 0.93
## oms
## 0.93
## oncgfjhe
## 0.93
## ondary
## 0.93
## onel
## 0.93
## oneof
## 0.93
## onepuzzlethat
## 0.93
## onetime
## 0.93
## onger
## 0.93
## onhelp
## 0.93
## onkeo
## 0.93
## onlylisten
## 0.93
## onlyof
## 0.93
## onlyovert
## 0.93
## onnann
## 0.93
## onnortunities
## 0.93
## onroute
## 0.93
## onset
## 0.93
## onsouvanna
## 0.93
## ontroversy
## 0.93
## onus
## 0.93
## ooking
## 0.93
## oomplained
## 0.93
## ooo
## 0.93
## ooo·man
## 0.93
## oop•
## 0.93
## opaque
## 0.93
## opcrlionll
## 0.93
## oped
## 0.93
## openings
## 0.93
## openthewhereabouts
## 0.93
## opentioa
## 0.93
## operadons
## 0.93
## operalloll
## 0.93
## operates
## 0.93
## operati
## 0.93
## operatio
## 0.93
## operation
## 0.93
## operationajpjanning
## 0.93
## operationally
## 0.93
## operationc
## 0.93
## operationd
## 0.93
## operationl
## 0.93
## operatiou
## 0.93
## operatlon
## 0.93
## operatlond
## 0.93
## operato
## 0.93
## operatonl
## 0.93
## opium
## 0.93
## opliraond
## 0.93
## opment
## 0.93
## opnose
## 0.93
## opponents
## 0.93
## oppressive
## 0.93
## opt
## 0.93
## opted
## 0.93
## optimists
## 0.93
## option
## 0.93
## options
## 0.93
## oqinion
## 0.93
## oracle
## 0.93
## orang
## 0.93
## oration
## 0.93
## orators
## 0.93
## orbiting
## 0.93
## orchestrated
## 0.93
## orchestrating
## 0.93
## orcjpresrnce
## 0.93
## orconnive
## 0.93
## ord
## 0.93
## ordained
## 0.93
## ordinance
## 0.93
## ordinarily
## 0.93
## ordinary
## 0.93
## oreported
## 0.93
## organic
## 0.93
## organizedd
## 0.93
## ori
## 0.93
## oria
## 0.93
## orient
## 0.93
## orig
## 0.93
## origi
## 0.93
## originally
## 0.93
## orininll
## 0.93
## orked
## 0.93
## orl
## 0.93
## orllltltlio
## 0.93
## oroerem
## 0.93
## oroun
## 0.93
## orous
## 0.93
## orovide
## 0.93
## orphans
## 0.93
## orrsure
## 0.93
## ors
## 0.93
## ort
## 0.93
## ortelephone
## 0.93
## orthe
## 0.93
## oruffi
## 0.93
## orus
## 0.93
## orzanization
## 0.93
## ostentatiously
## 0.93
## ostracized
## 0.93
## otc
## 0.93
## otfmr
## 0.93
## otftolh
## 0.93
## othe
## 0.93
## othere
## 0.93
## otheri
## 0.93
## otherjd
## 0.93
## otian
## 0.93
## otiator
## 0.93
## otic
## 0.93
## oting
## 0.93
## otitit
## 0.93
## otl
## 0.93
## ots
## 0.93
## otter
## 0.93
## ouane
## 0.93
## ouanerathikoun
## 0.93
## oubted
## 0.93
## oudone
## 0.93
## oug
## 0.93
## oujd
## 0.93
## ouk
## 0.93
## ould
## 0.93
## oum
## 0.93
## oun
## 0.93
## ouncciisci
## 0.93
## ounderstanding
## 0.93
## ourn
## 0.93
## ous
## 0.93
## ously
## 0.93
## ousted
## 0.93
## outbreak
## 0.93
## outcry
## 0.93
## outfit
## 0.93
## outgoing
## 0.93
## outin
## 0.93
## outjd
## 0.93
## outlaws
## 0.93
## outlet
## 0.93
## outlying
## 0.93
## outmanned
## 0.93
## outnumbered
## 0.93
## outpace
## 0.93
## outposts
## 0.93
## outright
## 0.93
## outsider
## 0.93
## outsiders
## 0.93
## outskirts
## 0.93
## outspoken
## 0.93
## outward
## 0.93
## outweigh
## 0.93
## outweighed
## 0.93
## ouvanna
## 0.93
## ovaltine
## 0.93
## ovar
## 0.93
## ovcrspeed
## 0.93
## ovcrwhclming
## 0.93
## overaggressive
## 0.93
## overall
## 0.93
## overambitious
## 0.93
## overca
## 0.93
## overcame
## 0.93
## overcast
## 0.93
## overcoming
## 0.93
## overconfidence
## 0.93
## overextended
## 0.93
## overhead
## 0.93
## overlapping
## 0.93
## overloadd
## 0.93
## overlooking
## 0.93
## overnÂ
## 0.93
## overni
## 0.93
## overnight
## 0.93
## overran
## 0.93
## overre
## 0.93
## overreaching
## 0.93
## overreaction
## 0.93
## overridden
## 0.93
## overridin
## 0.93
## overriding
## 0.93
## overrode
## 0.93
## overrunning
## 0.93
## oversee
## 0.93
## overseeing
## 0.93
## overstated
## 0.93
## overtaken
## 0.93
## overtaxed
## 0.93
## overthe
## 0.93
## overthrow
## 0.93
## overthrown
## 0.93
## overtly
## 0.93
## overturn
## 0.93
## overturned
## 0.93
## overweening
## 0.93
## overwhelm
## 0.93
## overwhelming
## 0.93
## ower
## 0.93
## owho
## 0.93
## owing
## 0.93
## ownex
## 0.93
## owningthe
## 0.93
## oyaltyd
## 0.93
## pac
## 0.93
## pacaf
## 0.93
## pace
## 0.93
## pacific
## 0.93
## pack
## 0.93
## packages
## 0.93
## packard
## 0.93
## packed
## 0.93
## packs
## 0.93
## pact
## 0.93
## pad
## 0.93
## paddy
## 0.93
## padong
## 0.93
## padong·d
## 0.93
## pads
## 0.93
## paf
## 0.93
## pain
## 0.93
## painfully
## 0.93
## painstakingly
## 0.93
## pajamas
## 0.93
## pak
## 0.93
## paksanc
## 0.93
## paksane
## 0.93
## pakse
## 0.93
## paksong
## 0.93
## paksonz
## 0.93
## paladin
## 0.93
## paldon
## 0.93
## palhel
## 0.93
## pall
## 0.93
## palpable
## 0.93
## panel
## 0.93
## panhan
## 0.93
## panhandle·l
## 0.93
## panhandled
## 0.93
## panhandlo
## 0.93
## panicky
## 0.93
## panied
## 0.93
## panoply
## 0.93
## pants
## 0.93
## pany
## 0.93
## panying
## 0.93
## pao
## 0.93
## paoand
## 0.93
## paod
## 0.93
## paoflew
## 0.93
## paoin
## 0.93
## paol
## 0.93
## paosnatchcd
## 0.93
## paper
## 0.93
## parachuting
## 0.93
## paraffili
## 0.93
## paragon
## 0.93
## paragraph
## 0.93
## paragraphs
## 0.93
## paralyzing
## 0.93
## paramiiitaj
## 0.93
## paramil
## 0.93
## paramili
## 0.93
## paramilitaryprogram
## 0.93
## parasites
## 0.93
## paratroop
## 0.93
## paren
## 0.93
## pario
## 0.93
## parisd
## 0.93
## pariso
## 0.93
## parison
## 0.93
## pariswith
## 0.93
## park
## 0.93
## parks
## 0.93
## parlso
## 0.93
## parso
## 0.93
## parsons
## 0.93
## partici
## 0.93
## participate
## 0.93
## participating
## 0.93
## particular
## 0.93
## partition
## 0.93
## partition·
## 0.93
## partiy
## 0.93
## partment
## 0.93
## partof
## 0.93
## parts
## 0.93
## paru
## 0.93
## pass·
## 0.93
## passage
## 0.93
## passenger
## 0.93
## passes
## 0.93
## passionate
## 0.93
## passively
## 0.93
## paste
## 0.93
## patbet
## 0.93
## patched
## 0.93
## patches
## 0.93
## paternal
## 0.93
## paternalistic
## 0.93
## path
## 0.93
## pathct
## 0.93
## pathet
## 0.93
## pathetic
## 0.93
## pathetically
## 0.93
## patie
## 0.93
## patient
## 0.93
## patiently
## 0.93
## pating
## 0.93
## patlte
## 0.93
## patois
## 0.93
## patri
## 0.93
## patriotic
## 0.93
## patriotism
## 0.93
## patrollinuverhead
## 0.93
## patron
## 0.93
## patrond
## 0.93
## patrons
## 0.93
## patronsd
## 0.93
## pattern
## 0.93
## patterns
## 0.93
## pause
## 0.93
## paused
## 0.93
## pauses
## 0.93
## pave
## 0.93
## pawn
## 0.93
## pawnd
## 0.93
## pawns
## 0.93
## payload
## 0.93
## paymaster
## 0.93
## payor
## 0.93
## payraise
## 0.93
## payroll
## 0.93
## payrolls
## 0.93
## pbrase
## 0.93
## pccera
## 0.93
## pcnnittcd
## 0.93
## pcountry
## 0.93
## pcr
## 0.93
## pdj
## 0.93
## pea
## 0.93
## pead
## 0.93
## peaked
## 0.93
## peaks
## 0.93
## pear
## 0.93
## pecking
## 0.93
## peculiarities
## 0.93
## pee
## 0.93
## peeking
## 0.93
## peevish
## 0.93
## peg
## 0.93
## pelting
## 0.93
## penalty
## 0.93
## pencil
## 0.93
## pened
## 0.93
## penetrate
## 0.93
## penetratinong
## 0.93
## penetrator
## 0.93
## penin
## 0.93
## peninsula
## 0.93
## penned
## 0.93
## pennsylvaniajd
## 0.93
## peod
## 0.93
## peoi
## 0.93
## peole
## 0.93
## peopled
## 0.93
## peopledo
## 0.93
## peopleiiacrbeen
## 0.93
## peoples
## 0.93
## pep
## 0.93
## peppered
## 0.93
## perceived
## 0.93
## percepti
## 0.93
## perceptive
## 0.93
## perched
## 0.93
## perehediod
## 0.93
## perfect
## 0.93
## perfectly
## 0.93
## perfidy
## 0.93
## perforce
## 0.93
## performing
## 0.93
## peril
## 0.93
## perilous
## 0.93
## perils
## 0.93
## periodicals
## 0.93
## periphery
## 0.93
## perishable
## 0.93
## perished
## 0.93
## perma
## 0.93
## perpetrators
## 0.93
## perplexing
## 0.93
## persevere
## 0.93
## persistence
## 0.93
## personable
## 0.93
## personaliz
## 0.93
## pert
## 0.93
## pervasive
## 0.93
## perverse
## 0.93
## pet
## 0.93
## petlay
## 0.93
## pettifoggery
## 0.93
## pettigrew
## 0.93
## petty
## 0.93
## pever
## 0.93
## pew
## 0.93
## pffered
## 0.93
## pffice
## 0.93
## pfiti
## 0.93
## pfo
## 0.93
## pfrations
## 0.93
## pgnu
## 0.93
## pgnui
## 0.93
## pha
## 0.93
## phaitoon
## 0.93
## phalane
## 0.93
## phan·d
## 0.93
## phanom
## 0.93
## phantom
## 0.93
## phao
## 0.93
## phased
## 0.93
## phasouk
## 0.93
## phcht
## 0.93
## phcumi
## 0.93
## phen
## 0.93
## pheng
## 0.93
## phian
## 0.93
## phinc
## 0.93
## phine
## 0.93
## phlegmatic
## 0.93
## pho
## 0.93
## phoenix
## 0.93
## pholsena
## 0.93
## phomma
## 0.93
## phommarath
## 0.93
## phoney
## 0.93
## phongs
## 0.93
## phongsavan
## 0.93
## phongsyan
## 0.93
## phonq
## 0.93
## phoo
## 0.93
## phosphorus
## 0.93
## photographs
## 0.93
## photography
## 0.93
## photoreconnaissance
## 0.93
## photosthat
## 0.93
## phou
## 0.93
## phoui
## 0.93
## phouma
## 0.93
## phoumi
## 0.93
## phoupha
## 0.93
## physi
## 0.93
## pian
## 0.93
## pianning
## 0.93
## picayune
## 0.93
## pickedoffmilitary
## 0.93
## pickedupl
## 0.93
## picket
## 0.93
## picking
## 0.93
## pictures
## 0.93
## pie
## 0.93
## piecemeal
## 0.93
## piedmont
## 0.93
## pierced
## 0.93
## pig
## 0.93
## pigeon
## 0.93
## pigfat
## 0.93
## pigfatd
## 0.93
## pila
## 0.93
## pilatu
## 0.93
## pilatus
## 0.93
## pilii
## 0.93
## pillage
## 0.93
## pillaged
## 0.93
## pilotrheard
## 0.93
## pilotso
## 0.93
## pimp
## 0.93
## pines
## 0.93
## pinpoint
## 0.93
## pinprick
## 0.93
## pintervicwl
## 0.93
## pioned
## 0.93
## pioneering
## 0.93
## pipe
## 0.93
## piper
## 0.93
## pitch
## 0.93
## pitiful
## 0.93
## pity
## 0.93
## pjovoked
## 0.93
## pla
## 0.93
## placate
## 0.93
## placed
## 0.93
## plague
## 0.93
## plagued
## 0.93
## plaia
## 0.93
## plain
## 0.93
## plain·jzo
## 0.93
## plaind
## 0.93
## plaine
## 0.93
## plains
## 0.93
## plainthe
## 0.93
## plaintively
## 0.93
## planalion
## 0.93
## planel
## 0.93
## plannin
## 0.93
## planter
## 0.93
## plantings
## 0.93
## plat
## 0.93
## plateau
## 0.93
## plateaud
## 0.93
## plated
## 0.93
## platoon
## 0.93
## platoons
## 0.93
## plaudits
## 0.93
## playa
## 0.93
## plea
## 0.93
## plead
## 0.93
## pleaded
## 0.93
## pleas
## 0.93
## pleasantly
## 0.93
## pleasure
## 0.93
## pledge
## 0.93
## pledges
## 0.93
## plei
## 0.93
## plementation
## 0.93
## pleted
## 0.93
## pleting
## 0.93
## pli
## 0.93
## pliant
## 0.93
## plicated
## 0.93
## plill
## 0.93
## pline
## 0.93
## pling
## 0.93
## plish
## 0.93
## pllhk
## 0.93
## plllr
## 0.93
## pllne
## 0.93
## plm
## 0.93
## plnnsivi
## 0.93
## ploy·
## 0.93
## pluck
## 0.93
## plug
## 0.93
## plum
## 0.93
## plusand
## 0.93
## pmhllm
## 0.93
## pmmlinl
## 0.93
## pneumonia
## 0.93
## pnger
## 0.93
## pnncipai
## 0.93
## pockets
## 0.93
## poeiuoqii
## 0.93
## poeltiom
## 0.93
## pogram
## 0.93
## poinld
## 0.93
## pointblank
## 0.93
## pointl
## 0.93
## pointn
## 0.93
## pointsmade
## 0.93
## poised
## 0.93
## poisoning
## 0.93
## poland
## 0.93
## polemics
## 0.93
## poles
## 0.93
## policyd
## 0.93
## policymaker
## 0.93
## policymaking
## 0.93
## poliey
## 0.93
## politely
## 0.93
## politicalstructure
## 0.93
## politicsof
## 0.93
## polityo
## 0.93
## politys
## 0.93
## pollcv
## 0.93
## polltlon•
## 0.93
## pollyanna
## 0.93
## polygamists
## 0.93
## polygamy
## 0.93
## polygraph
## 0.93
## pompetence
## 0.93
## pond
## 0.93
## ponded
## 0.93
## pone
## 0.93
## ponu
## 0.93
## pool
## 0.93
## pooma
## 0.93
## poorer
## 0.93
## pop
## 0.93
## popped
## 0.93
## poppies
## 0.93
## poppy
## 0.93
## popularity
## 0.93
## popularize
## 0.93
## populations
## 0.93
## populist
## 0.93
## populous
## 0.93
## porces
## 0.93
## porch
## 0.93
## pork
## 0.93
## porous
## 0.93
## portable
## 0.93
## portents
## 0.93
## porter
## 0.93
## porters
## 0.93
## portfolio
## 0.93
## porting
## 0.93
## portion
## 0.93
## posing
## 0.93
## posinons
## 0.93
## positional
## 0.93
## positioned
## 0.93
## positively
## 0.93
## possessed
## 0.93
## possessor
## 0.93
## possibilitysj
## 0.93
## possibilny
## 0.93
## possibled
## 0.93
## possiblei
## 0.93
## postcolonial
## 0.93
## postd
## 0.93
## posters
## 0.93
## postfacto
## 0.93
## posthaste
## 0.93
## posture
## 0.93
## postwasoftenlocated
## 0.93
## pot
## 0.93
## potato
## 0.93
## potency
## 0.93
## potentate
## 0.93
## potion
## 0.93
## poultry
## 0.93
## pounce
## 0.93
## pound
## 0.93
## pounded
## 0.93
## pounding
## 0.93
## pounds
## 0.93
## pour
## 0.93
## poured
## 0.93
## poverty
## 0.93
## powder
## 0.93
## powered
## 0.93
## pport
## 0.93
## pra
## 0.93
## prabana
## 0.93
## prabang
## 0.93
## practitioner
## 0.93
## practitioners
## 0.93
## praeger
## 0.93
## prag
## 0.93
## pragmatic
## 0.93
## pramoj
## 0.93
## prank
## 0.93
## prasavath
## 0.93
## pratat
## 0.93
## pray
## 0.93
## prayer
## 0.93
## prc
## 0.93
## prcsented
## 0.93
## precede
## 0.93
## precedents
## 0.93
## preceding
## 0.93
## precipice
## 0.93
## precipitated
## 0.93
## precipitately
## 0.93
## precipitously
## 0.93
## precision
## 0.93
## preclude
## 0.93
## precluding
## 0.93
## predated
## 0.93
## predatory
## 0.93
## predictably
## 0.93
## predisposition
## 0.93
## predominant
## 0.93
## predominantly
## 0.93
## preeminent
## 0.93
## preempting
## 0.93
## preemption
## 0.93
## preemptive
## 0.93
## pref
## 0.93
## prefaces
## 0.93
## preferable
## 0.93
## preferably
## 0.93
## preferences
## 0.93
## preferring
## 0.93
## prema
## 0.93
## prematureld
## 0.93
## premium
## 0.93
## prepare
## 0.93
## presage
## 0.93
## presaged
## 0.93
## prese
## 0.93
## presentation
## 0.93
## preserv
## 0.93
## preserva
## 0.93
## preservation
## 0.93
## presssure
## 0.93
## pressure·d
## 0.93
## pressured
## 0.93
## presumabl
## 0.93
## presumptive
## 0.93
## pretense
## 0.93
## pretextto
## 0.93
## preva
## 0.93
## prevalenceof
## 0.93
## prevalent
## 0.93
## previously
## 0.93
## pri
## 0.93
## pribbenow
## 0.93
## prick
## 0.93
## prided
## 0.93
## prietary
## 0.93
## primitive
## 0.93
## princes
## 0.93
## princeton
## 0.93
## principalfeatures
## 0.93
## principally
## 0.93
## principle
## 0.93
## prior
## 0.93
## priori
## 0.93
## priorit
## 0.93
## priorityd
## 0.93
## privates
## 0.93
## prltracted
## 0.93
## proba
## 0.93
## probabl
## 0.93
## probable
## 0.93
## probes
## 0.93
## problematical
## 0.93
## problemcj
## 0.93
## problemfamiliar
## 0.93
## proclaim
## 0.93
## procommu
## 0.93
## procommunist
## 0.93
## procrastinated
## 0.93
## procured
## 0.93
## prodded
## 0.93
## producer
## 0.93
## productive
## 0.93
## professionallives
## 0.93
## professions
## 0.93
## profiting
## 0.93
## profits
## 0.93
## profligate
## 0.93
## prog
## 0.93
## progovernment
## 0.93
## progr
## 0.93
## programmed
## 0.93
## programming
## 0.93
## programu
## 0.93
## progressed
## 0.93
## progressive
## 0.93
## prohibiting
## 0.93
## prohibition
## 0.93
## prohlem
## 0.93
## projected
## 0.93
## prokiune
## 0.93
## proliferation
## 0.93
## prologue
## 0.93
## prolong
## 0.93
## promi
## 0.93
## promis
## 0.93
## promised
## 0.93
## promoi
## 0.93
## promontories
## 0.93
## promotion
## 0.93
## promulgated
## 0.93
## pronged
## 0.93
## pronunciation
## 0.93
## propa
## 0.93
## propagandist
## 0.93
## propelled
## 0.93
## propeller
## 0.93
## propensity
## 0.93
## property
## 0.93
## propitious
## 0.93
## propl
## 0.93
## propo
## 0.93
## proportionate
## 0.93
## proposa
## 0.93
## proposald
## 0.93
## proposalto
## 0.93
## prorser
## 0.93
## prosaic
## 0.93
## proscrip
## 0.93
## prosct
## 0.93
## prose
## 0.93
## proselytize
## 0.93
## proselytized
## 0.93
## proselytizing
## 0.93
## prospec
## 0.93
## prospectd
## 0.93
## prospectsor
## 0.93
## prosperity
## 0.93
## prostrate
## 0.93
## protec
## 0.93
## protected
## 0.93
## protecti
## 0.93
## protecting
## 0.93
## protective
## 0.93
## protector
## 0.93
## protectors
## 0.93
## proteges
## 0.93
## protes
## 0.93
## protestations
## 0.93
## protesters
## 0.93
## prototype
## 0.93
## protrted
## 0.93
## proud
## 0.93
## prov
## 0.93
## prove
## 0.93
## proverb
## 0.93
## proverbial
## 0.93
## provg
## 0.93
## proving
## 0.93
## provoca
## 0.93
## provocatived
## 0.93
## prow
## 0.93
## proximity
## 0.93
## proxy
## 0.93
## proybly
## 0.93
## prtably
## 0.93
## pry
## 0.93
## psd
## 0.93
## psyche
## 0.93
## ptane
## 0.93
## ptation
## 0.93
## ptned
## 0.93
## publications
## 0.93
## publicity·d
## 0.93
## publie
## 0.93
## publishing
## 0.93
## pudding
## 0.93
## puff
## 0.93
## puii
## 0.93
## pullback
## 0.93
## pullout
## 0.93
## pumping
## 0.93
## punch
## 0.93
## punches
## 0.93
## punctuality
## 0.93
## puncture
## 0.93
## puo
## 0.93
## purchases
## 0.93
## purification
## 0.93
## purported
## 0.93
## purposed
## 0.93
## purposes
## 0.93
## purposesd
## 0.93
## pursuance
## 0.93
## pursued
## 0.93
## pushing
## 0.93
## pushkin
## 0.93
## putatively
## 0.93
## putcjat
## 0.93
## puters
## 0.93
## putes
## 0.93
## putt
## 0.93
## puzzled
## 0.93
## qinue
## 0.93
## qln
## 0.93
## qromote
## 0.93
## quadrant
## 0.93
## quagmire
## 0.93
## quaking
## 0.93
## qualifications
## 0.93
## qualified
## 0.93
## qualitati
## 0.93
## qualitative
## 0.93
## qualities
## 0.93
## qualms
## 0.93
## quandary
## 0.93
## quandaryd
## 0.93
## quane
## 0.93
## quantitative
## 0.93
## quantities
## 0.93
## quantum
## 0.93
## quarantined
## 0.93
## quarrel
## 0.93
## ques
## 0.93
## questand
## 0.93
## questionable
## 0.93
## questiond
## 0.93
## questionl
## 0.93
## questiono
## 0.93
## questond
## 0.93
## quib
## 0.93
## quibbled
## 0.93
## quibbling
## 0.93
## quic
## 0.93
## quicken
## 0.93
## quicker
## 0.93
## quieted
## 0.93
## quinim
## 0.93
## quit
## 0.93
## quiy
## 0.93
## quizzed
## 0.93
## quoj
## 0.93
## quorum
## 0.93
## raced
## 0.93
## racing
## 0.93
## racks
## 0.93
## racy
## 0.93
## radars
## 0.93
## radic
## 0.93
## radically
## 0.93
## radioman
## 0.93
## radiomen
## 0.93
## radius
## 0.93
## rafinj
## 0.93
## rageld
## 0.93
## rags
## 0.93
## raided
## 0.93
## raiding
## 0.93
## raillery
## 0.93
## rain
## 0.93
## raindance
## 0.93
## rainfall
## 0.93
## rainy
## 0.93
## raising
## 0.93
## raison
## 0.93
## raked
## 0.93
## ral
## 0.93
## rals
## 0.93
## ram
## 0.93
## ramon
## 0.93
## rampant
## 0.93
## rancor
## 0.93
## random
## 0.93
## randum
## 0.93
## ranger
## 0.93
## ranges
## 0.93
## ranid
## 0.93
## rankle
## 0.93
## rankled
## 0.93
## ranslation
## 0.93
## rapacity
## 0.93
## rapid
## 0.93
## rar
## 0.93
## raramilitary
## 0.93
## rared
## 0.93
## rarely
## 0.93
## rarity
## 0.93
## rash
## 0.93
## rasping
## 0.93
## rat
## 0.93
## rathik
## 0.93
## rathikoun
## 0.93
## ratiod
## 0.93
## ration
## 0.93
## rational
## 0.93
## rationso
## 0.93
## ravages
## 0.93
## raven
## 0.93
## ravo
## 0.93
## ravong
## 0.93
## raw
## 0.93
## ray
## 0.93
## raynor
## 0.93
## raysl
## 0.93
## rccollcction
## 0.93
## rccollectiond
## 0.93
## rcportd
## 0.93
## rct
## 0.93
## rculio
## 0.93
## rdlyr
## 0.93
## reached·
## 0.93
## reactionaries
## 0.93
## reactivated
## 0.93
## reactivation
## 0.93
## reactive
## 0.93
## reactsd
## 0.93
## readable
## 0.93
## readied
## 0.93
## reaehed
## 0.93
## realization
## 0.93
## realize
## 0.93
## realized
## 0.93
## realm
## 0.93
## realpolitik
## 0.93
## reared
## 0.93
## rearm
## 0.93
## reasoned
## 0.93
## reasoning
## 0.93
## reasonto
## 0.93
## reassemble
## 0.93
## reassembled
## 0.93
## reasserting
## 0.93
## reassurances
## 0.93
## reater
## 0.93
## rebel
## 0.93
## rebound
## 0.93
## rebuffed
## 0.93
## rebuttal
## 0.93
## recant
## 0.93
## recaptured
## 0.93
## recede
## 0.93
## recenrly
## 0.93
## reception
## 0.93
## reci
## 0.93
## reciatcd
## 0.93
## recipro
## 0.93
## reciprocal
## 0.93
## reckoned
## 0.93
## reckoning
## 0.93
## reclaim
## 0.93
## reclaimed
## 0.93
## reclaiming
## 0.93
## recognizing
## 0.93
## recoiled
## 0.93
## recoilless
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## recollecliond
## 0.93
## recollecliono
## 0.93
## recollection
## 0.93
## recollection·u
## 0.93
## recollectioncj
## 0.93
## recollectiond
## 0.93
## recollectionof
## 0.93
## recollectionsof
## 0.93
## recollectionu
## 0.93
## recollectionwas
## 0.93
## recommend
## 0.93
## recon
## 0.93
## reconcile
## 0.93
## reconstitute
## 0.93
## reconstruction
## 0.93
## reconvene
## 0.93
## reconvened
## 0.93
## records
## 0.93
## recounting
## 0.93
## recoveredi
## 0.93
## recovering
## 0.93
## recovery
## 0.93
## recreated
## 0.93
## recruitable
## 0.93
## recruited
## 0.93
## recruitiig
## 0.93
## recruiting
## 0.93
## recrullin
## 0.93
## rectitude
## 0.93
## recuperation
## 0.93
## recur
## 0.93
## recurrent
## 0.93
## redeployment
## 0.93
## redirected
## 0.93
## redistribution
## 0.93
## redoubt
## 0.93
## redoubtable
## 0.93
## redress
## 0.93
## redughtattheendofthewnnel
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## reestablishing
## 0.93
## reeted
## 0.93
## reexamination
## 0.93
## reexamine
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## refinery
## 0.93
## refining
## 0.93
## refitting
## 0.93
## reflective
## 0.93
## reflectsgeneral
## 0.93
## reformers
## 0.93
## refresher
## 0.93
## refreshing
## 0.93
## refresrted
## 0.93
## refuge
## 0.93
## refurees
## 0.93
## refuscd
## 0.93
## refusedi
## 0.93
## reg
## 0.93
## regarde
## 0.93
## regi
## 0.93
## regimen
## 0.93
## regimental
## 0.93
## regiments
## 0.93
## registration
## 0.93
## regr
## 0.93
## regretfully
## 0.93
## regrettably
## 0.93
## regroup
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## regularirregular
## 0.93
## regularly
## 0.93
## rehearsed
## 0.93
## rei
## 0.93
## reimbursement
## 0.93
## reinforcemenis
## 0.93
## reinforcements
## 0.93
## reinforcementsj
## 0.93
## reintegra
## 0.93
## reiui
## 0.93
## rejected
## 0.93
## rejecting
## 0.93
## rejoice
## 0.93
## rejoiced
## 0.93
## rejoined
## 0.93
## rekindled
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## relaeed
## 0.93
## relates
## 0.93
## relationsd
## 0.93
## relationships
## 0.93
## relaxed
## 0.93
## relaxing
## 0.93
## relaying
## 0.93
## releasing
## 0.93
## relegating
## 0.93
## relentless
## 0.93
## relentlessly
## 0.93
## releva
## 0.93
## relhven
## 0.93
## reliance
## 0.93
## reliant
## 0.93
## relic
## 0.93
## relicoer
## 0.93
## relics
## 0.93
## reliedfor
## 0.93
## relieves
## 0.93
## relieving
## 0.93
## relo
## 0.93
## relocate
## 0.93
## relying
## 0.93
## remains
## 0.93
## remarkable
## 0.93
## remindedust
## 0.93
## reminding
## 0.93
## remnant
## 0.93
## remnants
## 0.93
## renade
## 0.93
## renege
## 0.93
## reneging
## 0.93
## renounced
## 0.93
## renresentinz
## 0.93
## rently
## 0.93
## reoccupation
## 0.93
## reoccupied
## 0.93
## reolacement
## 0.93
## reoorted
## 0.93
## reorganir
## 0.93
## reorganized
## 0.93
## reorganizing
## 0.93
## reorientation
## 0.93
## repairing
## 0.93
## repairs
## 0.93
## repatriaied
## 0.93
## repatriate
## 0.93
## repatriated
## 0.93
## repay
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## repelling
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## replacements
## 0.93
## replacing
## 0.93
## replicated
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## replying
## 0.93
## reponed
## 0.93
## reponing
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## reporters
## 0.93
## reportingshackley
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## representatif
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## repris
## 0.93
## reprisals
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## reproach
## 0.93
## reproduced
## 0.93
## repu
## 0.93
## repudiate
## 0.93
## repugnant
## 0.93
## repuiiate
## 0.93
## repulsed
## 0.93
## reputa
## 0.93
## requiredl
## 0.93
## requires
## 0.93
## requisition
## 0.93
## rerations
## 0.93
## rerrt
## 0.93
## rerulsrd
## 0.93
## rescinded
## 0.93
## rescuer
## 0.93
## rescuers
## 0.93
## rescuing
## 0.93
## resembled
## 0.93
## resence
## 0.93
## reservation
## 0.93
## reserving
## 0.93
## resettled
## 0.93
## resettlement
## 0.93
## reshaped
## 0.93
## reside
## 0.93
## resided
## 0.93
## residents
## 0.93
## resig
## 0.93
## resil
## 0.93
## resilience
## 0.93
## resiliency
## 0.93
## resilient
## 0.93
## resisling
## 0.93
## resistaifyfter
## 0.93
## resistanced
## 0.93
## reso
## 0.93
## resolute
## 0.93
## resolutions
## 0.93
## reson
## 0.93
## resorted
## 0.93
## resourc
## 0.93
## resourceful
## 0.93
## respectively
## 0.93
## respon
## 0.93
## response·
## 0.93
## responsed
## 0.93
## responsi
## 0.93
## resr
## 0.93
## resre
## 0.93
## restatement
## 0.93
## restd
## 0.93
## restive
## 0.93
## restiveness
## 0.93
## restore
## 0.93
## restored·
## 0.93
## restoring
## 0.93
## restraintd
## 0.93
## restric
## 0.93
## restricti
## 0.93
## restrictions
## 0.93
## resul
## 0.93
## resurrection
## 0.93
## retaining
## 0.93
## retaken
## 0.93
## retal
## 0.93
## retaliate
## 0.93
## rethink
## 0.93
## retif
## 0.93
## retimr
## 0.93
## retook
## 0.93
## retrain
## 0.93
## retrained
## 0.93
## retraining
## 0.93
## retreadscresumably
## 0.93
## retreating
## 0.93
## retrieve
## 0.93
## retumed
## 0.93
## reunion
## 0.93
## reupi
## 0.93
## rev
## 0.93
## revealing
## 0.93
## reveals
## 0.93
## revenge
## 0.93
## rever
## 0.93
## revered
## 0.93
## reverse
## 0.93
## reversion
## 0.93
## revert
## 0.93
## revisions
## 0.93
## revitalize
## 0.93
## revive
## 0.93
## revived
## 0.93
## revo
## 0.93
## revolve
## 0.93
## rewarded
## 0.93
## rff
## 0.93
## rflt
## 0.93
## rfo
## 0.93
## rhetoric
## 0.93
## rhetorical
## 0.93
## rhetorically
## 0.93
## rhi
## 0.93
## rhie
## 0.93
## rhn
## 0.93
## rhose
## 0.93
## rhyne
## 0.93
## rhythm
## 0.93
## rications
## 0.93
## ricocheting
## 0.93
## ricture
## 0.93
## rid
## 0.93
## ride
## 0.93
## ridgeline
## 0.93
## ridgelines
## 0.93
## ridges
## 0.93
## ridor
## 0.93
## riel
## 0.93
## rienced
## 0.93
## rier
## 0.93
## rifle
## 0.93
## riflemen
## 0.93
## rifler
## 0.93
## rifles
## 0.93
## rigged
## 0.93
## rightist
## 0.93
## rightists
## 0.93
## rightwing
## 0.93
## rigidly
## 0.93
## rikht
## 0.93
## riland
## 0.93
## rilmr
## 0.93
## rim
## 0.93
## rima
## 0.93
## riman
## 0.93
## rime
## 0.93
## rimr
## 0.93
## ringing
## 0.93
## rioted
## 0.93
## rious
## 0.93
## ripe
## 0.93
## ripoff
## 0.93
## riposte
## 0.93
## risin
## 0.93
## rising
## 0.93
## riskier
## 0.93
## risking
## 0.93
## ritlous
## 0.93
## ritory
## 0.93
## riverd
## 0.93
## rixhl
## 0.93
## rixhtj
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## rjeanwhile
## 0.93
## rjt
## 0.93
## rlaf
## 0.93
## rley
## 0.93
## rlgd
## 0.93
## rlgi
## 0.93
## rlia
## 0.93
## rll
## 0.93
## rlmg
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## rltol
## 0.93
## rmee
## 0.93
## rment
## 0.93
## rmlyone
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## rnachineguns
## 0.93
## rnboc
## 0.93
## rnd
## 0.93
## rnorejhan
## 0.93
## rnress
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## road
## 0.93
## roadbed
## 0.93
## roadbuilding
## 0.93
## roadstead
## 0.93
## roadwatc
## 0.93
## roadwatch
## 0.93
## roadwateh
## 0.93
## roamed
## 0.93
## roar
## 0.93
## roaring
## 0.93
## robabl
## 0.93
## robbed
## 0.93
## roberts
## 0.93
## rocal
## 0.93
## rocedure
## 0.93
## rock
## 0.93
## rocket
## 0.93
## rocks
## 0.93
## rocky
## 0.93
## rodrction
## 0.93
## roduction
## 0.93
## roe
## 0.93
## rofound
## 0.93
## rogate
## 0.93
## rogation
## 0.93
## rograms
## 0.93
## rogue
## 0.93
## rohibited
## 0.93
## roholjlr
## 0.93
## roiled
## 0.93
## roinv
## 0.93
## rojdwatch
## 0.93
## rojf
## 0.93
## rojosed
## 0.93
## rold
## 0.93
## rolex
## 0.93
## rolgmm
## 0.93
## rollback
## 0.93
## rolls
## 0.93
## rolt
## 0.93
## rome
## 0.93
## roodwatcb
## 0.93
## room
## 0.93
## roon
## 0.93
## roost
## 0.93
## roots
## 0.93
## rope
## 0.93
## ropes
## 0.93
## roposals
## 0.93
## roposed
## 0.93
## rorami
## 0.93
## rose
## 0.93
## rospective
## 0.93
## ross
## 0.93
## roster
## 0.93
## roswell
## 0.93
## rotated
## 0.93
## rotational
## 0.93
## rotc
## 0.93
## rotected
## 0.93
## roted
## 0.93
## rotor
## 0.93
## rou
## 0.93
## rouge
## 0.93
## roughhouse
## 0.93
## rounding
## 0.93
## rounds
## 0.93
## rout
## 0.93
## routed
## 0.93
## roval
## 0.93
## roved
## 0.93
## royajes
## 0.93
## royal
## 0.93
## royales
## 0.93
## royalton
## 0.93
## rpalcity
## 0.93
## rquird
## 0.93
## rralhernalia
## 0.93
## rre
## 0.93
## rrecohecfins
## 0.93
## rregulars
## 0.93
## rriu
## 0.93
## rrival
## 0.93
## rrj
## 0.93
## rroblem
## 0.93
## rromised
## 0.93
## rrovar
## 0.93
## rrowed
## 0.93
## rrpoted
## 0.93
## rrrllmr
## 0.93
## rrwith
## 0.93
## rsecretary
## 0.93
## rsl
## 0.93
## rso
## 0.93
## rta
## 0.93
## rthe
## 0.93
## rtisfy
## 0.93
## rtively
## 0.93
## rtler
## 0.93
## rtt
## 0.93
## ru··
## 0.93
## rudi
## 0.93
## rudimentary
## 0.93
## rue
## 0.93
## rueful
## 0.93
## ruestioned
## 0.93
## rugged
## 0.93
## ruined
## 0.93
## ruj
## 0.93
## rule
## 0.93
## rules
## 0.93
## rumbled
## 0.93
## runs
## 0.93
## runup
## 0.93
## runupto
## 0.93
## ruralpacification
## 0.93
## russians
## 0.93
## rusty
## 0.93
## rutted
## 0.93
## rwts
## 0.93
## rxpected
## 0.93
## ryan
## 0.93
## ryj
## 0.93
## saai
## 0.93
## sabbatical
## 0.93
## sack
## 0.93
## sacrifice
## 0.93
## sad
## 0.93
## sadly
## 0.93
## saeeers
## 0.93
## saen
## 0.93
## saf
## 0.93
## safchaven
## 0.93
## safeguard
## 0.93
## safetyd
## 0.93
## safeyjn
## 0.93
## saga
## 0.93
## saidordonebefore
## 0.93
## saidthe
## 0.93
## saigoncjreported
## 0.93
## sake
## 0.93
## sala
## 0.93
## sali
## 0.93
## salient
## 0.93
## salvaged
## 0.93
## saly
## 0.93
## sam
## 0.93
## samaki
## 0.93
## samed
## 0.93
## sample
## 0.93
## sananikone
## 0.93
## sananikoneand
## 0.93
## sanc
## 0.93
## sanctions
## 0.93
## sanctuaries
## 0.93
## sanctuary
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## sanh
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## sao
## 0.93
## sapper
## 0.93
## sara
## 0.93
## saravane
## 0.93
## saravane•
## 0.93
## sarit
## 0.93
## sarn
## 0.93
## sarnaki
## 0.93
## sarong
## 0.93
## sation
## 0.93
## satisfac
## 0.93
## satisfactolj
## 0.93
## satisfying
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## saturate
## 0.93
## saturated
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## sauces
## 0.93
## saus
## 0.93
## savage
## 0.93
## savan
## 0.93
## savang
## 0.93
## savanna
## 0.93
## savannahket
## 0.93
## savannakbet
## 0.93
## savannakhel
## 0.93
## savannakhet
## 0.93
## savannakhetd
## 0.93
## savannakhetl
## 0.93
## savaunakhct
## 0.93
## savings
## 0.93
## sawed
## 0.93
## sawmill
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## sayaboury
## 0.93
## sayabrryi
## 0.93
## sayasi
## 0.93
## sayasila
## 0.93
## says
## 0.93
## saysthat
## 0.93
## scale
## 0.93
## scam
## 0.93
## scanty
## 0.93
## scarcity
## 0.93
## scarred
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## scattered
## 0.93
## scatteredl
## 0.93
## scattering
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## schoolhouse
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## scoffed
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## scorched
## 0.93
## scored
## 0.93
## scores
## 0.93
## scouring
## 0.93
## scout
## 0.93
## scouted
## 0.93
## scouting
## 0.93
## scouts
## 0.93
## scram
## 0.93
## scrambled
## 0.93
## scrambling
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## screamed
## 0.93
## screaming
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## scrub
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## scrupulously
## 0.93
## scrutiny
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## seacord
## 0.93
## sealing
## 0.93
## seam
## 0.93
## searched
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## seasonal·
## 0.93
## seasoned
## 0.93
## seato
## 0.93
## seatsso
## 0.93
## sec£tiimr
## 0.93
## sec·lrtlmr
## 0.93
## secb
## 0.93
## secbmlmr
## 0.93
## secdtiimr
## 0.93
## secdtimr
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## secet
## 0.93
## secetiimr
## 0.93
## secetlfmr
## 0.93
## secetllmr
## 0.93
## secf
## 0.93
## secfmr
## 0.93
## secft
## 0.93
## secftetllmr
## 0.93
## secftimr
## 0.93
## secftlfmji
## 0.93
## secftlimr
## 0.93
## secftllmr
## 0.93
## secftlmr
## 0.93
## sechtlfmr
## 0.93
## sechtllmr
## 0.93
## seci
## 0.93
## secietiimr
## 0.93
## secietlfmr
## 0.93
## secietllmr
## 0.93
## secietlmr
## 0.93
## seciftfmr
## 0.93
## seciftiimr
## 0.93
## seciltimr
## 0.93
## secimr
## 0.93
## secir
## 0.93
## secired
## 0.93
## secirotllmr
## 0.93
## secirtlfmr
## 0.93
## secirtllmr
## 0.93
## secit
## 0.93
## secitfmr
## 0.93
## secitiimr
## 0.93
## secitltllmr
## 0.93
## secity
## 0.93
## seciutlfmr
## 0.93
## secivtlfmr
## 0.93
## seciwtlfmr
## 0.93
## secj
## 0.93
## secjetiim
## 0.93
## secjetiimr
## 0.93
## secjetlfmr
## 0.93
## secjntimr
## 0.93
## secjr
## 0.93
## secjrtiimr
## 0.93
## secjtfmr
## 0.93
## secjtiimr
## 0.93
## secjtiitr
## 0.93
## secjtijmr
## 0.93
## secjtimr
## 0.93
## secjtlfmr
## 0.93
## secjttiimr
## 0.93
## secjvtiimr
## 0.93
## seck
## 0.93
## secketilmil
## 0.93
## secketlfmr
## 0.93
## secketllmr
## 0.93
## seckftfmr
## 0.93
## seckrtllmr
## 0.93
## secktfmr
## 0.93
## secktiimr
## 0.93
## secktimr
## 0.93
## secktjfiir
## 0.93
## secktlfmr
## 0.93
## secktlimr
## 0.93
## secktllmr
## 0.93
## secktlmr
## 0.93
## seclet
## 0.93
## secletfmr
## 0.93
## secletiimr
## 0.93
## secletllmr
## 0.93
## secletlmr
## 0.93
## seclftfmr
## 0.93
## seclftlfmr
## 0.93
## seclii
## 0.93
## seclli
## 0.93
## seclrmlmr
## 0.93
## seclrmtllmr
## 0.93
## seclt
## 0.93
## secltfmr
## 0.93
## secltiimr
## 0.93
## secltimr
## 0.93
## secltjlmr
## 0.93
## secltlfmr
## 0.93
## secltllmr
## 0.93
## secltlmr
## 0.93
## secltmr
## 0.93
## seclutllmr
## 0.93
## seclvtllmr
## 0.93
## secmtllmr
## 0.93
## secn
## 0.93
## secoitimr
## 0.93
## secondary
## 0.93
## secondcia
## 0.93
## seconded
## 0.93
## secondly
## 0.93
## secondphase
## 0.93
## secrctiimr
## 0.93
## secrecrary
## 0.93
## secretaystate
## 0.93
## secrfmr
## 0.93
## secrh
## 0.93
## secrhtllmr
## 0.93
## secrimr
## 0.93
## secrir
## 0.93
## secrltfmr
## 0.93
## secrltllmr
## 0.93
## secrtfmr
## 0.93
## secrtiimr
## 0.93
## secrtlfmr
## 0.93
## secrtlfmr·
## 0.93
## secrtllmr
## 0.93
## secrttr
## 0.93
## sectetllmr
## 0.93
## sectfmr
## 0.93
## sectiiir
## 0.93
## sectiimr
## 0.93
## sectimr
## 0.93
## sectjlmr
## 0.93
## sectktllmr
## 0.93
## sectlfmr
## 0.93
## sectmr
## 0.93
## sectors
## 0.93
## secttfmr
## 0.93
## secttimr
## 0.93
## secujffairs
## 0.93
## secuktlfmr
## 0.93
## secure
## 0.93
## securit
## 0.93
## securitr
## 0.93
## secusffmr
## 0.93
## secutjimr
## 0.93
## secutlimr
## 0.93
## secvtiimr
## 0.93
## sedatives
## 0.93
## sedmtllmr
## 0.93
## sedone
## 0.93
## sedrftilmr
## 0.93
## sedrmtlfmr
## 0.93
## sedtetiimr
## 0.93
## seduced
## 0.93
## seeable
## 0.93
## seeds
## 0.93
## seefetfmr
## 0.93
## seeforces
## 0.93
## seeftiimr
## 0.93
## seeftlmr
## 0.93
## seein
## 0.93
## seeingit
## 0.93
## seektfm
## 0.93
## seeming
## 0.93
## seesaw
## 0.93
## seetiimr
## 0.93
## seetimr
## 0.93
## seetlfmr
## 0.93
## seetlmr
## 0.93
## sefetiimr
## 0.93
## sefetlfmr
## 0.93
## sefjetiimr
## 0.93
## sefret
## 0.93
## sefretimr
## 0.93
## sefretllmr
## 0.93
## sefrjtiimr
## 0.93
## seft
## 0.93
## seftlfmr
## 0.93
## seftlimr
## 0.93
## seftllmr
## 0.93
## seftlmr
## 0.93
## seftr
## 0.93
## seg
## 0.93
## segment
## 0.93
## sei
## 0.93
## seiimr
## 0.93
## seimtlfmr
## 0.93
## seiret
## 0.93
## seiretlmr
## 0.93
## seize
## 0.93
## seizin
## 0.93
## seizing
## 0.93
## sej
## 0.93
## sejetfmr
## 0.93
## sejetiimr
## 0.93
## sejetlfmr
## 0.93
## sejetlmr
## 0.93
## sejftiimr
## 0.93
## sejletiimr
## 0.93
## sejmtiimr
## 0.93
## sejmtlfmr
## 0.93
## sejptllmr
## 0.93
## sejretfmr
## 0.93
## sejretiimr
## 0.93
## sejretimr
## 0.93
## sejretlfmr
## 0.93
## sejretlrmr
## 0.93
## sejrtlfmr
## 0.93
## sejtlfmr
## 0.93
## sejuttiimr
## 0.93
## sejytlfmr
## 0.93
## seketiimr
## 0.93
## seketimr
## 0.93
## sektmr
## 0.93
## seletiim
## 0.93
## seletimr
## 0.93
## seli
## 0.93
## selling
## 0.93
## selretiimr
## 0.93
## selretllmr
## 0.93
## seltfmr
## 0.93
## seltiimr
## 0.93
## seltimr
## 0.93
## seltlfmr
## 0.93
## seltllmr
## 0.93
## selvtfmr
## 0.93
## selvtiimr
## 0.93
## semantics
## 0.93
## sembled
## 0.93
## semiautomatic
## 0.93
## semiconscious
## 0.93
## semiliterate
## 0.93
## sen
## 0.93
## sensitiv
## 0.93
## sensitivity
## 0.93
## sensitized
## 0.93
## sensor
## 0.93
## sensors
## 0.93
## sensorsd
## 0.93
## sented
## 0.93
## sentfmr
## 0.93
## senti
## 0.93
## sentimentii
## 0.93
## sentinels
## 0.93
## senting
## 0.93
## seotlmr
## 0.93
## sepa
## 0.93
## separated
## 0.93
## separately
## 0.93
## separating
## 0.93
## separation
## 0.93
## separatism
## 0.93
## septemberd
## 0.93
## seqmtiimr
## 0.93
## sequel
## 0.93
## sequence
## 0.93
## sequenceof
## 0.93
## sequestered
## 0.93
## serendipitously
## 0.93
## seretfmr
## 0.93
## seretiimr
## 0.93
## seretlfmr
## 0.93
## serftllmr
## 0.93
## serfttmr
## 0.93
## seriatim
## 0.93
## serietlfmr
## 0.93
## serietlmr
## 0.93
## serititfmr
## 0.93
## serk
## 0.93
## serkftimr
## 0.93
## serkftlfmr
## 0.93
## serklftllmr
## 0.93
## serl
## 0.93
## serlcttlllr
## 0.93
## serletiimr
## 0.93
## serletilmr
## 0.93
## serletlfmr
## 0.93
## serletllmr
## 0.93
## serlf
## 0.93
## serll
## 0.93
## serllftlmr
## 0.93
## serlrtiimr
## 0.93
## serlti
## 0.93
## serltiimr
## 0.93
## serlttfmr
## 0.93
## serlvtlimr
## 0.93
## serlvtllmr
## 0.93
## serol
## 0.93
## seroletllmr
## 0.93
## serolrtllmr
## 0.93
## serrit
## 0.93
## sers
## 0.93
## sert
## 0.93
## sertfmr
## 0.93
## sertimr
## 0.93
## sertlfm
## 0.93
## sertlfmr
## 0.93
## sertliliir
## 0.93
## sertlmr
## 0.93
## sertmr
## 0.93
## seruvtiimr
## 0.93
## servative
## 0.93
## servin
## 0.93
## servingxieng
## 0.93
## setetiimr
## 0.93
## seti
## 0.93
## setiimr
## 0.93
## setimr
## 0.93
## setjimr
## 0.93
## setlfmr
## 0.93
## setr
## 0.93
## settlement
## 0.93
## settlementassumed
## 0.93
## settlements
## 0.93
## settling
## 0.93
## setup
## 0.93
## seuketlimr
## 0.93
## sev
## 0.93
## seve
## 0.93
## seventeen
## 0.93
## severaloutposts
## 0.93
## severed
## 0.93
## sevtlimr
## 0.93
## sewing
## 0.93
## sewtlfmr
## 0.93
## sf·etiilr
## 0.93
## sfc
## 0.93
## sfctim
## 0.93
## sfhtlfmr
## 0.93
## sfmlhl
## 0.93
## sfr
## 0.93
## sfttmr
## 0.93
## sgovemment
## 0.93
## sgu
## 0.93
## sgumoraie
## 0.93
## sgus
## 0.93
## shacklnterviewli
## 0.93
## shadaw
## 0.93
## shado
## 0.93
## shafo
## 0.93
## shakeup
## 0.93
## shaky
## 0.93
## shan
## 0.93
## sharing
## 0.93
## sharpening
## 0.93
## sharper
## 0.93
## shattering
## 0.93
## sheep
## 0.93
## sheet
## 0.93
## sheets
## 0.93
## sheil
## 0.93
## shek
## 0.93
## shelf
## 0.93
## shell
## 0.93
## shelling
## 0.93
## shells
## 0.93
## shelter
## 0.93
## sheltered
## 0.93
## sherman
## 0.93
## shi
## 0.93
## shield
## 0.93
## shifting
## 0.93
## shine
## 0.93
## shining
## 0.93
## ship
## 0.93
## shipments
## 0.93
## shirley
## 0.93
## shivering
## 0.93
## sho
## 0.93
## shoals
## 0.93
## shocked
## 0.93
## shoes
## 0.93
## shoestring
## 0.93
## shootin
## 0.93
## shootout
## 0.93
## shop
## 0.93
## shorn
## 0.93
## shorp
## 0.93
## short
## 0.93
## shorten
## 0.93
## shortened
## 0.93
## shortening
## 0.93
## shortfall
## 0.93
## shortiy
## 0.93
## shortl
## 0.93
## shotgun
## 0.93
## shou
## 0.93
## shouldering
## 0.93
## shouted
## 0.93
## shouting
## 0.93
## shoved
## 0.93
## shoving
## 0.93
## showdown
## 0.93
## shower
## 0.93
## showered
## 0.93
## shows
## 0.93
## shrapnel
## 0.93
## shredding
## 0.93
## shriek
## 0.93
## shrink
## 0.93
## shrinking
## 0.93
## shrouded
## 0.93
## shrunk
## 0.93
## shuddering
## 0.93
## shun
## 0.93
## shutting
## 0.93
## shuttling
## 0.93
## sians
## 0.93
## siasm
## 0.93
## sibid·d
## 0.93
## sibility
## 0.93
## sibo
## 0.93
## siboravong
## 0.93
## sicker
## 0.93
## sickness
## 0.93
## sid
## 0.93
## sideband
## 0.93
## sided
## 0.93
## sidedlaier
## 0.93
## siderable
## 0.93
## sidered
## 0.93
## sidesd
## 0.93
## sideshow
## 0.93
## sidney
## 0.93
## sidy
## 0.93
## sieges
## 0.93
## sified
## 0.93
## sighed
## 0.93
## sighting
## 0.93
## sights
## 0.93
## signaledabout
## 0.93
## signaling
## 0.93
## signatories
## 0.93
## significantsupport
## 0.93
## signified
## 0.93
## siha
## 0.93
## sihan
## 0.93
## siharath
## 0.93
## siho
## 0.93
## sii
## 0.93
## siiaiou
## 0.93
## sikorsky
## 0.93
## sile
## 0.93
## silenced
## 0.93
## silently
## 0.93
## silhouette
## 0.93
## silt
## 0.93
## simple
## 0.93
## simplyry
## 0.93
## simulators
## 0.93
## sin
## 0.93
## singleaircraft
## 0.93
## singular
## 0.93
## sintimations
## 0.93
## sion
## 0.93
## sionary
## 0.93
## sioned
## 0.93
## sionmaking
## 0.93
## sir
## 0.93
## sisouk
## 0.93
## sisouphan
## 0.93
## sister
## 0.93
## sit
## 0.93
## sitein
## 0.93
## sitejust
## 0.93
## sites
## 0.93
## sithone
## 0.93
## situationl
## 0.93
## situations
## 0.93
## situution
## 0.93
## sive
## 0.93
## sives
## 0.93
## sixtee
## 0.93
## sixteen
## 0.93
## sizable
## 0.93
## sized
## 0.93
## sjcl
## 0.93
## sjos
## 0.93
## sjostrom
## 0.93
## sjostromc
## 0.93
## skating
## 0.93
## skep
## 0.93
## skerti
## 0.93
## sketchily
## 0.93
## sketchy
## 0.93
## ski
## 0.93
## skies
## 0.93
## skillful
## 0.93
## skimmed
## 0.93
## skimming
## 0.93
## skinned
## 0.93
## skirmish
## 0.93
## skirmishes
## 0.93
## skirmishing
## 0.93
## skittish
## 0.93
## skvcrane
## 0.93
## skvraider
## 0.93
## skycrane
## 0.93
## skyline
## 0.93
## skyraider
## 0.93
## slance
## 0.93
## slang
## 0.93
## slapped
## 0.93
## slash
## 0.93
## slatetelegram
## 0.93
## slaughter
## 0.93
## slaughterhouse
## 0.93
## slave
## 0.93
## sledding
## 0.93
## sleeping
## 0.93
## sleight
## 0.93
## slice
## 0.93
## slide
## 0.93
## sling
## 0.93
## slipe
## 0.93
## slipping
## 0.93
## slju
## 0.93
## sloclin
## 0.93
## slogan
## 0.93
## slojle
## 0.93
## slope
## 0.93
## sloped
## 0.93
## slopes
## 0.93
## sloping
## 0.93
## slountil
## 0.93
## slowing
## 0.93
## slowly
## 0.93
## sluggish
## 0.93
## slump
## 0.93
## slun
## 0.93
## slung
## 0.93
## slush
## 0.93
## sma
## 0.93
## smacked
## 0.93
## smail
## 0.93
## sman
## 0.93
## smashed
## 0.93
## sme
## 0.93
## smessage
## 0.93
## smiling
## 0.93
## smithsonian
## 0.93
## smokejumper
## 0.93
## smoker
## 0.93
## smokers
## 0.93
## smoky
## 0.93
## snaaow
## 0.93
## snaked
## 0.93
## snaking
## 0.93
## snapped
## 0.93
## snatch
## 0.93
## sneak
## 0.93
## sneaking
## 0.93
## sneezed
## 0.93
## snie
## 0.93
## snje
## 0.93
## snppord
## 0.93
## snuggling
## 0.93
## sobbing
## 0.93
## sobered
## 0.93
## socio
## 0.93
## sod
## 0.93
## sodoing
## 0.93
## sog
## 0.93
## soil
## 0.93
## sol
## 0.93
## solbert
## 0.93
## solemn
## 0.93
## solemnized
## 0.93
## solicit
## 0.93
## solicitude
## 0.93
## solidation
## 0.93
## solidly
## 0.93
## sollth
## 0.93
## solomon
## 0.93
## solve
## 0.93
## solving
## 0.93
## somboon
## 0.93
## someday
## 0.93
## somedoubt
## 0.93
## somedpeople
## 0.93
## somes
## 0.93
## sometimes
## 0.93
## sometimesthought
## 0.93
## somly
## 0.93
## somlyd
## 0.93
## somsanith
## 0.93
## sonages
## 0.93
## soned
## 0.93
## song
## 0.93
## sonic
## 0.93
## sono
## 0.93
## sonth
## 0.93
## soooc
## 0.93
## soothe
## 0.93
## soothing
## 0.93
## sophisticated
## 0.93
## sorcerer
## 0.93
## sorely
## 0.93
## sorn
## 0.93
## sortie
## 0.93
## sorts
## 0.93
## sorues
## 0.93
## sory
## 0.93
## sot
## 0.93
## sou
## 0.93
## soui
## 0.93
## souid
## 0.93
## souk
## 0.93
## soul
## 0.93
## soula
## 0.93
## souls
## 0.93
## sounthone
## 0.93
## soupha
## 0.93
## souphanou
## 0.93
## souphanouvong
## 0.93
## sour
## 0.93
## sous
## 0.93
## soutb
## 0.93
## soutchay
## 0.93
## south·
## 0.93
## southeast
## 0.93
## southeastasia
## 0.93
## southeastasian
## 0.93
## southi
## 0.93
## southljo
## 0.93
## southwes
## 0.93
## southwestern
## 0.93
## southwestv
## 0.93
## souvan
## 0.93
## souvanna
## 0.93
## souvannj
## 0.93
## souya
## 0.93
## sover
## 0.93
## sovereign
## 0.93
## sovereignty
## 0.93
## sovi
## 0.93
## sowing
## 0.93
## sown
## 0.93
## span
## 0.93
## sparinglyjd
## 0.93
## sparked
## 0.93
## sparred
## 0.93
## sparse
## 0.93
## spasm
## 0.93
## spasmodic
## 0.93
## spasms
## 0.93
## spattered
## 0.93
## spearhead
## 0.93
## spearheaded
## 0.93
## specially
## 0.93
## specifications
## 0.93
## specifiedl
## 0.93
## spectacular
## 0.93
## speed
## 0.93
## spend
## 0.93
## spersonal
## 0.93
## spicuous
## 0.93
## spider
## 0.93
## spike
## 0.93
## spirited
## 0.93
## spirits
## 0.93
## spite
## 0.93
## splayed
## 0.93
## splintering
## 0.93
## split
## 0.93
## spo
## 0.93
## spoiling
## 0.93
## spoled
## 0.93
## sponsoring
## 0.93
## spontane
## 0.93
## spooked
## 0.93
## spooky
## 0.93
## spotless
## 0.93
## spots
## 0.93
## spotter
## 0.93
## spport
## 0.93
## sprang
## 0.93
## springboard
## 0.93
## springfield
## 0.93
## spun
## 0.93
## spurious
## 0.93
## spurred
## 0.93
## squad
## 0.93
## squadro
## 0.93
## squadron
## 0.93
## squadronsbe
## 0.93
## squadronssee
## 0.93
## square
## 0.93
## squaring
## 0.93
## squeezed
## 0.93
## srecollectiond
## 0.93
## sretr
## 0.93
## srsition
## 0.93
## srt
## 0.93
## ss·ured
## 0.93
## ssd
## 0.93
## ssecrec
## 0.93
## ssio
## 0.93
## stabilization
## 0.93
## stabilized
## 0.93
## stack
## 0.93
## stacked
## 0.93
## stacks
## 0.93
## staffbreitweiser
## 0.93
## staffed
## 0.93
## staffer
## 0.93
## staffl
## 0.93
## staffto
## 0.93
## staged
## 0.93
## staggered
## 0.93
## staging
## 0.93
## stains
## 0.93
## staked
## 0.93
## stakes
## 0.93
## stalked
## 0.93
## stall
## 0.93
## stalwart
## 0.93
## stan
## 0.93
## stance
## 0.93
## stances
## 0.93
## standardiza
## 0.93
## standdown
## 0.93
## standoff
## 0.93
## standpoint
## 0.93
## staneed
## 0.93
## stantial
## 0.93
## staple
## 0.93
## star
## 0.93
## staring
## 0.93
## starn
## 0.93
## starred
## 0.93
## stars
## 0.93
## starters
## 0.93
## startling
## 0.93
## starto
## 0.93
## starved
## 0.93
## statefour
## 0.93
## stately
## 0.93
## states·d
## 0.93
## statesd
## 0.93
## statesman
## 0.93
## statesshould
## 0.93
## statetelegram
## 0.93
## static
## 0.93
## statiog
## 0.93
## stationing
## 0.93
## stature
## 0.93
## statute
## 0.93
## staved
## 0.93
## staving
## 0.93
## stayeci
## 0.93
## std
## 0.93
## stealth
## 0.93
## stearns
## 0.93
## steep
## 0.93
## steeply
## 0.93
## steerforth
## 0.93
## stemmed
## 0.93
## stemming
## 0.93
## stems
## 0.93
## stemwinding
## 0.93
## stetifmr
## 0.93
## stevenson
## 0.93
## stewardship
## 0.93
## stewart
## 0.93
## sthel
## 0.93
## stick
## 0.93
## stickiest
## 0.93
## stiffen
## 0.93
## stiffened
## 0.93
## stiffening
## 0.93
## stillness
## 0.93
## stilwell
## 0.93
## stimulate
## 0.93
## stimulated
## 0.93
## sting
## 0.93
## stipulating
## 0.93
## stlfmr
## 0.93
## sto
## 0.93
## stocked
## 0.93
## stockinger
## 0.93
## stockpiling
## 0.93
## stoic
## 0.93
## stoically
## 0.93
## stoke
## 0.93
## stoked
## 0.93
## stol
## 0.93
## stomach
## 0.93
## stone
## 0.93
## stony
## 0.93
## stopping
## 0.93
## store
## 0.93
## stored
## 0.93
## stores
## 0.93
## stormed
## 0.93
## storming
## 0.93
## stowed
## 0.93
## straddled
## 0.93
## strafing
## 0.93
## straggle
## 0.93
## straggled
## 0.93
## stragglers
## 0.93
## straight
## 0.93
## straightforward
## 0.93
## strained
## 0.93
## stranglehold
## 0.93
## stratagem
## 0.93
## stratagems
## 0.93
## strate
## 0.93
## strated
## 0.93
## strategically
## 0.93
## strategist
## 0.93
## strategists
## 0.93
## stratus
## 0.93
## stray
## 0.93
## strayed
## 0.93
## stre
## 0.93
## streak
## 0.93
## streambed
## 0.93
## streamed
## 0.93
## streaming
## 0.93
## streamsof
## 0.93
## streets
## 0.93
## stren
## 0.93
## strengfh
## 0.93
## strengthened
## 0.93
## strengtho
## 0.93
## stretch
## 0.93
## stretched
## 0.93
## stretches
## 0.93
## stretching
## 0.93
## strictures
## 0.93
## strife
## 0.93
## strikin
## 0.93
## stringent
## 0.93
## strings
## 0.93
## stripc
## 0.93
## stripped
## 0.93
## stripping
## 0.93
## strips
## 0.93
## strobe
## 0.93
## stron
## 0.93
## strond
## 0.93
## stronghold
## 0.93
## strongholds
## 0.93
## strongman
## 0.93
## strongpoint
## 0.93
## strtegt
## 0.93
## strung
## 0.93
## sttno
## 0.93
## stu
## 0.93
## stu»
## 0.93
## stubborn
## 0.93
## stuff
## 0.93
## stuffd
## 0.93
## stui
## 0.93
## sturnbung
## 0.93
## stymied
## 0.93
## suade
## 0.93
## subalterns
## 0.93
## subcommit
## 0.93
## subdivision
## 0.93
## subjected
## 0.93
## subjugation
## 0.93
## sublime
## 0.93
## submerged
## 0.93
## subordi
## 0.93
## subordination
## 0.93
## subside
## 0.93
## subsidiary
## 0.93
## subsistence
## 0.93
## subsisting
## 0.93
## substantia
## 0.93
## substantialdeterioration
## 0.93
## substitu
## 0.93
## substitutes
## 0.93
## substitution
## 0.93
## subterfuge
## 0.93
## subversion
## 0.93
## subversiveof
## 0.93
## subvert
## 0.93
## subverting
## 0.93
## successes
## 0.93
## succumbed
## 0.93
## succumbing
## 0.93
## suceess
## 0.93
## sucessful
## 0.93
## sucha
## 0.93
## sucked
## 0.93
## sue
## 0.93
## sueeesses
## 0.93
## suf
## 0.93
## suffer
## 0.93
## sufferance
## 0.93
## suffering
## 0.93
## sufficiencyjuhe
## 0.93
## suggestedending
## 0.93
## suggeststhe
## 0.93
## suicidal
## 0.93
## suicidally
## 0.93
## suicide
## 0.93
## suij
## 0.93
## suijport
## 0.93
## suitabilityof
## 0.93
## suite
## 0.93
## suited
## 0.93
## sul
## 0.93
## sula
## 0.93
## sulii
## 0.93
## suline
## 0.93
## sulivan
## 0.93
## sulli
## 0.93
## sulnlies
## 0.93
## sumarily
## 0.93
## sumer
## 0.93
## summarizes
## 0.93
## summit
## 0.93
## sun
## 0.93
## sundown
## 0.93
## sunrise
## 0.93
## super
## 0.93
## superbly
## 0.93
## superfluous
## 0.93
## superior
## 0.93
## superstitions
## 0.93
## supervised
## 0.93
## supervising
## 0.93
## supervision
## 0.93
## supervisors
## 0.93
## supplanting
## 0.93
## supplicant
## 0.93
## supplicants
## 0.93
## supplied
## 0.93
## suppliedd
## 0.93
## suppo
## 0.93
## supporj
## 0.93
## supportd
## 0.93
## supportdry
## 0.93
## supporti
## 0.93
## supportin
## 0.93
## supportit
## 0.93
## suppressing
## 0.93
## suppressive
## 0.93
## supprfss
## 0.93
## suppsition
## 0.93
## supragovern
## 0.93
## supremacy
## 0.93
## sured
## 0.93
## sures
## 0.93
## surgical
## 0.93
## surgically
## 0.93
## surprised
## 0.93
## surprises
## 0.93
## surren
## 0.93
## surreptitious
## 0.93
## surreptitiously
## 0.93
## surreptitiously·
## 0.93
## surro
## 0.93
## surrogates
## 0.93
## surrogato
## 0.93
## surrounding
## 0.93
## surv
## 0.93
## surveilling
## 0.93
## surviv
## 0.93
## survivald
## 0.93
## survivel
## 0.93
## survivingi
## 0.93
## susceptible
## 0.93
## suspense
## 0.93
## suspiciouspackage
## 0.93
## sustain
## 0.93
## sustenance
## 0.93
## sut
## 0.93
## suuation
## 0.93
## suyo
## 0.93
## swagge
## 0.93
## swallow
## 0.93
## swarmed
## 0.93
## swatting
## 0.93
## swayd
## 0.93
## swayover
## 0.93
## sweaters
## 0.93
## sweep
## 0.93
## sweeping
## 0.93
## sweeps
## 0.93
## sweetener
## 0.93
## swell
## 0.93
## swept
## 0.93
## swietfmr
## 0.93
## swimming
## 0.93
## swings
## 0.93
## swish
## 0.93
## swiss
## 0.93
## switzerland
## 0.93
## swl
## 0.93
## swollen
## 0.93
## swung
## 0.93
## syllabus
## 0.93
## sym
## 0.93
## symbiosis
## 0.93
## symbol
## 0.93
## symbolically
## 0.93
## symbolize
## 0.93
## symington
## 0.93
## synchro
## 0.93
## syndrome
## 0.93
## synergy
## 0.93
## sys
## 0.93
## systematic
## 0.93
## systematize
## 0.93
## systems
## 0.93
## taao
## 0.93
## taboos
## 0.93
## tabs
## 0.93
## tacan
## 0.93
## tack
## 0.93
## tackling
## 0.93
## tactic
## 0.93
## tactically
## 0.93
## tacucul
## 0.93
## tail
## 0.93
## tainted
## 0.93
## taiwan
## 0.93
## tak
## 0.93
## takeoff
## 0.93
## takeoverd
## 0.93
## takingl
## 0.93
## takr
## 0.93
## talent
## 0.93
## talion
## 0.93
## talions
## 0.93
## tality
## 0.93
## talkie
## 0.93
## tallman
## 0.93
## tame
## 0.93
## tana
## 0.93
## tancel
## 0.93
## tanding
## 0.93
## tangled
## 0.93
## tanr
## 0.93
## tape
## 0.93
## tapes
## 0.93
## tapeworms
## 0.93
## tapped
## 0.93
## taps
## 0.93
## tardiness
## 0.93
## targetcj
## 0.93
## targetd
## 0.93
## tarred
## 0.93
## tartly
## 0.93
## taskfor
## 0.93
## tat
## 0.93
## tation
## 0.93
## tattered
## 0.93
## taxed
## 0.93
## taxi
## 0.93
## taxing
## 0.93
## tbat
## 0.93
## tbeir
## 0.93
## tbese
## 0.93
## tbey
## 0.93
## tbid·d
## 0.93
## tbiii
## 0.93
## tbis
## 0.93
## tbls
## 0.93
## tbreatened
## 0.93
## tbrei
## 0.93
## tcam
## 0.93
## tcamsd
## 0.93
## tce
## 0.93
## tchcpone
## 0.93
## tchep
## 0.93
## tcheponc
## 0.93
## tchepone
## 0.93
## tcpisods
## 0.93
## tcs
## 0.93
## tdate
## 0.93
## tdid
## 0.93
## tdlair·d
## 0.93
## tea
## 0.93
## teaching
## 0.93
## teaml
## 0.93
## teammates
## 0.93
## teamo
## 0.93
## teamsfrom
## 0.93
## tear
## 0.93
## teau
## 0.93
## tech
## 0.93
## technically
## 0.93
## technician
## 0.93
## technicians
## 0.93
## tecns
## 0.93
## tecs
## 0.93
## tect
## 0.93
## tee
## 0.93
## teegranr
## 0.93
## teers
## 0.93
## teetered
## 0.93
## teft
## 0.93
## tegularstd
## 0.93
## tehepone
## 0.93
## teil
## 0.93
## teje
## 0.93
## tele
## 0.93
## telegra
## 0.93
## telegrams
## 0.93
## tellingl
## 0.93
## teltgrams
## 0.93
## temper
## 0.93
## temperament
## 0.93
## temporarily
## 0.93
## tempted
## 0.93
## tenacious
## 0.93
## tenaciously
## 0.93
## tenacity
## 0.93
## tend
## 0.93
## tener
## 0.93
## tensions
## 0.93
## tenuous
## 0.93
## ter
## 0.93
## teraction
## 0.93
## tercoup
## 0.93
## teria
## 0.93
## terlod
## 0.93
## termeasures
## 0.93
## termed
## 0.93
## tern
## 0.93
## terntory
## 0.93
## terram
## 0.93
## terren
## 0.93
## terrible
## 0.93
## terrified
## 0.93
## terrifying
## 0.93
## territorials
## 0.93
## territorialunits
## 0.93
## territory
## 0.93
## territoryld
## 0.93
## tese
## 0.93
## tesque
## 0.93
## tested
## 0.93
## testimony
## 0.93
## testy
## 0.93
## tesy
## 0.93
## tetnam
## 0.93
## tetrahedron
## 0.93
## teung
## 0.93
## tfl
## 0.93
## tfm
## 0.93
## tfmr
## 0.93
## tft
## 0.93
## th•
## 0.93
## tha
## 0.93
## thaifamily
## 0.93
## thail
## 0.93
## thailandsi
## 0.93
## thakh
## 0.93
## thakhek
## 0.93
## thakhekl
## 0.93
## tham
## 0.93
## thammakhanhty
## 0.93
## thana
## 0.93
## thanarat
## 0.93
## thanat
## 0.93
## thankful
## 0.93
## thanom
## 0.93
## thatcjad
## 0.93
## thatd
## 0.93
## thathe
## 0.93
## thatnoted
## 0.93
## thatthey
## 0.93
## theadage
## 0.93
## theagency
## 0.93
## theairamerica
## 0.93
## theambassador
## 0.93
## theamerican
## 0.93
## theanticolonial
## 0.93
## theaters
## 0.93
## theattempt
## 0.93
## theauthor
## 0.93
## theauthorization
## 0.93
## thebeginning
## 0.93
## thebolovens
## 0.93
## thecarter
## 0.93
## thecjheavy
## 0.93
## thecobservers
## 0.93
## thecommunists
## 0.93
## thecomplaint
## 0.93
## theconflict
## 0.93
## thedecisive
## 0.93
## thedefense
## 0.93
## thedepartment
## 0.93
## thedesire
## 0.93
## thedesultory
## 0.93
## thedetails
## 0.93
## thedpractice
## 0.93
## thee
## 0.93
## theenemyhe
## 0.93
## theestimate
## 0.93
## theexactchronology
## 0.93
## theexception
## 0.93
## theexplosion
## 0.93
## thefamily
## 0.93
## thefar
## 0.93
## thefarcommand
## 0.93
## thefield
## 0.93
## thefiring
## 0.93
## thefirst
## 0.93
## thegeneva
## 0.93
## thegow
## 0.93
## theground
## 0.93
## theheadquarters
## 0.93
## thehmo
## 0.93
## thehmong
## 0.93
## theho
## 0.93
## theidea
## 0.93
## theil
## 0.93
## theinterrogation
## 0.93
## theirdefen
## 0.93
## theirl
## 0.93
## theirlamerican
## 0.93
## theirmorale
## 0.93
## thejoint
## 0.93
## thejungle
## 0.93
## thekha
## 0.93
## thekingto
## 0.93
## thekong
## 0.93
## theland
## 0.93
## thelgrord
## 0.93
## themd
## 0.93
## themein
## 0.93
## themid
## 0.93
## themilitary
## 0.93
## themol
## 0.93
## thems
## 0.93
## thena
## 0.93
## theneed
## 0.93
## thenorth
## 0.93
## thenorthern
## 0.93
## thenthe
## 0.93
## theodoreshlklej
## 0.93
## theoffice
## 0.93
## theofficial
## 0.93
## theonly
## 0.93
## theoperation
## 0.93
## theordnance
## 0.93
## theoretical
## 0.93
## theories
## 0.93
## theory
## 0.93
## theother
## 0.93
## thepanhandle
## 0.93
## theparticipating
## 0.93
## theparties
## 0.93
## thepersisting
## 0.93
## theplainto
## 0.93
## thepolitical
## 0.93
## thepractical
## 0.93
## thepresident
## 0.93
## thepropensity
## 0.93
## theprospect
## 0.93
## thepublicity
## 0.93
## ther
## 0.93
## therainv
## 0.93
## thereafterl
## 0.93
## thereal
## 0.93
## therecord
## 0.93
## thered
## 0.93
## therein
## 0.93
## thereod
## 0.93
## therewas
## 0.93
## therisk
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## theroads
## 0.93
## therule
## 0.93
## therump
## 0.93
## thesearch
## 0.93
## theserviceof
## 0.93
## thesis
## 0.93
## thesituation
## 0.93
## thesky
## 0.93
## thesouth
## 0.93
## thesouthern
## 0.93
## thesovietunion
## 0.93
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## 0.93
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## 0.93
## thetheoretical
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## thetically
## 0.93
## thetribesmen
## 0.93
## theun
## 0.93
## theung
## 0.93
## theunited
## 0.93
## theunits
## 0.93
## theus
## 0.93
## theviet
## 0.93
## thevietnamese
## 0.93
## thevillagers
## 0.93
## thewar
## 0.93
## thewar·d
## 0.93
## thewinter
## 0.93
## thick
## 0.93
## thill
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## things
## 0.93
## thinks
## 0.93
## thinner
## 0.93
## thinning
## 0.93
## thirst
## 0.93
## thirteen
## 0.93
## thisaccount
## 0.93
## thisincident
## 0.93
## thisraid
## 0.93
## thissometimes
## 0.93
## thiswould
## 0.93
## thl
## 0.93
## thll
## 0.93
## thmgs
## 0.93
## thn
## 0.93
## thom
## 0.93
## thon
## 0.93
## thone
## 0.93
## thong
## 0.93
## thoogh
## 0.93
## thorn
## 0.93
## thorny
## 0.93
## thorough
## 0.93
## thoroughly
## 0.93
## thr
## 0.93
## threadbare
## 0.93
## threaded
## 0.93
## threateningthe
## 0.93
## threefold
## 0.93
## thregiment
## 0.93
## thrills
## 0.93
## thriui
## 0.93
## thrive
## 0.93
## thrnsd
## 0.93
## throat
## 0.93
## throne
## 0.93
## throttle
## 0.93
## throu
## 0.93
## throughoulthe
## 0.93
## throwing
## 0.93
## throwinu
## 0.93
## thrown
## 0.93
## thrusf
## 0.93
## thrusts
## 0.93
## ths
## 0.93
## tht
## 0.93
## thtl
## 0.93
## thumb
## 0.93
## tia
## 0.93
## tiane
## 0.93
## tianeon
## 0.93
## tiao
## 0.93
## tiau
## 0.93
## tiaui
## 0.93
## tically
## 0.93
## tice
## 0.93
## ticklish
## 0.93
## ticn
## 0.93
## ticng
## 0.93
## tics
## 0.93
## tido
## 0.93
## tidy
## 0.93
## tien
## 0.93
## tiena
## 0.93
## tieng
## 0.93
## tiengand
## 0.93
## tiengd
## 0.93
## tiengi
## 0.93
## tiengj
## 0.93
## tiengl
## 0.93
## tienz
## 0.93
## tified
## 0.93
## tifmr
## 0.93
## tifying
## 0.93
## tigation
## 0.93
## tigcrs
## 0.93
## tiger
## 0.93
## tigers
## 0.93
## tighten
## 0.93
## tightened
## 0.93
## tightening
## 0.93
## tighter
## 0.93
## tiimk
## 0.93
## tij
## 0.93
## tije
## 0.93
## tilmr
## 0.93
## tilt
## 0.93
## tilted
## 0.93
## timate
## 0.93
## timeliness
## 0.93
## timeof
## 0.93
## timer
## 0.93
## timeto
## 0.93
## timid
## 0.93
## timll
## 0.93
## timothy
## 0.93
## timr
## 0.93
## tined
## 0.93
## tinely
## 0.93
## tingency
## 0.93
## tinier
## 0.93
## tint
## 0.93
## tiny
## 0.93
## tioi
## 0.93
## tionate
## 0.93
## tiondemurred
## 0.93
## tiong
## 0.93
## tioning
## 0.93
## tiously
## 0.93
## tip
## 0.93
## tipsy
## 0.93
## tired
## 0.93
## tireless
## 0.93
## tires
## 0.93
## tirne
## 0.93
## tis
## 0.93
## tisanship
## 0.93
## tit
## 0.93
## tition·«d
## 0.93
## tiv
## 0.93
## tjmr
## 0.93
## tju
## 0.93
## tlefield
## 0.93
## tlement
## 0.93
## tlen
## 0.93
## tlfm
## 0.93
## tlfmr
## 0.93
## tlfmr·
## 0.93
## tlimr
## 0.93
## tlj
## 0.93
## tlld
## 0.93
## tlliir
## 0.93
## tllmr
## 0.93
## tlo
## 0.93
## tlon
## 0.93
## tlt
## 0.93
## tltr
## 0.93
## tlw
## 0.93
## tlwiilio
## 0.93
## tmethven
## 0.93
## tmoved
## 0.93
## tmr
## 0.93
## tnam
## 0.93
## tnan
## 0.93
## tnarn
## 0.93
## tnj
## 0.93
## tnt
## 0.93
## tnthe
## 0.93
## toamerican
## 0.93
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## 0.93
## tobegin
## 0.93
## tobler
## 0.93
## toehold
## 0.93
## toes
## 0.93
## toim
## 0.93
## token
## 0.93
## tolddto·
## 0.93
## toldl
## 0.93
## toler
## 0.93
## tolerate
## 0.93
## toleration
## 0.93
## tolook
## 0.93
## tomary
## 0.93
## tomorrow
## 0.93
## tomr
## 0.93
## tona
## 0.93
## tongue
## 0.93
## tons
## 0.93
## tooconcerned
## 0.93
## tood
## 0.93
## tools
## 0.93
## toons
## 0.93
## tooof
## 0.93
## tooperate
## 0.93
## tooth
## 0.93
## toothbrush
## 0.93
## topaksane
## 0.93
## topd
## 0.93
## topo
## 0.93
## topographical
## 0.93
## topography
## 0.93
## topographyd
## 0.93
## torce
## 0.93
## torium
## 0.93
## torkin
## 0.93
## torrent
## 0.93
## torrential
## 0.93
## toss
## 0.93
## tossing
## 0.93
## totaled
## 0.93
## totaling
## 0.93
## tothailand
## 0.93
## tou
## 0.93
## touane
## 0.93
## toubis
## 0.93
## touby
## 0.93
## touchdown
## 0.93
## tougher
## 0.93
## toughest
## 0.93
## tovacillate
## 0.93
## tovar
## 0.93
## tovarinterviewc
## 0.93
## tovarinterviewr
## 0.93
## tovucut
## 0.93
## towardlong
## 0.93
## towers
## 0.93
## towns
## 0.93
## tqi
## 0.93
## tqqlc
## 0.93
## tracers
## 0.93
## trade
## 0.93
## trademark
## 0.93
## tradi
## 0.93
## tradicted
## 0.93
## tradional
## 0.93
## traditionally
## 0.93
## traffic•
## 0.93
## trafficd
## 0.93
## traffickers
## 0.93
## trafficking
## 0.93
## trafficso
## 0.93
## tragic
## 0.93
## traij
## 0.93
## traild
## 0.93
## traillogisticsd
## 0.93
## trails
## 0.93
## trainedc
## 0.93
## trainee
## 0.93
## trainees
## 0.93
## trainers
## 0.93
## trainingbase
## 0.93
## trainingd
## 0.93
## trainingfar
## 0.93
## trainingordnance
## 0.93
## trainingw
## 0.93
## trait
## 0.93
## trajectory
## 0.93
## tralist
## 0.93
## tralists
## 0.93
## trallsport
## 0.93
## trally
## 0.93
## tram
## 0.93
## tranquil
## 0.93
## tranquility
## 0.93
## transaction
## 0.93
## transactions
## 0.93
## transcription
## 0.93
## transfernj
## 0.93
## transform
## 0.93
## translate
## 0.93
## translated
## 0.93
## translation
## 0.93
## transliterations
## 0.93
## transmis
## 0.93
## transmitter
## 0.93
## transpon
## 0.93
## transportat
## 0.93
## transportd
## 0.93
## transports
## 0.93
## trantafellu
## 0.93
## trapped
## 0.93
## traps
## 0.93
## trast
## 0.93
## trated
## 0.93
## trating
## 0.93
## traveled
## 0.93
## traversing
## 0.93
## trc
## 0.93
## treach
## 0.93
## treacherous
## 0.93
## treachery
## 0.93
## treasure
## 0.93
## treating
## 0.93
## treaty
## 0.93
## treble
## 0.93
## treetop
## 0.93
## treetops
## 0.93
## tregrjm
## 0.93
## trek
## 0.93
## trekked
## 0.93
## trekking
## 0.93
## trellises
## 0.93
## trench
## 0.93
## trenchant
## 0.93
## trenches
## 0.93
## trest
## 0.93
## trestle
## 0.93
## triangle
## 0.93
## triangular
## 0.93
## triballcadership
## 0.93
## tribals
## 0.93
## tribesman
## 0.93
## tribute
## 0.93
## tribution
## 0.93
## tried
## 0.93
## trihalleaderd
## 0.93
## trilingual
## 0.93
## trimester
## 0.93
## trimmed
## 0.93
## trine
## 0.93
## tripier
## 0.93
## triple
## 0.93
## tripping
## 0.93
## tripwire
## 0.93
## triumphed
## 0.93
## troi
## 0.93
## troika
## 0.93
## trooper
## 0.93
## troopers
## 0.93
## troopsd
## 0.93
## troopslod
## 0.93
## troubled
## 0.93
## troublemaker
## 0.93
## troublemakingd
## 0.93
## troubles
## 0.93
## trous
## 0.93
## trregutar»
## 0.93
## trrir
## 0.93
## trucking
## 0.93
## truckloads
## 0.93
## trucks
## 0.93
## truculent
## 0.93
## trump
## 0.93
## trussed
## 0.93
## tsq
## 0.93
## ttache
## 0.93
## tth
## 0.93
## ttid
## 0.93
## ttimr
## 0.93
## ttlnlr
## 0.93
## ttonotutu
## 0.93
## ttopcou
## 0.93
## ttouam
## 0.93
## tude
## 0.93
## tumult
## 0.93
## tun•
## 0.93
## tunes
## 0.93
## tunneid
## 0.93
## tunneld
## 0.93
## tunneo
## 0.93
## tur
## 0.93
## turely
## 0.93
## turf
## 0.93
## turmoil
## 0.93
## turncoat
## 0.93
## turnedinto
## 0.93
## turner
## 0.93
## turning
## 0.93
## turnover
## 0.93
## tussling
## 0.93
## tuted
## 0.93
## tva
## 0.93
## tvventy
## 0.93
## twice
## 0.93
## twisted
## 0.93
## twisting
## 0.93
## twitching
## 0.93
## twodays
## 0.93
## tyi
## 0.93
## tying
## 0.93
## type
## 0.93
## types
## 0.93
## typical
## 0.93
## tyrell
## 0.93
## ually
## 0.93
## ualties
## 0.93
## uarters
## 0.93
## ubiquitous
## 0.93
## ubon
## 0.93
## ubservation
## 0.93
## ucal
## 0.93
## uccess
## 0.93
## ucticat
## 0.93
## udged
## 0.93
## udom
## 0.93
## udorn
## 0.93
## ued
## 0.93
## ueesmust
## 0.93
## uents
## 0.93
## uerrijia
## 0.93
## uestion
## 0.93
## ufarb
## 0.93
## ugee
## 0.93
## ugly
## 0.93
## uhf
## 0.93
## uiis
## 0.93
## uilqr
## 0.93
## uio
## 0.93
## ujars
## 0.93
## ukase
## 0.93
## uke
## 0.93
## ulars
## 0.93
## ulation
## 0.93
## ulii
## 0.93
## ulles
## 0.93
## ullmjoo
## 0.93
## ult
## 0.93
## ulv
## 0.93
## umdry
## 0.93
## ument
## 0.93
## umg
## 0.93
## umi
## 0.93
## umitfd
## 0.93
## umrrei
## 0.93
## unac
## 0.93
## unaccompanied
## 0.93
## unacknowledged
## 0.93
## unadaptable
## 0.93
## unadvertised
## 0.93
## unaer
## 0.93
## unannounced
## 0.93
## unanswered
## 0.93
## unanswered·
## 0.93
## unanticipated
## 0.93
## unarmed
## 0.93
## unattrac
## 0.93
## unavoidably
## 0.93
## unbelievable
## 0.93
## unbuckled
## 0.93
## unc
## 0.93
## unchallen
## 0.93
## uncharacteris
## 0.93
## uncharacteristic
## 0.93
## uncharacteristically
## 0.93
## unci
## 0.93
## uncomfortably
## 0.93
## uncommitted
## 0.93
## uncompromising
## 0.93
## unconditionally
## 0.93
## unconfirmed
## 0.93
## unconscious
## 0.93
## unconstrained
## 0.93
## uncontested
## 0.93
## uncornplimytarl
## 0.93
## undefined
## 0.93
## undergoing
## 0.93
## undergone
## 0.93
## undermining
## 0.93
## underpopu
## 0.93
## understands
## 0.93
## understated
## 0.93
## undertakin
## 0.93
## undetected
## 0.93
## undo
## 0.93
## undreds
## 0.93
## unduly
## 0.93
## unemotional
## 0.93
## unending
## 0.93
## unenthusiastic
## 0.93
## unequalled
## 0.93
## unequivocal
## 0.93
## unescorted
## 0.93
## uneven
## 0.93
## uneventfully
## 0.93
## unexamined
## 0.93
## unexpectedly
## 0.93
## unfailingly
## 0.93
## unfit
## 0.93
## unflattering
## 0.93
## unfocused
## 0.93
## unfolding
## 0.93
## unforeseen
## 0.93
## unforgiving
## 0.93
## ung
## 0.93
## ungainly
## 0.93
## ungerseemed
## 0.93
## unharmed
## 0.93
## unhindered
## 0.93
## uni
## 0.93
## uniform
## 0.93
## uniformed
## 0.93
## unilater
## 0.93
## unilaterally
## 0.93
## unimaginable
## 0.93
## unimpaired
## 0.93
## uninjured
## 0.93
## uninspired
## 0.93
## uninviting
## 0.93
## unitednations
## 0.93
## univ
## 0.93
## universally
## 0.93
## unknowable
## 0.93
## unleashed
## 0.93
## unlessotherwise
## 0.93
## unlikelihood
## 0.93
## unlikelv
## 0.93
## unlikely
## 0.93
## unlimited
## 0.93
## unlit
## 0.93
## unmanageable
## 0.93
## unmanageabled
## 0.93
## unmistakable·d
## 0.93
## unmistakably
## 0.93
## unners
## 0.93
## unnerved
## 0.93
## unobtrusively
## 0.93
## unparalleled
## 0.93
## unpaved
## 0.93
## unpersuaded
## 0.93
## unprepared
## 0.93
## unpromising
## 0.93
## unproved
## 0.93
## unravel
## 0.93
## unreali
## 0.93
## unrealistic
## 0.93
## unreasonable
## 0.93
## unreasonable·
## 0.93
## unreliable
## 0.93
## unreported
## 0.93
## unreservedly
## 0.93
## unresponsive
## 0.93
## unresponsiveness
## 0.93
## unrestricted
## 0.93
## unrewarding
## 0.93
## unrivaled
## 0.93
## unscathed
## 0.93
## unseasonably
## 0.93
## unseen
## 0.93
## unsentimental
## 0.93
## unsettling
## 0.93
## unsteady
## 0.93
## unstinting
## 0.93
## unsuccess
## 0.93
## unsure
## 0.93
## unsurprising
## 0.93
## unsuspecting
## 0.93
## unsustainable
## 0.93
## untainted
## 0.93
## unteers
## 0.93
## untested
## 0.93
## unthink
## 0.93
## unti
## 0.93
## untouchable
## 0.93
## untrustworthy
## 0.93
## unusually
## 0.93
## unwieldy
## 0.93
## unwill
## 0.93
## unwilling
## 0.93
## unwise
## 0.93
## unworkable
## 0.93
## uos
## 0.93
## uous
## 0.93
## upand
## 0.93
## upbraided
## 0.93
## upcountry
## 0.93
## upcouny
## 0.93
## upheld
## 0.93
## upland
## 0.93
## upport
## 0.93
## upright
## 0.93
## uprooting
## 0.93
## upsaw
## 0.93
## ura
## 0.93
## urlp
## 0.93
## urrogates
## 0.93
## usaf
## 0.93
## usafd
## 0.93
## usaid
## 0.93
## usc
## 0.93
## usejye
## 0.93
## users
## 0.93
## usqm
## 0.93
## ussf
## 0.93
## ustrtrn
## 0.93
## ustt
## 0.93
## usurp
## 0.93
## utes
## 0.93
## utili
## 0.93
## utilization
## 0.93
## uumg
## 0.93
## uus
## 0.93
## uuv
## 0.93
## uwj
## 0.93
## vacation
## 0.93
## vacil
## 0.93
## vacillating
## 0.93
## vacillation
## 0.93
## vaf
## 0.93
## vag
## 0.93
## vague
## 0.93
## valiant
## 0.93
## validate
## 0.93
## validating
## 0.93
## valle
## 0.93
## valleo
## 0.93
## valley
## 0.93
## valley·borders
## 0.93
## valleyd
## 0.93
## valleys
## 0.93
## valu
## 0.93
## valuable
## 0.93
## valued
## 0.93
## valueof
## 0.93
## vane
## 0.93
## vang
## 0.93
## vangpao
## 0.93
## vangpaoi
## 0.93
## vanguard
## 0.93
## vanh
## 0.93
## vani
## 0.93
## vanishes
## 0.93
## vanna
## 0.93
## vannhai
## 0.93
## vanthong
## 0.93
## variation
## 0.93
## variety
## 0.93
## variously
## 0.93
## varsity
## 0.93
## vas
## 0.93
## vast
## 0.93
## vat
## 0.93
## vately
## 0.93
## vathsana
## 0.93
## vation
## 0.93
## vations
## 0.93
## vatpar
## 0.93
## vatthana
## 0.93
## vcm
## 0.93
## vee
## 0.93
## veered
## 0.93
## veering
## 0.93
## veers
## 0.93
## veg
## 0.93
## vehement
## 0.93
## vehi
## 0.93
## vehiclesdwired
## 0.93
## vein
## 0.93
## veljko
## 0.93
## vely
## 0.93
## ven
## 0.93
## venal
## 0.93
## veneration
## 0.93
## venevengsos
## 0.93
## vengeance
## 0.93
## venom
## 0.93
## vens
## 0.93
## vention
## 0.93
## ventures
## 0.93
## venue
## 0.93
## ver
## 0.93
## verified
## 0.93
## vering
## 0.93
## vers
## 0.93
## versally
## 0.93
## versatile
## 0.93
## versed
## 0.93
## version
## 0.93
## vertiginous
## 0.93
## veryshort
## 0.93
## verything
## 0.93
## verytype
## 0.93
## vessey
## 0.93
## vestige
## 0.93
## vet
## 0.93
## veteran
## 0.93
## veterinary
## 0.93
## vetn
## 0.93
## veto
## 0.93
## vetoedlandry
## 0.93
## vetted
## 0.93
## vhf
## 0.93
## vi£
## 0.93
## viang
## 0.93
## vicious
## 0.93
## vicissitudes
## 0.93
## vicj
## 0.93
## victims
## 0.93
## victions
## 0.93
## vided
## 0.93
## vieng
## 0.93
## vienliane
## 0.93
## vienna
## 0.93
## viennad
## 0.93
## vientia
## 0.93
## vientiane
## 0.93
## vientianed
## 0.93
## vientianei
## 0.93
## vientianev
## 0.93
## vientrefo
## 0.93
## vietcong
## 0.93
## vietijam
## 0.93
## vietnam·
## 0.93
## vietnamand
## 0.93
## vietname
## 0.93
## vietnames
## 0.93
## vietnamese
## 0.93
## vietnamesed
## 0.93
## vietnamiza
## 0.93
## vietnamizatlond
## 0.93
## vietnamjod
## 0.93
## vietnamthat
## 0.93
## vietnamv
## 0.93
## vietnand
## 0.93
## vietnarnizatio
## 0.93
## vietnarnization
## 0.93
## vietnau
## 0.93
## vieto
## 0.93
## vieuiam
## 0.93
## view·o
## 0.93
## views·
## 0.93
## viewspolicy
## 0.93
## vigor
## 0.93
## villag
## 0.93
## village
## 0.93
## villageof
## 0.93
## villager
## 0.93
## villares
## 0.93
## vilo
## 0.93
## vindicated
## 0.93
## ving
## 0.93
## vio
## 0.93
## viola
## 0.93
## violate
## 0.93
## violationof
## 0.93
## violations
## 0.93
## vious
## 0.93
## viously
## 0.93
## vip
## 0.93
## vir
## 0.93
## viral
## 0.93
## virg
## 0.93
## virginia
## 0.93
## virtues
## 0.93
## virtuoso
## 0.93
## vised
## 0.93
## visi
## 0.93
## visibility
## 0.93
## visibly
## 0.93
## visions
## 0.93
## visitation
## 0.93
## visory
## 0.93
## visual
## 0.93
## vitiating
## 0.93
## vitnam
## 0.93
## vitoon
## 0.93
## vittuee
## 0.93
## vituation
## 0.93
## vituperation
## 0.93
## vive
## 0.93
## vividly
## 0.93
## vjg
## 0.93
## vlentlane
## 0.93
## vletnac
## 0.93
## vletnam
## 0.93
## vletnamd
## 0.93
## vletnamization
## 0.93
## vletnamizatjon
## 0.93
## vletnamlza
## 0.93
## vletnamlzation
## 0.93
## vletnamlzatjon
## 0.93
## vletnamzatlon
## 0.93
## vnneld
## 0.93
## vny
## 0.93
## vocabulary
## 0.93
## vocif
## 0.93
## vociferously
## 0.93
## vogt
## 0.93
## voicing
## 0.93
## void
## 0.93
## voke
## 0.93
## vol
## 0.93
## volpar
## 0.93
## voluble
## 0.93
## volue
## 0.93
## volumedi
## 0.93
## voluminous
## 0.93
## voluntcers
## 0.93
## volunteering
## 0.93
## volunteers
## 0.93
## volunteersd
## 0.93
## vong
## 0.93
## vongrasamy
## 0.93
## vongsa
## 0.93
## vongsavanh
## 0.93
## vrh
## 0.93
## vroj
## 0.93
## vtiimr
## 0.93
## vtlll
## 0.93
## vuk
## 0.93
## vulnerabilities
## 0.93
## vulnerahility
## 0.93
## vultures
## 0.93
## vuuanon
## 0.93
## wack
## 0.93
## wagon
## 0.93
## walk
## 0.93
## walked
## 0.93
## walker
## 0.93
## walkie
## 0.93
## walls
## 0.93
## wandered
## 0.93
## waning
## 0.93
## wantanyone
## 0.93
## wapi
## 0.93
## wapikhamthong
## 0.93
## waragainst
## 0.93
## waralmanac
## 0.93
## warehouse
## 0.93
## warfarec
## 0.93
## warily
## 0.93
## warlord
## 0.93
## warlords
## 0.93
## warranted
## 0.93
## warren
## 0.93
## wars
## 0.93
## wartime
## 0.93
## warto
## 0.93
## wary
## 0.93
## wasadopted
## 0.93
## wasaman
## 0.93
## wasanappeal
## 0.93
## wasanother
## 0.93
## wasbeijing
## 0.93
## wasdowned
## 0.93
## wasequally
## 0.93
## wasever
## 0.93
## wasfirst
## 0.93
## washed
## 0.93
## washin
## 0.93
## washingtond
## 0.93
## washingtonw
## 0.93
## washmgton
## 0.93
## waskilled
## 0.93
## wasnaturally
## 0.93
## wasonly
## 0.93
## wasseizedin
## 0.93
## wassuccessful
## 0.93
## wasthat
## 0.93
## wastheembassy
## 0.93
## wastngtr
## 0.93
## wat
## 0.93
## watchd
## 0.93
## watching
## 0.93
## waterbug
## 0.93
## watergated
## 0.93
## watertight
## 0.93
## waterway
## 0.93
## waterways
## 0.93
## wather
## 0.93
## waving
## 0.93
## waxed
## 0.93
## waxing
## 0.93
## wayd
## 0.93
## wayne
## 0.93
## wayofvietnamd
## 0.93
## wayr
## 0.93
## wccas
## 0.93
## weaken
## 0.93
## weakly
## 0.93
## wealth
## 0.93
## weap
## 0.93
## weaponryd
## 0.93
## weariness
## 0.93
## wearing
## 0.93
## weary
## 0.93
## weaving
## 0.93
## web
## 0.93
## wedded
## 0.93
## weekisd
## 0.93
## weekly
## 0.93
## weey§ummary
## 0.93
## wehave
## 0.93
## weightof
## 0.93
## weillie
## 0.93
## weird
## 0.93
## welir
## 0.93
## welling
## 0.93
## wellj
## 0.93
## wells
## 0.93
## welts
## 0.93
## welve
## 0.93
## werejudged
## 0.93
## werenot
## 0.93
## wes
## 0.93
## westerners
## 0.93
## westmoreiand
## 0.93
## westmorelandd
## 0.93
## westward
## 0.93
## wetnamd
## 0.93
## whateisenhower
## 0.93
## whatresembled
## 0.93
## whatso
## 0.93
## whatsoever
## 0.93
## wheelerf
## 0.93
## whelm
## 0.93
## whelmed
## 0.93
## whend
## 0.93
## wheneve
## 0.93
## whenf
## 0.93
## whenjcrawled
## 0.93
## whenl
## 0.93
## whenprevi
## 0.93
## wher
## 0.93
## wherea
## 0.93
## whichever
## 0.93
## whidey
## 0.93
## whilelieutenant
## 0.93
## whilered
## 0.93
## whirlwind
## 0.93
## whis
## 0.93
## whisper
## 0.93
## whispered
## 0.93
## whitehouse
## 0.93
## whittling
## 0.93
## whodis
## 0.93
## whoever
## 0.93
## whohad
## 0.93
## whoin
## 0.93
## whowere
## 0.93
## whther
## 0.93
## whydhad
## 0.93
## widely
## 0.93
## wider
## 0.93
## widows
## 0.93
## wielded
## 0.93
## wiih
## 0.93
## wiii
## 0.93
## wildly
## 0.93
## wilds
## 0.93
## willd
## 0.93
## willingly
## 0.93
## willinj
## 0.93
## wilted
## 0.93
## winch
## 0.93
## wind
## 0.93
## winder
## 0.93
## winding
## 0.93
## windows
## 0.93
## windshield
## 0.93
## wingman
## 0.93
## winthrop
## 0.93
## wipe
## 0.93
## wiped
## 0.93
## wiser
## 0.93
## wishes
## 0.93
## wit
## 0.93
## witb
## 0.93
## witbout
## 0.93
## withan
## 0.93
## withdrawals
## 0.93
## withdrawing
## 0.93
## withdraws
## 0.93
## wither
## 0.93
## withl
## 0.93
## withple
## 0.93
## withstand
## 0.93
## withthe
## 0.93
## withthecommunists
## 0.93
## withthird
## 0.93
## withvang
## 0.93
## witness
## 0.93
## witt
## 0.93
## wmd
## 0.93
## wnd
## 0.93
## wno
## 0.93
## wobbly
## 0.93
## woes
## 0.93
## wold
## 0.93
## wolfkill
## 0.93
## wonderful
## 0.93
## wonders
## 0.93
## wonld
## 0.93
## wonn
## 0.93
## wood
## 0.93
## wooded
## 0.93
## woodpecker
## 0.93
## woods
## 0.93
## woodwork
## 0.93
## workaday
## 0.93
## workhote
## 0.93
## workilg
## 0.93
## workout
## 0.93
## worldview
## 0.93
## worn
## 0.93
## worries
## 0.93
## worthwhile
## 0.93
## woua
## 0.93
## wouldbe
## 0.93
## wouldbring
## 0.93
## wouldcontinue
## 0.93
## wouldinvite
## 0.93
## wouldl
## 0.93
## wounding
## 0.93
## woven
## 0.93
## wrapped
## 0.93
## wreck
## 0.93
## wrecking
## 0.93
## wrestle
## 0.93
## wrestled
## 0.93
## wretched
## 0.93
## wrists
## 0.93
## writing
## 0.93
## wrong
## 0.93
## wrongs
## 0.93
## wrote
## 0.93
## wtct
## 0.93
## wth
## 0.93
## xfi
## 0.93
## xiem
## 0.93
## xii
## 0.93
## xiii
## 0.93
## xinlg
## 0.93
## xiv
## 0.93
## xpected
## 0.93
## xvi
## 0.93
## xvii
## 0.93
## xxi
## 0.93
## xxii
## 0.93
## xxiii
## 0.93
## xxiv
## 0.93
## xxv
## 0.93
## xxvi
## 0.93
## xxviii
## 0.93
## xxviu
## 0.93
## xxx
## 0.93
## yagmented
## 0.93
## yai
## 0.93
## yang
## 0.93
## yangpao
## 0.93
## yanked
## 0.93
## yao
## 0.93
## yard
## 0.93
## yardd
## 0.93
## yatthana
## 0.93
## yawn
## 0.93
## ycacs
## 0.93
## ycar
## 0.93
## ydt
## 0.93
## yearjl
## 0.93
## yearstd
## 0.93
## yeinr
## 0.93
## yells
## 0.93
## yersonal
## 0.93
## yetmore
## 0.93
## yiang
## 0.93
## yielded
## 0.93
## yientiane
## 0.93
## yiet
## 0.93
## yietnamization
## 0.93
## yin
## 0.93
## ying
## 0.93
## youa
## 0.93
## younger
## 0.93
## yren
## 0.93
## yrsonal
## 0.93
## yugoslav
## 0.93
## yunnan
## 0.93
## yuraid
## 0.93
## zations
## 0.93
## zero
## 0.93
## zhou
## 0.93
## znrown
## 0.93
## zoz
## 0.93
## zuidance
## 0.93
## zurich
## 0.93
## addition
## 0.92
## andl
## 0.92
## col
## 0.92
## control
## 0.92
## cut
## 0.92
## decided
## 0.92
## effectiveness
## 0.92
## enemy
## 0.92
## ensure
## 0.92
## expansion
## 0.92
## feet
## 0.92
## figure
## 0.92
## friendly
## 0.92
## future
## 0.92
## good
## 0.92
## hmong
## 0.92
## hugh
## 0.92
## large
## 0.92
## later
## 0.92
## least
## 0.92
## mcnamara
## 0.92
## memorandum
## 0.92
## men
## 0.92
## muong
## 0.92
## neutralists
## 0.92
## next
## 0.92
## october
## 0.92
## offensive
## 0.92
## ordnance
## 0.92
## panhandle
## 0.92
## paramilitary
## 0.92
## phase
## 0.92
## pilots
## 0.92
## push
## 0.92
## reached
## 0.92
## result
## 0.92
## rlg
## 0.92
## seeing
## 0.92
## size
## 0.92
## subject
## 0.92
## task
## 0.92
## tiimr
## 0.92
## trail
## 0.92
## training
## 0.92
## tribe
## 0.92
## understood
## 0.92
## villages
## 0.92
## xieng
## 0.92
## abandon
## 0.91
## abstain
## 0.91
## acknowledging
## 0.91
## acquired
## 0.91
## agreement
## 0.91
## although
## 0.91
## anything
## 0.91
## assessments
## 0.91
## board
## 0.91
## claims
## 0.91
## colonel
## 0.91
## commitments
## 0.91
## communica
## 0.91
## company
## 0.91
## concluded
## 0.91
## conventional
## 0.91
## couple
## 0.91
## deplored
## 0.91
## devoted
## 0.91
## didn
## 0.91
## doubted
## 0.91
## enclave
## 0.91
## encour
## 0.91
## ended
## 0.91
## endorse
## 0.91
## five
## 0.91
## gambit
## 0.91
## get
## 0.91
## grant
## 0.91
## hilsman
## 0.91
## hoc
## 0.91
## hong
## 0.91
## hosted
## 0.91
## hour
## 0.91
## icy
## 0.91
## khouang
## 0.91
## khrushchev
## 0.91
## landry
## 0.91
## laos
## 0.91
## laotian
## 0.91
## lesser
## 0.91
## leverage
## 0.91
## logistical
## 0.91
## miles
## 0.91
## moment
## 0.91
## nan
## 0.91
## near
## 0.91
## network
## 0.91
## ning
## 0.91
## none
## 0.91
## northeast
## 0.91
## notice
## 0.91
## occupied
## 0.91
## participation
## 0.91
## pay
## 0.91
## persuading
## 0.91
## plan
## 0.91
## played
## 0.91
## private
## 0.91
## proceed
## 0.91
## prospect
## 0.91
## refu
## 0.91
## repelled
## 0.91
## responsibilities
## 0.91
## resumption
## 0.91
## seek
## 0.91
## site
## 0.91
## solution
## 0.91
## tribal
## 0.91
## tribesmen
## 0.91
## unfortunate
## 0.91
## unger
## 0.91
## various
## 0.91
## waiting
## 0.91
## watergate
## 0.91
## age
## 0.90
## altitude
## 0.90
## area
## 0.90
## attacked
## 0.90
## aware
## 0.90
## cabinet
## 0.90
## cincpac
## 0.90
## communication
## 0.90
## concerned
## 0.90
## craft
## 0.90
## edge
## 0.90
## government
## 0.90
## guerrilla
## 0.90
## heartland
## 0.90
## hills
## 0.90
## independent
## 0.90
## inflicted
## 0.90
## initial
## 0.90
## invasion
## 0.90
## irregular
## 0.90
## kay
## 0.90
## mines
## 0.90
## mountains
## 0.90
## politics
## 0.90
## prince
## 0.90
## rear
## 0.90
## routes
## 0.90
## running
## 0.90
## ser
## 0.90
## signed
## 0.90
## skills
## 0.90
## sons
## 0.90
## viet
## 0.90
## vietnam
## 0.90
## villagers
## 0.90
## years
## 0.90tech_terms <- c("associated", 'abort')
dtm_tech_terms <- DocumentTermMatrix(pdfDB, control = list(dictionary = tech_terms))
df_tech_terms <- data.frame(Docs = dtm$dimnames$Docs, as.matrix(dtm_tech_terms), row.names = NULL )
#https://stackoverflow.com/questions/51597297/how-to-search-for-specific-terms-in-a-dtm
#for referencewf <- data.frame(term = names(freq), occurences = freq)
library(ggplot2)## Warning: package 'ggplot2' was built under R version 4.1.3p <- ggplot(subset(wf, freq > 300), aes(term, occurences))
p <- p + geom_bar(stat = "identity")
p<- p + theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1))
p
head(df_tech_terms)## Docs abort associated
## 1 1_CIA_AND_THE_GENERALS.pdf 0 0
## 2 5_THE_WAY_WE_DO_THINGS.pdf 0 0
## 3 document.pdf 1 6library(wordcloud)## Warning: package 'wordcloud' was built under R version 4.1.3set.seed(256)
wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, "Dark2"), rot.per = 0.35, random.order = FALSE, max.words = 200)## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
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## supply could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## earlier could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## martin could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## resistance could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## told could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## east could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## miller could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## position could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## house could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## officer could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## next could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## september could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## reporting could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## special could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## geneva could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## muong could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## bunker could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## level could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## october could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## nam could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## pressure could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## efforts could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## fact could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## make could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.## Warning in wordcloud(names(freq), freq, min.freq = 80, colors = brewer.pal(8, :
## question could not be fit on page. It will not be plotted.
#wordcloud2 is more powerful